Exploring device physics of perovskite solar cell via machine learning with limited samples

Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and coupling of these structural and compositional parameters.In this research,we demon-strate an effective approach to optimize PSCs performance via machine learning(ML).To address chal-lenges posed by limited samples,we propose a feature mask(FM)method,which augments training samples through feature transformation rather than synthetic data.Using this approach,squeeze-and-excitation residual network(SEResNet)model achieves an accuracy with a root-mean-square-error(RMSE)of 0.833%and a Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)of 0.980.Furthermore,we employ the permu-tation importance(PI)algorithm to investigate key features for PCE.Subsequently,we predict PCE through high-throughput screenings,in which we study the relationship between PCE and chemical com-positions.After that,we conduct experiments to validate the consistency between predicted results by ML and experimental results.In this work,ML demonstrates the capability to predict device performance,extract key parameters from complex systems,and accelerate the transition from laboratory findings to commercialapplications.

Space Solar Physics in 2012-2014

The main activities of Chinese space solar physics in 2012–2014 include: to continue studying the mid and long-term(2016–2030) plan of Chinese space solar physics; to arrange a group of pre-study projects of space solar physics; to initiate and continue a few solar mission-level projects.This paper summarizes all these activities briefly.

China’s Space Astronomy and Solar Physics in 2011—2012

In the first part of this paper,we describe briefly the mid and long-term plan of Chinese space astronomy,its preliminary study program,the current status of satellite missions undertaken, and the current status of astronomy experiments in China's manned space flight program.In the second part,the recent research progress made in the fields of solar physics is summarized briefly, including solar vector magnetic field,solar flares,CME and filaments,solar radio and nonthermal processes,EUV waves,MHD waves and coronal waves,solar model and helioseismology,solar wind and behavior of solar cycle.

Space Solar Physics in China:2014-2016

The activities of Chinese space solar physics in 2014—2016 were mainly undertaken within the framework of Strategic Priority Program on Space Science,sponsored by CAS,which include:to accomplish the last version for the mid and long-term(2016—2030) plan of Chinese space solar physics;to subsidy a few of pre-study projects of space solar physics;to implement two intensive study projects,ASO-S and SPORT.This paper summarizes these activities briefly.

Space Solar Physics in China

The activities of Chinese space solar physics in 2016–2018 can be divided into two categories: prestudy projects and mission-level projects. Both projects were undertaken smoothly. Especially the ASO-S,after several years' promotion, finally got formal approval at the end of 2017. This paper describes in brief the status of all related projects.

Recent progress of solar physics research in China

Owing to the largely improved facilities and working conditions, solar physics research in China has recently shown marked development. This paper reports on the recent progress of solar physics research in China's Mainland, mainly focusing on several hot issues, including instrumentations, magnetic field observations and research, solar flares, filaments and their eruptions, coronal mass ejections and related processes, as well as active regions and the corona, small-scale phenomena, solar activity and its predictions. A vision of the future is also described.

Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from Universe into World from fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from Beginning of World for 0.4 billion years) when only DMPs existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in standard cosmological model is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat;Lightning Initiation problem—electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks;Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes—bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model makes predictions pertaining to Masses of DMPs, proposes New Types of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

Space Solar Physics in China

The activities of Chinese space solar physics in 2018–2020 are going on smoothly.Besides the missions of ASO-S and CHASE which are in the engineering phases,there are quite a number of projects which are in the pre-study stage(conception study)or have finished the pre-study stage,constituting a rich pond for the selection of next solar mission(s).This paper describes in brief the status of all these related projects.

Progress on Solar Physics Research in China

The progress on Chinese Space Solar Telescope (SST) in 2002-2004 is introduced. The documentations on plans and outlines based on the standards of Chinese aerospace industry for SST mission has been fulfilled. The key technical problems of SST satellite platform and payloads are tackled during pre-study stage of the mission. The laboratory assembly and calibration of the main optical telescope of 1.2 m spherical mirror and 1 m plain mirror have been carried out with the accuracy of λ/40 and λ/30, respectively. The prototype at 17.1 nm for extreme ultraviolet telescope is under development and manufacture with a diameter of 13 cm. Its primary and secondary mirrors have a manufacturing error of 5 nm with a roughness degree of less than 0.5 nm and a multiplayer reflection factor of better than 20%. The on-board scientific data processing unit has been developed. Prototypes for other payloads such as H. and white light telescope, wide band spectroscopy in high energy and solar and interplanetary radio spectrometer have been developed accordingly.

Progress on Solar Physics in China During 2004 - 2006

The solar physics studies in China during 2004-2006 from solar interior to solar atmospheres and solar-interplanetary space are summarized. These researches are arranged under the topics of solar interior, photosphere, chromosphere and transition region, corona, flares and CMEs (and the associated radio bursts, X-ray/γ-ray bursts and particle acceleration), solar wind, solar cycle, and ground-based instrumentation.

Space Solar Physics in China:2020-2022

To follow up the last report two years ago,what happened from 2020 to 2022 deserves specially mentioning:CHASE was successfully launched on 14 October 2021;ASO-S will finish soon its Phase-D study and is scheduled for launch in October 2022;four solar mission candidates are being undertaken the engineering project evaluations;three solar mission proposals are being undertaken the background project evaluations;there are also quite a number of pre-study space solar physics projects getting either newly supported or finished.This paper describes in brief the status of all these related projects.

Decisive Role of Gravitational Parameter G in Cosmology

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that Gravitational parameter G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.

驻人月球科研站围护结构传热性能分析

为探索由月球表面特殊光热环境导致的驻人月球科研站围护结构传热过程与地球建筑的差异性,基于月球表面太阳辐射模型,根据有限差分法建立围护结构的传热模型,对影响内表面温度的物性参数、朝向等因素进行模拟分析。结果表明:当防热层、隔热层和阻气层分别取20 mm Nextel BF-20、240 mm Pyrogel 6650、20 mm Kapton时,水平屋顶内表面温度的波动范围为16.8~22.4℃;厚度和导热系数是影响围护结构传热性能最重要的因素,综合考虑建造成本与隔热性能,应尽量降低围护结构的厚度与导热系数,采用低密度、高比热的材料;内表面的对流换热系数与外表面的发射率直接影响围护结构的边界换热量,可结合不同朝向的辐射特点与热舒适要求,个性化定制具有差异化热惰性和外表面发射率的材料。

硅基SiC薄膜制备与应用研究进展

碳化硅(SiC)材料具有极为优良的物理、化学及电学性能,可满足在高温、高腐蚀等极端条件下的应用,碳化硅还是极端工作条件下微机电系统(MEMS)的主要候选材料,成为国际上新材料、微电子和光电子领域研究的热点。同时,碳化硅有与硅同属立方晶系的同质异形体,可与硅工艺技术相结合制备出适应大规模集成电路需要的硅基器件,因此用硅晶片作为衬底制备碳化硅薄膜的工作受到研究人员的特别重视。本文综述了近年来国内外硅基碳化硅薄膜的研究现状,就其制备方法进行了系统的介绍,主要包括各种化学气相沉积(Chemical vapor deposition,CVD)法和物理气相沉积(Physical vapor deposition,PVD)法,并归纳了对硅基碳化硅薄膜性能的研究,包括杨氏模量、硬度、薄膜反射率、透射率、发光性能、电阻、压阻、电阻率和电导率等,以及其在微机电系统传感器、生物传感器和太阳能电池等领域的应用,最后对硅基碳化硅薄膜未来的发展进行了展望。

Inelastic Scattering of Dark Matter with Heavy Cosmic Rays

We investigate the impact of inelastic collisions between dark matter(DM)and heavy cosmic ray(CR)nuclei on CR propagation.We approximate the fragmentation cross-sections for DM-CR collisions using collider-measured proton-nuclei scattering cross-sections,allowing us to assess how these collisions affect the spectra of CR boron and carbon.We derive new CR spectra from DM-CR collisions by incorporating their cross-sections into the source terms and solving the diffusion equation for the complete network of reactions involved in generating secondary species.In a specific example with a coupling strength of b_(χ)=0.1 and a DM mass of m_(χ)=0.1 GeV,considering a simplified scenario where DM interacts exclusively with oxygen,a notable modification in the boron-to-carbon spectrum due to the DM-CR interaction is observed.Particularly,the peak within the spectrum,spanning from 0.1 to 10 GeV,experiences an enhancement of approximately 1.5 times.However,in a more realistic scenario where DM particles interact with all CRs,this peak can be amplified to twice its original value.Utilizing the latest data from AMS-02 and DAMPE on the boron-to-carbon ratio,we estimate a 95%upper limit for the effective inelastic cross-section of DM-proton as a function of DM mass.Our findings reveal that at m_(χ)?2 MeV,the effective inelastic cross-section between DM and protons must be less than O(10^(-32))cm^(2).

Progress Report on ASO-S: 2022–2024

The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S)marked China's first comprehensive solar mission in space.Drawing upon the previous reports covering 2018-2020 and 2020-2022,we present here an update on the ASO-S made from 2022 to 2024.In August 2022,ASO-S completed its Phase D study and was successfully launched on October 9,2022.The commissioning phase was carried out and concluded within the first nine months following the launch.The data and associated analysis software have been opened to the community and the research on the early ASO-S data has been well developed.We anticipate also the achievements in data research pertaining to ASO-S in the near future.

Constraining the Earth-mass Primordial Black Hole Mergers Model of the Non-repeating FRBs Using the First CHIME/FRB Catalog

In this paper,we upgrade the constraints for the Earth-mass primordial black hole mergers model based on the first Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment(CHIME)/fast radio burst(FRB)catalog.Assuming the null hypothesis that the observed non-repeating FRBs originate from Earth-mass primordial black hole mergers,we find that how the charges were distributed in the primordial black hole population is well described by a double powerlaw function with typical charge value of law function with typical charge value of q_(c)/10^(-5)=1.60_(-0.28)^(+0.28),where the power-law index α_(1)=2.33_(-0.18)^(+0.15) for q<q_(c) and α_(2)=4.56_(-0.26)^(+0.30)for q≥q_(c).Here,q represents the charge of the black hole in units of√GM,where M is the mass of the black hole.Furthermore,we infer the local event rate of the bursts is 8.8_(-2.1)^(+5.7)×10^(4)Gpc^(-3) yr^(-1),which indicates that an abundance of the primordial black hole population f■10^(-4) is needed to account for the observed FRBs by CHIME.The results of this paper lay the basis for further research on the electromagnetic radiation background generated by the merger of primordial black hole mergers.

A Model for a Dual Universe

A model for a dual universe is proposed, based on the assumption that simultaneously with our universe an anti-matter counterpart was initiated immediately following the Big Bang. At the heart of the model is a primordial anti-particle that differentiates itself from its counterpart, a previously hypothesized S-particle responsible for the formation of our own universe, through its course of rotation. The angular rotation of the anti-particle, in accordance with space-time rotation, together with the counter rotation of the S-particle, resulted in a time difference in the formation processes of both universes and consequently led to a large distance between the spatial locations occupied by our universe and its dual counterpart in the same space-time continuum. The existence of this anti-matter universe might solve the present mystery of matter anti-matter asymmetry and thus explain why hardly any free anti-matter can be observed in our universe. Moreover, the model implicates the possibility of the presence of a repulsive gravitational force exerted by the clusters of anti-particles in the anti-matter universe upon our universe. The repulsive gravitational force from the clusters of antiparticles in the dual universe as a whole upon our universe is completely different from the electrostatic repulsive force between similarly charged particles. It is also different from that due to possible gravitational or anti-gravitational interaction between individual matter and antimatter or particle and its antiparticle that might violate the CPT invariance, the theory of general relativity or the law of energy conservation. It is rather, a kind of negative gravity that affects our universe as a whole, due to the opposite course of rotation of the dual anti-universe relative to ours. The effect of this opposite rotation of the dual universe can cause anti-gravitational waves that penetrate our universe interacting with the space-time mesh around the galaxies in our universe as a whole, resulting in a negative-like curvature in the shape of the space around them. This negative curvature pushes the galaxies outward, away from each other, leading to the accelerated expansion of our universe. The continuous anti-gravitational waves that permeate and fill our universe might cause a constant background ripples (space fluctuations) in the space of our solar system that can be experimentally observed. The repulsive force exerted by our dual universe could together with the expansion of space-time, influence our universe and might yield more insight on the origin of dark energy. .

太阳能电池电路的负载特性研究

在关于太阳能电池的文献中,一般都会给出输出电流-输出电压关系曲线和输出功率-输出电压关系曲线。但很少见到关于太阳能电池的输出电压-负载电阻关系曲线、输出电流-负载电阻关系曲线,以及输出功率-负载电阻关系曲线。本文从实验和理论两方面研究了这些关系曲线,实验测试和理论计算的结果相当一致,二者均表明,对确定的太阳能电池电路,随着负载电阻的增大,输出电压单调增大,输出电流单调减小,但输出功率不是单调变化的,而是存在一个最佳功率值,这个最佳功率值对应一个最佳负载电阻值。此外,我们也研究了入射光强对太阳能电池输出电压、输出电流,以及输出功率的影响,发现这些输出量均随光强的增大而增大。这些研究结果在太阳能电池电路的设计和应用中具有重要的意义。

Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe

In this article, spacetime is modeled as a quantum mechanical sonic medium consisting of Planck length oscillations at Planck frequency. Planck length-time oscillations give spacetime its physical constants of c, G and ħ. Oscillating spacetime is proposed to be the single universal field that generates and unifies everything in the universe. The 17 fields of quantum field theory are modeled as lower frequency resonances of oscillating spacetime. A model of an electron is proposed to be a rotating soliton wave in this medium. An electron appears to have wave-particle duality even though it is fundamentally a quantized wave. This soliton wave can momentarily be smaller than a proton in a high energy collision or can have a relatively large volume of an atom’s orbital wave function. Finding an electron causes it to undergo a superluminal collapse to a smaller wave size. This gives an electron its particle-like properties when detected. The proposed wave-based electron model is tested and shown to have an electron’s approximate energy, de Broglie wave properties and undetectable volume. Most important, this electron model is shown to also generate an electron’s electrostatic and gravitational forces. The gravitational properties are derived from the nonlinearity of this medium. When an electron’s gravitational and electrostatic forces are modeled as distortions of soliton waves, the equations become very simple, and a clear connection emerges between these forces. For example, the gravitational force between two Planck masses equals the electrostatic force between two Planck charges. Both force magnitudes equal ħc/r2.