The BTFR and MOND with Redshifts of Graviton Energy

This report is about the graviton redshift theory (GRST) which hypothesises the redshift of the energy of gravitons traveling in fields. A new source of energy loss in galaxy dynamics is introduced. Due to the hypothetical interactions of gravitons with the expansion of the universe, which causes an energy loss of the gravitons due to cosmological redshift, the rotation equation for galaxies, which previously had the Newtonian potential energy and the graviton gravitational redshift energy loss, is now updated with the graviton cosmological redshift energy loss. From the galaxy rotation equation, the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) and the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are defined in radial distribution form. Fits to galaxy rotation motion are detailed. A cosmic connection for the BTFR is defined. The result is that galaxy rotation curves are fully accounted for with the GRST rotation equation and the BTFR and MOND theories are incorporated into a unified framework.

Redshift drift reconstruction for some cosmological models from observations

Redshift drift is a tool to directly probe the expansion history of the uni- verse. Based on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker framework, we reconstruct the ve- locity drift and deceleration factor for several cosmological models using observa- tional H（z） data from the differential ages of galaxies and baryon acoustic oscillation peaks, luminosity distance of Type Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background shift parameter, and baryon acoustic oscillation distance parameter. They can, for the first time, provide an objective and quantifiable measure of the redshift drift. We find that reconstructed velocity drift with different peak values and corresponding redshifts can potentially provide a method to distinguish the quality of competing dark energy mod- els at low redshifts. Better fitting between models and observational data indicate that current data are insufficient to distinguish the quality of these models. However, by comparing with the simulated velocity drift from Liske et al, we find that the Dvali- Gabadadze-Porrati model is inconsistent with the data at high redshift, which origi- nally piqued the interest of researchers in the topic of redshift drift. Considering the deceleration factor, we are able to give a stable instantaneous estimation of a transition redshift of zt ~ 0.7 from joint constraints, which incorporates a more complete set of values than the previous study that used a single data set.

The Nonvelocity Cosmological Spectral Shift

Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.

The Feasibility of Constraining Dark Energy Using LAMOST Redshift Survey

We consider using future redshift surveys with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST） to constrain the equation of state of dark energy w. We analyze the Alcock ＆ Paczynski （AP） effect imprinted on the two-point correlation function of galaxies in redshift space. The Fisher matrix analysis is applied to estimate the expected error bounds of w0 and wα from galaxy redshift surveys, w0 and wα being the two parameters in the equation of state parametrization w（z） = w0 ＋ wαz/（1 ＋ z）. Strong degeneracies between w0 and wα are found. The direction of the degeneracy in w0 - wα plane, however, rotates counter-clockwise as the redshift increases. LAMOST can potentially contribute in the redshift range up to 0.5. In combination with other high redshift surveys, such as the proposed Kilo-Aperture Optical Spectrograph project （KAOS）, the joint constraint derived from galaxy surveys at different redshift ranges is likely to efficiently break the degeneracy of w0 and wα. We do not anticipate that the nature of dark energy can be well constrained with LAMOST alone, but it may help to reduce the error bounds expected from other observations, such as the Supernova/Acceleration Probe （SNAP）.

Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm

The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is found to make a superior fit on all tests. Any attempts to introduce evolutionary corrections to improve the concordance cosmology fit on one test often worsen its fit on other tests. Light curve data of high redshift gamma ray bursts and quasars fail to support claims for cosmological time dilation due to expansion. Also, the SCP supernova light curve test results are considered to be flawed by selection effect biases. The big bang theory also has difficulty accounting for redshift quantization, for the multi-megaparsec periodicity seen in the distribution of galaxy superclusters, and for the discovery of galaxies at redshifts as high as z ~11.9. In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe. One possible choice is a cosmology that predicts nonconservative tired-light redshifting in intergalactic space, the continuous creation of neutrons in space, the rate of matter creation scaling with both celestial body mass and temperature, galaxies growing progressively in size, and changing their morphology in the manner suggested by Jeans and Hubble.

On the Physics inside a Closed,Static,Rotating Einsteinian Hypersphere in Due Consideration of the Galaxy

Einstein’s weak equivalence principle suggests that gravity and acceleration (centrifugal force) are indistinguishable from each other and, therefore, equivalent. We maintain that they are not only equivalent, but even identical, or to rephrase the main statement of this work: A gravitational force does not exist. Rather, gravity is a fictitious force, or, more pointedly: Gravity is the centrifugal force which acts upon material bodies within the rotating S3-hypersphere of the Universe. These in turn warp the adjacent space-fabric, shaping it to the well-known field geometry of general relativity.