Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. Furthermore, every equation can also be explained in terms of the Avogadro number and the number of electrons at 1 C. We show that every equation can be described in terms of the Planck constant. Then, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force can be uniquely determined with the assumption of minimum mass. In this report, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Thus, there are no dimension mismatch problems.

How the Flat Space Cosmology Model Correlates the Recombination CMB Temperature of 3000 K with a Redshift of 1100

This paper shows how the Flat Space Cosmology model correlates the recom-bination epoch CMB temperature of 3000 K with a cosmological redshift of 1100. This proof is given in support of the recent publication that the Tatum and Seshavatharam Hubble temperature formulae can be derived using the Stephan-Boltzmann dispersion law. Thus, as explained herein, the era of high precision Planck scale quantum cosmology has arrived.

Calculating Radiation Temperature Anisotropy in Flat Space Cosmology

The purpose of this paper is to show how one can use the FSC model of gravitational entropy to calculate cosmic radiation temperature anisotropy for any past cosmic time t since the Planck scale. Cosmic entropy follows the Bekenstein-Hawking definition, although in the correct-scaling form of, which scales 60.63 logs of 10 from the Planck scale. In the FSC model, cosmic radiation temperature anisotropy At = (t/to). The derived past anisotropy value can be compared to current co-moving anisotropy defined as unity (to/to). Calculated in this way, current gravitational entropy and temperature anisotropy have maximum values, and the earliest universe has the lowest entropy and temperature anisotropy values. This approach comports with the second law of thermodynamics and the theoretical basis of the Sachs-Wolfe effect, gravitational entropy as defined by Roger Penrose, and Erik Verlinde’s “emergent gravity” theory.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Penrose’s Weyl Curvature Hypothesis and Gravitational Entropy

FSC is shown to be an excellent model of Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis and his concept of gravitational entropy. The assumptions of FSC allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time. This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe. Furthermore, by virtue of the same physical assumptions applying at any cosmic time t, the perpetually-flat FSC model predicts the degree of scale invariance observed in the CMB anisotropy pattern, without requiring an explosive and exceedingly brief inflationary epoch. Penrose’s concepts, as described in this paper, provide support for the idea that FSC models gravitational entropy and Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory.

Predicted Dark Matter Quantitation in Flat Space Cosmology

The purpose of this paper is to show how the dark matter predictions of FSC differ with respect to the standard cosmology assertion of a universal dark matter-to-visible matter ratio of approximately 5.3-to-1. FSC predicts the correct ratio to be approximately 9-to-1, based primarily on the universal observations of global spatial flatness in the context of general relativity. The FSC Friedmann equations incorporating a Lambda?Λ?cosmological term clearly indicate that a spatially flat universe must have equality of the positive curvature (matter mass-energy) and negative curvature (dark energy) density components. Thus, FSC predicts that observations of the Milky Way and the nearly co-moving galaxies within 100 million light years will prove the 5.3-to-1 ratio to be incorrect. The most recent galactic and perigalactic observations indicate a range of dark matter-to-visible matter ratios varying from essentially zero (NGC 1052-DF2) to approximately 23-to-1 (Milky Way). The latter ratio is simply astonishing and promises an exciting next few years for astrophysicists and cosmologists. Within the next few years, the mining of huge data bases (especially the Gaia catalogue and Hubble data) will resolve whether standard cosmology will need to change its current claims for the cosmic energy density partition to be more in line with FSC, or whether FSC is falsified. A prediction is that standard cosmology must eventually realize the necessity of resolving the tension between their flatness observations and their assertion of dark energy dominance. The author makes the further prediction that FSC will soon become the new paradigm in cosmology.

Cosmic microwave background constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio

One of the main goals of modern cosmic microwave background （CMB） missions is to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio r accurately to constrain inflation models. Due to ignorance about the reionization history Xe （z）, this analysis is usu- ally done by assuming an instantaneous reionization Xe （z） which, however, can bias the best-fit value of r. Moreover, due to the strong mixing of B-mode and E-mode polarizations in cut-sky measurements, multiplying the sky coverage fraction fsky by the full-sky likelihood would not give satisfactory results. In this work, we forecast constraints on r for the Planck mission taking into account the general reionization scenario and cut-sky effects. Our results show that by applying an N-point interpo- lation analysis to the reionization history, the bias induced by the assumption of in- stantaneous reionization is removed and the value of r is constrained within 5% error level, if the true value of r is greater than about 0.1.

Systematic distortion in cosmic microwave background maps

To minimize instrumentally the induced systematic errors,cosmic microwave background(CMB)anisotropy experiments measure temperature differences across the sky using pairs of horn antennas, temperature map is recovered from temperature difference obtained in sky survey through a map-making procedure.To inspect and calibrate residual systematic errors in the recovered temperature maps is important as most previous studies of cosmology are based on these maps.By analyzing pixel-ring coupling and latitude dependence of CMB temperatures,we find notable systematic devia- tion from CMB Gaussianity in released Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe(WMAP)maps.The detected deviation cannot be explained by the best-fit LCDM cosmological model at a confidence level above 99%and cannot be ignored for a precision cosmology study.

The local contribution to the microwave background radiation

The observed microwave background radiation （MBR） is commonly in- terpreted as the relic of an early hot universe, and its observed features （spectrum and anisotropy） are explained in terms of properties of the early universe. Here we describe a complementary, even possibly alternative, interpretation of MBR, first proposed in the early 20th century, and adapt it to modern observations. For example, the stellar Hipparcos data show that the energy density of starlight from the Milky Way, if suit- ably thermalized, yields a temperature of ~2.81 K. This and other arguments given here strongly suggest that the origin of MBR may lie, at least in a very large part, in re-radiation of thermalized galactic starlight. The strengths and weaknesses of this alternative radical explanation are discussed.

Introducing a 2nd Universal Space-Time Constant Can Explain the Observed Age of the Universe and Dark Energy

The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2nd universal space-time constant, besides having a finite speed constant (speed of light in vacuum c). A finite universal age constant b is introduced. Namely, this paper shows that the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time support the hypothesis of the age of the universe correlating with a maximum number of orbital revolutions constant. Neglecting the gravitational influence of other cosmological entities in the proximity of the Earth, the constant maximum number of revolutions is herewith determined solely by the Earth’s orbital revolutions around the Sun. The value of the universal age constant b is calculated to be around 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived out of an equation related to the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time and the so-called Hubble tension. The above-mentioned calculated value b correlates well with the best fit to measured data of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) by the Planck spacecraft, the age of the observed universe is measured to be approximately 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years (2018 final data release). Developing a theory with this 2nd universal space-time constant b, being covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations when time spans are large, gives results such as: A confirmation of the measured CMBR value of 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years. Correlating well with the observed expansion rate of the universe (dark energy). The universe’s expansion accelerating over the last four to five billion years.

A New Insight into the Observations and Analysis of Type Ia Supernovae

In this paper, we have given some analysis from observations of type Ia supernovae (SNIa). We find that the average total observational error of SNIa is obviously greater than 0.55m. On the other hand, a popular view of circumstantial evidence for the accelerating universe comes from the comparison of theoretical models simulating the accelerating expansion of the universe with observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite deviating from the observed isotropic temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Due to the fact that the velocity space is not isotropic, then the theoretical simulations are incredibly consistent with observations from the WMAP and Planck satellites. We conclude that the anisotropy of the velocity space will inevitably lead to an anisotropic distribution of the CMB temperature, and the above indirect evidence of the cosmic acceleration is inadequate and inappropriate.

Probing the CMB cold spot through local Minkowski functionals

Both the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe （WMAP） and Planck missions have reported an extremely cold spot （CS） centered at Galactic coordinate （1 = 209°, b = -57°） in the cosmic microwave background map. We study the lo- cal non-Gaussianity of the CS by defining local Minkowski functionals. We find that the third Minkowski functional v2 is quite sensitive to the non-Gaussianity caused by the CS. Compared with random Gaussian simulations, the WMAP CS deviates from Gaussianity at more than a 99% confidence level with a scale of R - 10°. Meanwhile, we find that cosmic texture provides an excellent explanation for these anomalies re- lated to the WMAP CS, which could be further tested by future polarization data.

Lookback time as a test for f(R) gravity in the Palatini approach

Abstract We use the recently released data of lookback time （LT）-redshift relation, the cosmic microwave background shift parameter and the baryon acoustic oscillation measurements to constrain cosmological parameters of f（R） gravity in the Palatini formalism by considering the f（R） form of type（a）f（R） = R -β/Rn and （b）f（R） = R ＋ αIn R - β. Under the assumption of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe, we achieved the best fitting results of the free parameters （Ωm0, n） for （a） and （Ωm0, α） for （b）. We find that current LT data can provide interesting and effective constraints on gravity models. Compared with other data, the LT constraints favor a smaller value of the non-relativistic matter energy density.

Modeling the WMAP large-angle anomalies as an effect of a local density inhomogeneity

We investigate large-angle scale temperature anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background （CMB） with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe （WMAP） data and model the large-angle anomalies as the effect of the CMB quadrupole anisotropies caused by the local density inhomogeneities. The quadrupole caused by the local density inhomogeneities is different from the special relativity kinematic quadrupole. If the observer inhabits a strong inhomogeneous region, the lo- cal quadrupole should not be neglected. We calculate such local quadrupole under the assumption that there is a huge density fluctuation field in the direction （284°, 74°）, where the density fluctuation is 10-3, and its center is - 112 h-1 Mpc away from us. After removing such mock signals from WMAP data, the power in the quadrupole, C2, increases from the range （200 - 260 μK2） to - 1000 μK2. The quantity S, which is used to estimate the alignment between the quadrupole and the octopole, decreases from （0.7 - 0.74） to （0.31 - 0.37）, while the model predicts that C2 = 1071.5 μK2, and S = 0.412. So our local density inhomogeneity model can, in part, explain the WMAP low-l anomalies.

宇宙微波背景辐射极化的近似解析公式

在宇宙早期的退耦过程中,光子与电子发生Thompson散射.光子气体空间分 布的各向异性通过Thompson散射而产生宇宙微波背景辐射的极化,并为最近WMAP观 测到.从光子气体的Boltzmann方程出发,采用一般的光深函数,分别积分给出原初密度 扰动和残余引力波产生的微波背景辐射极化的近似解析解,结果适用于一般的复合过程. 密度扰动FS所产生极化的近似解析解为βS≈-CFS(τd)△τd,其τd和△τd分别为退 耦时刻和退耦宽度,系数C≈(0.08-0.12),明显依赖于复合模型.残余引力波扰动FT 产生极化的积分稍微复杂,在长波近似下我们对原初扰动按波数进行幂级数展开,保留到 两项FT≈FT(1)＋FT(2),分别积分,给出近似解析解βT≈-[CFT(1)(τd)+DFT(2)(τd)]△τd. 第一项的极化与密度扰动类似,结论也相同;但第二项的系数D≈(0.22-0.32),远大于 系数C.我们的近似解析解有助于理解背景辐射的温度-极化交叉关联和检测残余引力 波对背景辐射各向异性的贡献.

宇宙微波背景辐射的观测和理论

介绍了有关宇宙微波背景辐射（ＣＢＲ）观测和理论研究的最新进展。叙述了基于ＣＯＢＥ卫星的观测宇宙学，包括对背景辐射谱、各向异性的观测结果及其理论意义；并系统介绍了ＣＢＲ各向异性形成的各种机制；展望了下一代宇宙微波背景探测器（ＭＡＰ和ＰＬＡＮＣＫ）的科学目标和主要技术参数。

解读宇宙的起源——2006年诺贝尔物理学奖简介

2006年度诺贝尔物理奖授予了在宇宙学研究领域取得杰出成果的美国科学家约翰·马瑟和乔治·斯穆特。他们发现的宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体谱和各向异性强烈地支持了大爆炸宇宙学模型并开启了“精确宇宙学”时代的大门。COBE之后宇宙学研究取得了一系列重大的进展。近年WMAP、SDSS等天文观测更加坚实有力的支持了大爆炸宇宙学模型,并对物理学提出了一些重大的、尖锐的挑战,诸如什么是暗物质?暗能量的物理本质是什么?

天体尺度上的重大灾变事件——宇宙在大爆炸中诞生

目前关于宇宙起源的主流学说是大爆炸宇宙论——可观测宇宙在一次大爆炸事件中诞生,至今经历了长达130多亿年的演化,期间形成了各种形式的天体和天体系统。因得到若干重要观测事实的支持,基于灾变式事件的大爆炸理论已获得学界的普遍认可。

A special kind of local structure in the CMB intensity maps: duel peak structure

We study the local structure of Cosmic Microwave Background （CMB） temperature maps released by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe （WMAP） team, and find a new kind of structure, which can be described as follows： a peak （or valley） of average temperature is often followed by a peak of temperature fluctuation that is 4° away. This structure is important for the following reasons： both the well known cold spot detected by Cruz et al. and the hot spot detected by Vielva et al. with the same technology （the third spot in their article） have such structure; more spots that are similar to them can be found on CMB maps and they also tend to be significant cold/hot spots; if we change the 4° characteristic into an artificial one, such as 3° or 5°, there will be less ＂similar spots＂, and the temperature peaks or valleys will be less significant. The presented ＂sim- ilar spots＂ have passed a strict consistency test which requires them to be significant on at least three different CMB temperature maps. We hope that this article could arouse some interest in the relationship of average temperature with temperature fluctuation in local areas; meanwhile, we are also trying to find an explanation for it which might be important to CMB observation and theory.

大爆炸宇宙学模型的基本参数──宇宙年龄t_0和哈勃常数H_0

大爆炸宇宙学模型有6个基本参数一宇宙年龄t0，哈勃常数H0（或哈勃参数h≡H0／100km·s－1·MPc－1），宇宙物质密度参数Ω0，减速因子q0，以及与宇宙学常数A和宇宙的曲率k有关的另外两个参数Ω0A≡A／3H，ΩR≡-K／H。简要介绍了国际上对t0和H0的最近研究进展。由于观测上和理论上都还存在着相当多的不确定因素，目前对这两个参数的取值大小仍然有很大的争议。总的说来，对于宇宙的年龄t0，较普遍的看法是t>11Gyr，其最可见值为t0≈13Ggr。对于哈勃常数H0，如果所测的天体距离尺度较小，则通常给出较大的值h≈0．6-08；而如果所测天体距离尺度较大，则通常给出较小的值h≈0．4－0．6。最近哈勃空间望远镜对M100的观测绘出h≈0．8，这一测量结果仍然含有不确定因素，因而还不能认为H0的大小已有定论。

电磁波在真空中的衰变与宇宙学红移

真空充满了量子涨落和真空零点能,这已经被多方面的实验所证实。电磁波在真空中传播时,可能会与真空发生相互作用而衰变。本文提出了一个用于计算电磁波在真空中衰变的理论模型,该模型认为电磁波可以激发出量子谐振子(即受激量子涨落)或虚粒子对而损失能量,而所损失的能量会以其他形式再放出光子(即受激真空辐射),从而对宇宙学红移和微波背景辐射(CMB)产生贡献,并由此认为宇宙学红移和宇宙微波背景辐射之间具有内在联系。基于此模型,可以对宇宙学红移和CMB观测结果做出适当解释,计算推导表明:星光衰变红移与基于宇宙匀速膨胀模型得到的宇宙学红移量具有相同的数学形式。在此基础上,本文对"暗能量"问题等也进行了讨论。