Dynamic Spacetime: Key to the Mysteries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Physics is a branch of science to study matter and its motion in space and time. Development of physics usually upgrades human perspective and understanding of the space and time. Einstein successfully developed special and general theories of relativity and creatively promoted our perspective of spacetime from Newton’s absolute space and time to his relative spacetime. Based on redshift and distance measurements of galaxies and distant type Ia supernovae, cosmologists have suggested that our universe is expanding at an ever-increasing rate driven by a mysterious dark energy. Recently, the author has proposed that spacetime is dynamic. Spacetime is said to be absolute if it is independent of matter and motion, relative if it is affected by matter and motion, and dynamic if it mutually interacts with matter and motion. In dynamic spacetime, not only do matter and motion distort spacetime, but they are also affected by the distorted spacetime. Spacetime to be dynamic is a consequence of a deep insight to Mach’s principle, which tells us that the inertia of an object results from the gravitational interaction by the rest of the universe. Reaction of dynamic spacetime on a traveling light causes light redshift. Reaction of dynamic spacetime on a fast moving neutrino slows down the neutrino. The derived redshift-distance relation perfectly explained the measurements of distant type Ia supernovae and gamma ray bursts (GRBs) and also naturally obtained Hubble’s law as an approximate relation at small redshift. This explanation of cosmological redshift as the opposition of dynamic spacetime does not mandate the universe to be expanding and accelerating, so that it does not need the universe to be initiated from a Big Bang and driven out mainly by a mysterious dark energy. Extremely slowed down neutrinos in dynamic spacetime, when they are gravitationally trapped around clusters, galaxies, and any celestial objects, would play the role of dark matter in explaining the velocity-radius relations of galaxy’s or cluster’s rotations.

Lyra's cosmology of hybrid universe in Bianchi-V space-time

In this paper we have searched for the existence of Lyra’s cosmology in a hybrid universe with minimal interaction between dark energy and normal matter using Bianchi-V space-time. To derive the exact solution, the average scale factor is taken as a =(t~nekt)1/m which describes the hybrid nature of the scale factor and generates a model of the transitioning universe from the early deceleration phase to the present acceleration phase. The quintessence model makes the matter content of the derived universe remarkably able to satisfy the null, dominant and strong energy condition. It has been found that the time varying displacement β(t) co-relates with the nature of cosmological constant Λ(t). We also discuss some physical and geometrical features of the universe.

The Theory of Relativity on the Finsler Spacetime

According to some local properties of Lorentz transformation, Einstein stated: 'Vetheitiss greater than that of light have no possibility of existence.' He neglected to point out the applicable range of the special theory of relativity. In fact, it could only be applied to the subluminal-speeds. This paper shows that if ones think of the possibility of the existence of the superluminal-speeds and redescribe the special theory of relativity following Einstein's way, it could be supposed that the physical spacetime is a Finsler spacetime, characterized by the metric ds4=gijkldxidxidxkdxl. If so, a new spactime transformation could be found by invariant ds4 and the theory of relativity is discussed on this transformation it is possible that the Finsler spacetime F(x,y) may be endowed with a catastrophic nature. Based on the different properties between the ds2 and ds4, it is discussed that the flat spacetime will also have the catastrophic nature on the Finsler metric ds4. The spacetime transformations and the Physical quantities will suddenly change at the catastrophe set of the spacetime, the light cone. It will be supposed that only the dual velocity of the superluminal-speeds could be observed. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speed v> c could be regarded as its anti-particle with the dual velocity v1=c2/ v< c. On the other hand, it could be assumed that the horizon of the field of the general relativity is also a catastrophic set. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speeds could be projected near the horizon of these fields, and the particle will move on the sauce-like curves. It is very interesting that, in the Schwarzschild fields, the theoretical calculation for the sauce-like curves should be in agreement with tie data of the superluminal expansion of extragalactic radio sources observed year after year. (see Gao, 1992b).The ca- tastrophe of spacetime has some deep cosmological means. According to the some interested subjects in the Process of evolution of the universe the catastrophe nature of the Finsler spacetime and its cosmological impli= cations are discussed. It is shown that the nature of the universal evolution could be attributed to the geometric features of the Finsler spacetime. (see Cao, 1993)

Part II: Explaining Black Hole Growth due to Universal Expansion: Probabilistic Spacetime versus GEODEs

Recent research indicates that black holes can grow based on the expansion of the universe and not just through accretion and mergers. Two different models independently predicted that finding. One model, describing the relevant massive star remnants as “generic objects of dark energy”, rejects the traditional view of black holes while hypothesizing that dark energy causes the cosmologically coupled growth of these objects. The other model, based on the probabilistic spacetime theory, indicates the growth of black holes is based on the same spacetime mechanism underlying all universal expansion, and does so while leaving the traditional black hole conceptualization essentially intact. The fact these two models predicted this observational finding but did so from different perspectives suggests more can be learned by further study of their differences. This paper explores similarities and differences in the two models’ explanations for massive star remnants’ growth, concluding with suggestions for research testing their relative veracity. An exploration of the relative utility and parsimony of the two models is also described.

NASA’s EM Drive Thrust from the Forces of the Quantum Vacuum of Spacetime

Building on the various manifestations of the forces latent in the quantum vacuum of spacetime such as Hawking’s radiation and Unruh temperature, we resolve a major paradox connected to an immensely important proposal by NASA scientists for constructing a practically fuelless spacecraft. In a nutshell, preliminary laboratory work shows that NASA’s electromagnetic drive project is viable and several experiments and measurements show it is real. Yet the proposal violates a fundamental principle of classical mechanics, namely Newton’s third law. The resolution of this paradox is quite straight forward in principle. It is simply the case that although the proposal seems to be based on classical mechanics and classical thinking it is only superficially so. Deep at the roots, the EM drive proposal of NASA is not classical physics but rather based on the vacuum forces of quantum cosmology and the theory of dark energy density of the universe. In fact the proposal is deeply linked to Hawking’s radiation and Unruh temperature, which is explained in some detail in the main body of the present short paper within the frame work of E-infinity Cantorian spacetime theory and D. Gross’ Heterotic superstring theory. In short the quintessence of our explanation is to regard the EM drive as a quasi electromagnetic cavity with an effective event horizon akin to that of a Hawking black hole emitting radiation causing ultimately the needed thrust to push the spacecraft forwards. In addition and by invoking fractal spacetime self similarity we show that a spacecraft will be subject to another cosmic thrust on the large scale of the entire cosmos.

Bekenstein-Hawking Cosmological Entropy and Correction Term Corresponding Cosmological Horizon of Rotating and Charged Black String

Utilizing the quantum statistical method and applying the new state density equation motivated by generalized uncertainty principle in quantum gravitaty, we avoid the difficulty in solving wave equation and directly calculate the partition function of bosonic and fermionic field on the background of rotating and charged black string. Then near the cosmological horizon, entropies of bosonic and fermionic field are calculated on the background of black string. When constant A introduced in generalized uncertainty principle takes a proper value, we derive Bekenstein- Hawking entropy and the correction value corresponding cosmologicaJ horizon on the background of rotating and charged black string. Because we use the new state density equation, in our calculation there are not divergent term and small mass approximation in the original brick-wall method. From the view of quantum statistic mechanics, the correction value to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black string is derived. It makes people deeply understand the correction value to the entropy of the black string cosmological horizon in non-spherical coordinate spacetime.

Mass of the Universe from Quarks: A Plausible Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem

A framework to estimate the mass of the universe from quarks is presented, taking spacetime into account. This is a link currently missing in our understanding of physics/science. The focus on mass-energy balance is aimed at finding a solution to the Cosmological Constant (CC) problem by attempting to quantize space-time and linking the vacuum energy density at the beginning of the universe and the current energy density. The CC problem is the famous disagreement of approximately 120 orders of magnitude between the theoretical energy density at the Planck scale and the indirectly measured cosmological energy density. Same framework is also used to determine the mass of the proton and neutron from first principles. The only input is the up quark (u-quark) mass, or precisely, the 1st generation quarks. The method assumes that the u-quark is twice as massive as the down-quark (d-quark). The gap equation is the starting point, introduced in its simplest form. The main idea is to assume that all the particles and fields in the unit universe are divided into quarks and everything else. Everything else means all fields and forces present in the universe. It is assumed that everything else can be “quark-quantized”;that is, assume that they can be quantized into similar sizeable u-quarks and/or it’s associated interactions and relations. The result is surprisingly almost as measured and known values. The proton structure and mass composition are also analysed, showing that it likely has more than 3 quarks and more than 3 valence quarks. It is also possible to estimate the percentage of dark matter, dark energy, ordinary matter, and anti-matter. Finally, the cosmological constant problem or puzzle is resolved by connecting the vacuum energy density of Quantum Field Theory (5.1E+96 kg/m3) and the energy density of General Relativity (1.04E−26 kg/m3). Upon maturation, this framework can serve as a bridging platform between Quantum Field Theory and General Relativity. Other aspects of natures’ field theories can be successfully ported to the platform. It also increases the chances of solving some of the unanswered questions in physics.

Multiverse/Hyperverse Models: (4 + 1)-Dimensional Landscape (Black Saturns, Bousso-Hawking Nucleation, Gogberashvili Multiverses, Schwarzschild-De Sitter Nurseries) and a (3 + 1)-Dimensional Model for Dark Energy

We consider the Hyperverse as a collection of multiverses in a (4 + 1)-dimensional spacetime with gravitational constant G. Multiverses in our model are bouquets of thin shells (with synchronized intrinsic times). If gis the gravitational constant of a shell Sand εits thickness, then G~εg. The physical universe is supposed to be one of those thin shells inside the local bouquet called Local Multiverse. Other remarkable objects of the Hyperverse are supposed to be black holes, black lenses, black rings and (generalized) Black Saturns. In addition, Schwarzschild-de Sitter multiversal nurseries can be hidden inside those Black Saturns, leading to their Bousso-Hawking nucleation. It also suggests that black holes in our physical universe might harbor embedded (2 + 1)-dimensional multiverses. This is compatible with outstanding ideas and results of Bekenstein, Hawking-Vaz and Corda about “black holes as atoms” and the condensation of matter on “apparent horizons”. It allows us to formulate conjecture 12.1 about the origin of the Local Multiverse. As an alternative model, we examine spacetime warping of our universe by external universes. It gives data for the accelerated expansion and the cosmological constant Λ, which are in agreement with observation, thus opening a possibility for verification of the multiverse model.

de Sitter时空背景下的熵

从deSitter时空背景下的Klein Gordon方程出发 ,利用brick wall方法计算了宇宙的自由能和熵 .结果表明 ,宇宙的熵与Schwarzschild黑洞一样 ,也为视界面积的 1/ 4 .可见 ,brick wall方法具有更广泛的适用性 ,不但可以计算黑洞的熵 ,而且可以计算宇宙的熵 .

宇宙时空中具有给定平均曲率的类空超曲面(英文)

本文研究了宇宙时空中类空超曲面的推广平均曲率流,通过估计发展超曲面的高度函数、梯度函数和曲率函数等几何量,得到了一类极限类空超曲面,其平均曲率等于给定函数.

弯曲时空共形(Weyl)规范理论及引力荷、惯性因子和宇宙常数

本文建立有挠Weyl几何的Vielbein形式,构造了可积Weyl时空的共形规范理论,得到惯性质量的表式m=Kφ(x),说明了K的引力荷意义和φ(x)的惯性因子意义。理论在共形对称性自发破缺时,自然导出Einstein引力,并指出宇宙常数为零的充要条件是<R>_0=0.

应用Bulk时空流形对宇宙学常数的研究

宇宙学常数的物理学起源问题被视为现代物理中最重大的疑难之一.从额外维的流形出发,给出了宇宙学常数的Bulk时空流形起源的理论.从而得到了不同情况下宇宙学常数的取值和宇宙学常数随时间变化的函数,并且得到了可拟合现代天文观测的宇宙学常数.

广义测不准关系与de Sitter时空背景下的熵

从deSitter时空背景下的Klein -Gorden方程出发 ,利用经广义测不准关系改进的薄层brick -wall方法计算了宇宙的熵。结果表明 ,由这种方法得到的宇宙的熵与宇宙视界面积成正比 ,和人们预期的结果相符。从中揭示了宇宙的熵与视界面积之间的内在联系 ,也进一步表明了宇宙的熵是视界面上量子态的熵 ,是一种量子效应。广义测不准关系的引入使我们看到 ,brick

The Principles and Laws of Black Hole Universe

A new alternative cosmological model called black hole universe was recently developed by the author on the basis of the following three fundamentals: 1) the principle of spacetime black hole equivalence, 2) the cosmological principle of spacetime isotropy and homogeneity, and 3) the Einsteinian general theory of relativity that describes the effect of matter on spacetime. According to this black hole model of the universe, the author up-to-dately has self-consistently described the origin, structure, evolution, expansion, and acceleration of the universe, quantitatively explained the measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation, type Ia supernovae’s luminosity distance and redshift, and dynamic properties of star-like, massive, and supermassive black holes such as gamma-ray bursts, X-rays flares from galactic centers, and quasars, and fully overcome the difficulties of the conventional model of the universe such as the problems of horizon, flatness, monopole, inflation, dark matter, dark energy, and so on. In this paper, the author will examine and overview thoroughly this new cosmological model and completely describe its development from the three fundamentals and its creative explanations to the existing observations of the universe. From this comprehensive investigation of the new cosmological model, the author will further reveal the fundamental regularities and laws of the black hole universe with respect to the spacetime mass and radius, spacetime equilibrium, spacetime expansion and acceleration, spacetime radiation energy, and spacetime entropy variation. These efforts will help us to uncover various regularities and mysteries of the universe.

A massless scalar field in Robertson-Walker spacetimes:Adiabatic regularization and Green’s function

We study adiabatic regularization of a coupling massless scalar field in general spatially flat Robertson-Walker(RW)spacetimes.For the conformal coupling,the 2nd-order regularized power spectrum and 4th-order regularized stress tensor are zero,and no trace anomaly exists in general RW spacetimes.This is a new result that exceeds those found in de Sitter space.For the minimal coupling,the regularized spectra are also zero in the radiationdominant and matter-dominant stages,as well as in de Sitter space.The vanishing of these adiabatically regularized spectra is further confirmed by direct regularization of the Green's function.For a general coupling and general RW spacetimes,the regularized spectra can be negative under the conventional prescription.At a higher order of regularization,the spectra will generally become positive,but will also acquire IR divergence,which is inevitable for a massless field.To avoid the IR divergence,the inside-horizon regularization is applied.Through these procedures,nonnegative UV-and IR-convergent power spectrum and spectral energy density will eventually be achieved.

Effects of cosmological constant on motion of UHECR particles

Recent astronomical observations manifest that about two-thirds of the whole energy in the Universe is contributed by a small positive cosmological constant A (> 0). Then, an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime is premised naturally. However, physics in the de Sitter spacetime is very different from that in the Minkowski spacetime. As the first step, a covariant formalism of the kinematics in the de Sitter spacetime is presented here. By solving exactly the equations of motion for a field, we obtain the dispersion relation of a free particle. It is noticed that the dispersion relation is dependent on the degree of freedom of angular momentum of the particle. We show the threshold anomaly of the ultra high energy cosmic ray disappears naturally in the framework of the de Sitter kinematics.

The zero active mass condition in Friedmann- Robertson-Walker cosmologies

Many cosmological measurements today suggest that the Universe is expanding at a constant rate. This is inferred from the observed age versus redshift relationship and various distance indicators, all of which point to a cosmic equation of state （EoS） p = -ρ/3, where ρ and p are, respectively, the total energy density and pressure of the cosmic fluid. It has recently been shown that this result is not a coincidence and simply confirms the fact that the symmetries in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker （FRW） metric appear to be viable only for a medium with zero active mass, i.e., ρ ＋ 3p -= 0. In their latest paper, however, Kim, Lasenby and Hobson （2016） have provided what they believe to be a counter argument to this conclusion. Here, we show that these authors are merely repeating the conventional mistake of incorrectly placing the observer simultaneously in a comoving frame, where the lapse function gtt is coordinate dependent when ρ ＋ 3p ≠ 0, and a supposedly different, free- falling frame, in which gtt = i, implying no time dilation. We demonstrate that the Hubble flow is not inertial when ρ ＋ 3p ≠ 0, so the comoving frame is generally not in free fall, even though in FRW, the comoving and free-falling frames are supposed to be identical at every spacetime point. So this confusion of frames not only constitutes an inconsistency with the fundamental tenets of general relativity but, additionally, there is no possibility of using a gauge transformation to select a set of coordinates for which gtt = 1 when ρ＋ 3p ≠ 0.

Beltrami-de Sitter时空和de Sitter不变的狭义相对论

分析了在相对论体系中狭义相对性原理和宇宙学原理之间的关系以及BeltramideSitter陆启铿疑难.指出可以把狭义相对性原理推广到非零常曲率时空,在具有Beltrami度规的deSitter反deSitter时空中建立狭义相对论的运动学和粒子动力学.在这类狭义相对论中,相对于Beltrami坐标同时性,Beltrami坐标系就是惯性坐标系,相应的观测者为惯性观测者;对于自由粒子和光讯号,惯性定律成立;可以定义可观测量,它们不但守恒而且还满足推广的爱因斯坦关系.除了Beltrami坐标时同时性之外,对于共动观测,还可以取固有时同时性;此时,Beltrami度规成为RobertsonWalker型的度规,其3维空间是闭的,对于平坦的偏离为宇宙学常数的量级.这表明,在这类狭义相对论中,相对性原理与“完美”宇宙学原理之间存在内在联系,并不存在那些问题.进而,基于最新观测事实,重述了Mach原理;指出对于BeltramideSitter反deSitter时空,宇宙学常数恰恰给出惯性运动的起源.

五维时空中度规的计算

在四维R+R2引力理论中给出了Wheeler-Dewitt(W-D)方程,通过分离变量法得到了W-D方程的解.利用Kaluza-Klein理论将Robertson-Walker度规推广到五维时空,结合时空中的场方程得到宇宙项与能量之间的关系.

论《黄帝内经素问》“运气七篇”的宇宙论思想

《黄帝内经素问》“运气七篇”的宇宙论思想,一方面受到两汉宇宙论整体思想倾向的影响,体现为颇具典型性的时空嵌套式结构;另一方面,又与五运六气自然气化格局的思想要素相呼应,呈现出异于同期宇宙论的诸多思想特色。在宇宙本根问题上,“太虚”概念的提出,不仅是气一元论思想的生动反映,更是空间无限性观念的深刻投射。在宇宙生成问题上,以“元”的概念替换了作为万物原质的“气”,并将“五行”提升为生成秩序中的主导性观念。在宇宙图景问题上,“气”与“形”、“象”与“形”作为两对关联性范畴,反映了六气说和五运说各自的观念基础,同时构成了宇宙图景描述的双重维度。