Low-cost Plant Landscape Design of Small-scale Residential Area——A Case Study of Huayu Residential Area on Baoping Road in Baoji City of Shaanxi Province

Modern landscape emphasizes the resource conservation and sustainable development.Simple and fine residential green areas should be the development trend.Taking the landscape design of Huayu residential area on Baoping Road in Baoji City of Shaanxi Province as an example,the way how to create a fine view and a good ecological environment for the people living in the bustling city with less investment and simple maintenance was analyzed.

Design and Development of a Competitive Low-Cost Robot Arm with Four Degrees of Freedom

The main focus of this work was to design, develop and implementation of competitively robot arm with en- hanced control and stumpy cost. The robot arm was designed with four degrees of freedom and talented to accomplish accurately simple tasks, such as light material handling, which will be integrated into a mobile platform that serves as an assistant for industrial workforce. The robot arm is equipped with several servo motors which do links between arms and perform arm movements. The servo motors include encoder so that no controller was implemented. To control the robot we used Labview, which performs inverse kinematic calculations and communicates the proper angles serially to a microcontroller that drives the servo motors with the capability of modifying position, speed and acceleration. Testing and validation of the robot arm was carried out and results shows that it work properly.

Highway Planning and Design in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China: A Cost–Safety Balance Perspective

Engineering designs for mountainous highways emphasize compliance checking to ensure safety. However, relying solely on compliance checking may lead designers to minimize costs at the expense of high risk indicators, since the overall risk level of the highway design is unknown to the designers. This paper describes a method for the simultaneous consideration of traffic safety risks and the associated cost burden related to the appropriate planning and design of a mountainous highway. The method can be carried out in four steps: First, the highway design is represented by a new parametric framework to extract the key design variables that affect not only the life-cycle cost but also the operational safety. Second, the relationship between the life-cycle cost and the operational safety risk factors is established in the cost-estimation functions. Third, a fault tree analysis (FTA) is introduced to identify the traffic risk factors from the design variables. The safety performance of the design solutions is also assessed by the generalized linear-regression model. Fourth, a theory of acceptable risk analysis is introduced to the traffic safety assessment, and a computing algorithm is proposed to solve for a cost-efficient optimal solution within the range of acceptable risk, in order to help decision-makers. This approach was applied and examined in the Sichuan–Tibet Highway engineering project, which is located in a complex area with a large elevation gradient and a wide range of mountains. The experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly improved both the safety and cost performance of the project in the study area.

Application of Grey System Theory in Design For Cost (DFC)

Design For Cost (DFC) is a branch of Design For X (DFX). In this paper, wedefined DFC as a design method that analyzed and evaluated the product's life cycle cost (LCC), thenmodified the design to reduce the LCC. Nowadays it is a very difficult thing to obtain LCC data inChina or in developing countries. Statistical methods can not be used because available LCC data arefew. In order to solve this problem, we used grey system theory. Then relations of cost factorswere analyzed in LCC using grey relevant methods, and a GM(1,1) model between design parameters andLCC was established. Using this model, we can estimate and control LCC by changing design parametersat the beginning of the design stage.

决策树和Design to Cost在纺织品开发中的应用

采用决策树分析的方法,并应用Design to Cost的概念,对某服装公司产品成本进行了分析,找出了影响产品成本的关键因素,进而降低产品的成本,使产品在市场上更加具有竞争力。

决策树和design to cost在纺织品开发中的应用

本文采用决策树分析的方法，应用Design to cost的概念。对某服装公司产品成本进行了分析．从而找出影响产品成本的关键因素，进而降低产品的成本，使得产品在市场上更加具有竞争力。 决策树是用二叉树形图来表示处理逻辑的一种工具。决策树有一个决策图和可能的结果（包括资源成本和风险）组成，用来创建到达目标的规则。决策树建立并用来辅助决策，是一种特殊的树结构。 Design to cost理念使得人们认识在纺织品的开发中，上游的产品的设计与开发在对产品成本或者最终价格的影响最为重要，而不完全是后期物流、管理方面的花费。 本文巧妙的将这两种分析法结合运用在纺织品开发这样一个复杂的环节中，从而清晰了产品开发的思路，简化复杂的开发过程，最终提高产品的竞争力。

Structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost Rural Roads

On the basis of the equivalent axle load action frequency, the traffic classifications of rural roads as well as their corresponding types are classified. The asphalt pavement structure, road surface types and thickness of the rural roads are suggested for the various action frequency of the equivalent axle load. Furthermore, the roadbase thickness graphs are provided according to different equivalent axle load action frequency with different roadbed modulus and road surface modulus taken into account.

Large Cohort Data Based Cost-Effective Disease Prevention Design Strategy: Strong Heart Study

Background and Objective: A multitude of large cohort studies have collected data on incidence and covariates/risk factors of various chronic diseases. However, approaches for utilization of these large data and translation of the valuable results to inform and guide clinical disease prevention practice are not well developed. In this paper, we proposed, based on large cohort study data, a novel conceptual cost-effective disease prevention design strategy for a target group when it is not affordable to include everyone in the target group for intervention. Methods and Results: Data from American Indian participants (n = 3516;2056 women) aged 45 - 74 years in the Strong Heart Study, the diabetes risk prediction model from the study, a utility function, and regression models were used. A conceptual cost-effective disease prevention design strategy based on large cohort data was initiated. The application of the proposed strategy for diabetes prevention was illustrated. Discussion: The strategy may provide reasonable solutions to address cost-effective prevention design issues. These issues include complex associations of a disease with its significant risk factors, cost-effectively selecting individuals at high risk of developing disease to undergo intervention, individual differences in health conditions, choosing intervention risk factors and setting their appropriate, attainable, gradual and adaptive goal levels for different subgroups, and assessing effectiveness of the prevention program. Conclusions: The strategy and methods shown in the illustrative example can also be analogously adopted and applied to other diseases preventions. The proposed strategy provides a way to translate and apply epidemiological study results to clinical disease prevention practice.

多冗余模式下综合能源系统两阶段优化配置

在综合能源系统向复杂化、高耦合度发展的过程中,设备单元运行可靠性降低与高昂的设备运维成本问题难以忽视。针对上述问题,从内部配置结构优化的角度,将系统工程中主、被动冗余思路引入综合能源系统,完成子系统单元的冗余设计。提出了一种针对冗余设备逻辑最优工况匹配的两阶段流程,以实现全系统整年运行优化。从经济、能源和环境3方面建立评价指标,基于蜜獾算法对两建筑、四系统进行案例研究。结果表明:所提3种冗余系统均实现了可靠性与各性能指标的明显提升;主动冗余系统年度总运行成本最低,热备用系统可靠性表现最好,冷备用系统综合性能最佳。

The Design of Stall-Regulated Wind Turbine Blade for a Maximum Annual Energy Output and Minimum Cost of Energy Based on a Specific Wind Statistic

The design of a stall-regulated wind turbine to achieve a maximum annual energy output is still a formidable task for engineers. The design could be carried out using an average wind speed together with a standard statistical distribution such as a Weibull with k = 2.0. In this study a more elaborated design will be attempted by also considering the statistical bias as a design criterion. The wind data used in this study were collected from three areas of the Lamtakong weather station in Nakhonratchasima Provice, the Khaokoh weather station in Phetchaboon and the Sirindhorn dam weather station in Ubonratchathani, Thailand. The objective is to design a best aerodynamic configurations for the blade (chord, twist and pitch) using the same airfoil as that of NREL Phase VI wind turbine. Such design is carried out at a design wind speed point. Wind turbine blades were optimized for both maximum annual energy production and minimum cost of energy using a method that take into account aerodynamic and structural considerations. The work will be carried out by the program “SuWiTStat” which was developed by the authors and based on BEM Theory (Blade Element Momentum). Another side issue is the credibility of the Weibull statistic in representing the real wind measurement. This study uses a regression analysis to determine this issue.

卫星低成本策略与实践研究

随着航天产业的发展,低成本已经成为卫星研制转型的重要特性.“如何迎接低成本挑战,达到既符合市场发展需求,又风险可控的卫星研制策略”是卫星研制的重要议题.首先从成本内涵的角度出发,论述了成本度量与低成本的内涵;然后从目标体系、组织管理机制及经营策略等方面,对卫星低成本研制策略进行了探索;最后从技术方案、产品实现、发射运行、应用服务及条件保障等方面,对卫星低成本设计技术进行了全方位研究.本研究工作旨在为卫星规模化发展提供理论与实践指导.

中国碳排放权交易机制与实践:基于微观企业股权资本成本的视角

碳排放权交易市场作为企业减排增效的重要机制,引发了资本市场投资者对企业碳排放问题的关注,进而可能影响投资者对企业的风险评估与价值判断。手工整理中国各试点碳市场的控排企业名录发现:碳排放权交易机制显著提升了控排企业的权益资本成本,主要机制为投资者碳风险关注,但该市场机制存在明显的效应边界。进一步发现,当碳市场的初始配额实施部分竞价拍卖和非履约主体交易更为活跃,产品市场竞争程度更高和企业所在城市空气污染更为严重,以及企业非财务绩效表现更好时,碳排放权交易机制对企业权益资本成本的提升作用更为明显。研究结论有助于更为全面的评估我国碳市场建设的经济后果,为该低碳环保政策的持续推广提供理论依据与经验参考。

一种低成本相变材料热沉的设计与仿真

针对现有电子设备使用复合材料相变热沉成本较高的问题,通过对某电子设备模块相变热沉的导热筋厚度、沿传热路径的布置方式、导热筋打孔孔径和孔隙率等对相变热沉传热的影响进行设计与仿真,提出一种低成本、轻量化的相变材料热沉设计策略,即导热筋仅在主要热传导方向布置、通过打孔增加比表面积。与8%膨胀石墨−高碳醇复合相变热沉相比,以该策略设计得到的相变热沉对非临界结温状态的芯片温度影响很小,温差不超过3.2℃,且质量只增加5%,而成本仅为复合相变热沉的1/3。以上研究为相变材料热沉降低成本、推广使用提供了一种新方法。

低成本小批量微纳卫星控制系统的研制实践

针对微纳卫星的研制特点,结合控制系统研制过程中的具体实践,从单机产品设计、系统方案设计、测试和环境试验,以及软件开发方面,给出了微纳卫星降低成本、提高可靠性与研制效率的措施和建议.通过采用控制系统内部的冗余备份设计,以及系统级可靠性措施,简化了系统配置,并提高了系统可靠性.通过进行系统级的热循环试验可降低研制成本,并达到可靠性试验筛选的目的.通过开展平台化和通用化设计,完善和改进软件开发流程,提高了研制效率.所述方法和措施在卫星研制中取得了较好的效果.

液体火箭发动机可重复使用性设计技术分析

为适应可重复使用液体火箭发动机设计研制的需要,以航天飞机、猎鹰9号火箭和X-37B的动力系统为对象,开展了可重复使用液体火箭发动机关键设计技术研究。文献调研与工程研制经验相结合,从运维体系建设、核心件功能设计、成本化设计与控制等方面,分析了发动机可重复使用性设计方法,提出了关键技术难题。研究结果表明:发动机的深度变推力技术、多次启动技术、喷管大角度调节技术,以及故障诊断与监测技术等,是火箭顺利回收的基本保障技术;液体火箭发动机有着显著的高、低温,强振动工况,极端环境材料性能数据建库技术、寿命设计与控制技术、全寿命周期运营体系设计技术等是迫切需要解决的关键技术难题;以发动机的性能、可靠性、维修性、安全性和保障性发展的发动机成本限额设计技术将会成为解决发动机可重复使用性的高新技术。

Canny-Gauss通用域图像隐写算法

自适应图像隐写算法是一种以图像为载体,通过手工设计嵌入失真代价,指导隐写码在图像载体中嵌入秘密消息的信息隐藏算法.长期以来,这类算法将秘密消息尽可能隐藏在图像纹理更深更复杂的位置以对抗基于富特征的隐写分析检测.然而,伴随着深度学习在隐写分析领域的快速发展,人工设计的自适应算法受到严重挑战.此外,基于加性失真的隐写编码在嵌入消息时,复杂纹理向边界聚集所产生的统计异常问题也亟待解决.因此,本文总结了各类人工失真代价的优势和不足,归纳出当前自适应算法在空域的设计范式,并结合UNIWARD在各嵌入域的转换规则,提出基于嵌入失真代价ρ的通用域隐写转换公式.然后,从隐写嵌入失真代价与图像纹理稀疏关系的角度出发,以Canny算子划分纹理、Gauss模糊缩放轮廓、AutoML搜索阈值的方式,提出了一种通用域隐写算法Canny Gauss.实验结果表明,本文所提通用域隐写转换公式能够有效应用于现有主流算法.同时,在UNIWARD所有可行嵌入域中,本文所提算法表达出更高嵌入失真代价稳定性和隐写隐蔽性,在第三方权重加持下的深度隐写分析表现与UNIWARD相比至少提升2.6%、最高提升14.6%.这为自适应隐写算法的通用域设计,以及抵抗基于纹理特征的深度隐写分析检测提供了新思路.

农村污水改造工程造价控制措施研究

工程造价控制贯穿于建设工程项目的决策阶段、设计阶段、采购与施工阶段。项目决策和设计阶段是起决定性作用的阶段,其中项目决策阶段是控制工程造价的最前期阶段,控制造价的可能性最大。农村人口居住相对分散,建设污水管网投资较大,设计阶段方案的比选优化对控制工程造价尤为重要。本文旨在通过实际项目案例,分析主要控制因素,提出农村污水改造工程造价控制措施,为同类项目工程造价控制提供参考。

轨道交通用碳纤维复合材料技术现状与发展趋势

碳纤维增强复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量、抗疲劳性能优异、性能可设计、易于大面积成型等突出优点,是促进轨道交通装备轻量化发展,提升运行速度、运载能力、安全性与舒适性的理想材料。文中总结了现阶段碳纤维复合材料在轨道交通领域的成功应用案例;在此基础上,从基础原材料、结构设计、成型制造的3个维度详细分析了轨道交通用碳纤维复合材料技术现状;针对高质量、低成本轨道交通用复合材料需求,结合航空航天领域相关技术最新进展,对未来轨道交通领域碳纤维复合材料的发展趋势进行了展望。

基于功能成本适配的EPC项目限额设计管理研究

近年来,EPC总承包模式在国内市场的应用越来越广泛,但由于项目管控方面不到位,出现了交付功能不达标、结算额超概、工程返工延期等诸多问题。通过问题追溯,发现很多原因出在没有有效处理好项目功能与成本之间的适配关系,即因在项目前期由于缺乏对设计、施工等问题进行细致的统筹分析,导致设计不合理、限额设计运用缺失或限额设计执行不到位等现象发生,进而引发项目功能成本资源错配或适配性不足。基于此,本文站在工程总承包企业管理角度,就EPC项目前期管理中如何处理好总成本控制和分成本限额的关系,以及基于项目的功能与成本适配,如何将总目标成本合理分劈到分部分项,使所分劈的造价成本与分部分项功能实现适配,以及为实现这一目标所需运用的策略与措施,如限额设计等,以确保工程总承包企业所承接的工程项目在项目交付时既满足合约交付要求,同时又能获取较好的经济效益。

硬质岩基条件下沉箱码头的抛石棱体优化设计

对于硬质基岩条件下的重力式沉箱码头,通常在沉箱后方设置抛石棱体,用以减小沉箱宽度,从而缩减基槽开挖范围内的炸礁量。依托某海外工程,对棱体高度和工程造价的关系进行分析,探究抛石棱体的优化设计规律。结果表明,当抛石棱体高度约为沉箱高度的60%~80%时,工程造价最低;在硬质岩面低于沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的60%左右;在硬质岩面高出沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的80%左右。揭示的规律可供类似项目参考,实际工程中应综合考虑工程地质条件、地材价格、施工能力等多方面因素,分析确定经济合理的棱体高度。