Estimating the opportunity costs of avoiding oil palm-based deforestation in Indonesia:Implications for REDD

Reducing emissions due to deforestation is considered a low-cost option for mitigating climate change.However,the recent literature suggests higher opportunity costs because of specific deforestation drivers,which render reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD+)for mitigating climate change an uncertain,less attractive,and controversial option.Indonesia is one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters.Since 1989,53.80%of its oil palm expansion has come from forestlands,which has generated a significant amount of carbon emissions.This study uses official data and results from the relevant literature to estimate the costs of oil palm-based deforestation under various scenario assumptions,including different output prices,yields,time horizons,and discount rates.We also calculate the additional cost to preserve a 1-ha forest.We demonstrate that the average opportunity cost from avoiding oil palm-based deforestation is 24.42 USD/tCO_(2)eq in Indonesia,approximately 1.3 times the 2011 EUA carbon price.Additional sums of around 5,466.90–11,042.96 USD/ha should be provided to landowners for the deforestation avoidance caused by oil palm expansion.Special attention should be given to the extensive oil palm expansion in Indonesia and the resulting high opportunity costs for achieving the REDD+​target.

Application Research of Oil Development Costs in Reservoir Management

Based on oil development costs, the application research in the technical and economic limits calculation of oil development and the production optimal allocation to all the oilfields, was finished. At the same time, according to the regression of real development costs, a new method for oil well economic water cut and oil well economic rate are set up, the production optimal allocation is developed with satisfactory results.

Combined stochastic and discrete simulation to optimise the economics of mixed single-horizontal and multilateral well offshore oil developments

Multilateral wells promise cost savings to oil and fields as they have the potential to reduce overall drilling distances and minimize the number of slots required for the surface facility managing the well.However,drilling a multilateral well does not always increase the flow rate when compared to two single-horizontal wells due to competition in production inside the mother-bore.Here,a holistic approach is proposed to find the optimum balance between single and multilateral wells in an offshore oil development.In so doing,the integrated approach finds the highest Net Present Value(NPV)configuration of the field considering drilling,subsurface,production and financial analysis.The model employs stochastic perturbation and Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods to solve the global maximising-NPV problem.In addition,a combination of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming(MILP),an improved Dijkstra algorithm and a Levenberg-Marquardt optimiser is proposed to solve the rate allocation problem.With the outcome from this analysis,the model suggests the optimum development including number of multilateral and single horizontal wells that would result in the highest NPV.The results demonstrate the potential for modelling to find the optimal use of petroleum facilities and to assist with planning and decision making.

A Comprehensive Economic Assessment of Producing Biodiesel Derived from Used Cooking Oil Using the BioPro380 EX

The authors performed economic assessment of producing biodiesel at pilot scale using used cooking oil as feed-oil in a Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor. The overall results suggest that the biodiesel production using used cooking oil is a viable project even at large or medium scale. The payback period for producing biodiesel at a pilot scale of 31,320 liters per year was 1.5 years, which was 1 month longer than the payback period for a large plant capacity of 66,000 liters per year. The study demonstrated that the unit selling price and unit production cost are sensitive to the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, since price variations of BWP 1 result in at least a 13% increase and 12% decrease in profit, respectively. The study further revealed that feed-oil (used cooking oil) was the most expensive among all the inputs accounting for 61%, followed by methanol and direct labour with 19% and 13% respectively. The overall energy recorded to produce approximately 360 liters of biodiesel contributed to 2% only, suggesting that Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor is relatively a low energy intensity processor. The situation is suitable for the promotion of biodiesel particularly in countries where initiatives to stimulate the development of biofuels are at its infant stage Botswana included.

Optimization of Temperature Drop Formula for Annular Gathering Pipeline in High Water Cut Oil Region of Central Hebei Province

In order to respond to the national policy of energy saving and consumption reduction, the temperature drop formula of annular pipeline should be established to optimize the water mixing temperature and water mixing flow. The traditional temperature drop formula applies the high water cut actual situation to 13.7%. On the basis of the traditional Schulhof temperature drop formula, the influence of hydraulic friction on the oil flow temperature is calculated by the calculus idea. The heat transfer coefficient of the pipeline under the complex condition is obtained by the inverse algorithm, and the water mixing flow and water temperature are simulated with MATLAB. The function surface diagram of the degree and the back station temperature. The actual error can be reduced to 4.8%, and the return station temperature can be optimized by 7 degrees.

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

This study investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural waste from the palm oil industry. POFA adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Batch adsorption study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal were as follows: pH 2, adsorbent dosage 80 g/L and contact time of 6 min, which resulted in 92% removal and 0.464 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted best to the experimental data. Column adsorption study at 5 mL/min of flow rate showed that 90% removal was obtained at 2 min of contact time which represented its breakthrough point. The column reached saturation at 30 min and the maximum column adsorption capacity recorded was 0.412 mg/g. The column adsorption behavior showed good fit with both Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models. These findings suggested that the utilization of POFA as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater, either in batch or fixed bed adsorption system is not only effective, but concurrently will help to reduce wastes from the palm oil industry.

Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts

The objective of this study was to reduce the environmental impacts of used frying oil waste through the production of biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time on the biodiesel production yield. The optimal condition to produce the biodiesel has been found by use of the response surface methodology and analysis of variance to obtain the fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An analysis of ecological cost also has been developed. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in planned proportions （1：9, 1：7 and 1：5） and were transesterified at 60 ℃ and planned reaction times （30, 60 or 90 min）, in order to obtain biodiesel, using 0.1% NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to fuel distributors, which results in a solving between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city.

A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to Cost-Benefit Analysis within the Framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-FSA Studies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （FSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.

Reclamation of Smaller Volumes of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using an Innovative Reactor System: A Case Study Evaluation of the Design

Petroleum products contamination is a world-wide problem that threatens polluting groundwater and surface water systems. However, the problem is not only large-scale in scope when viewed from a case-by-case basis. Many fueling, construction, agricultural, and industrial activities result in the problem of managing smaller quantities of these soils from an ecological safety perspective. Landfilling has been the disposal method of choice in the US;however, this option is becoming economically prohibitive and it does not really offer a true degradation fate for the pollutants. This study focused on the proving of an innovative biocell design that afforded a high level of petroleum degradation within a simple and cost effective design. Additionally, the design offered a remediation solution for sites not easily accessed. Soil contaminated with both diesel fuel and gasoline collected from a former filling station was used in this on-site remediation case study. Rapid biodegradation of the petroleum products were observed at the initiation of the study with rates leveling off as the study progressed with the final total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration being 10 mg/kg at Day 90. Oxygen uptake rates were monitored and found to nicely track both microbial activity and pollutant removal dynamics. The biocell design met all expectations by being effective, yet simple to build and operate.

Design of wear-out-failure in-situ repair parts by environment-friendly nanocopper additive

Oleic acid surface-modified Cu nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm were prepared by liquid phase reducing reaction. The tribological performance and mechanism of nanocopper as additive were studied by means of tribotester, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and nanoindentation instrument. The results indicate that the modified nanocopper additive can significantly improve the wear resistance and reduce friction coefficient of base oil. A copper protective film is formed and contributes to the excellent tribological properties of nanocopper additive. On the basis of the film forming mechanism, a new in-situ repair method was designed and used to repair wear-out-failure injection pump plunger and barrel. Furthermore, the current research progress of nanoparticles as green energy-saving lubricating oil additives were presented.

Mass Tourism and Air Transport, an Inevitable Relationship： The Case of Canary Islands

The tourist industry, as global mass phenomenon, is inextricably linked to the evolution of air transport systems and air carriers, in turn, depends on tourism to ensure stability in routes and prices. Therefore, both sectors must face the new challenges together, the transport industry is heading a problem of energy and cost overruns, that inevitably will affect tourism in the short term. The first energy crisis that they are starting to live, has been mitigated by changes in three parameters： （1） the international regulation of commercial aviation; （2） the connectivity and business （birth of low cost companies） models; and （3） the new policies for climate change and gas emission. So far, the rapid growth of the tourist industry has being held on a fast and cheap access to transport energy resources based on the false belief of unlimited access to energy. The article is a review of the state of the art, and the research papers published on air transportation, relating to tourism and the emergence of low cost airlines, in order to give a global vision for the decision makers of mass destinations, as it is the case of the Canary Islands that we will use as a reference.

Low cost development strategy for oilfields in China under low oil prices

By reviewing the challenges in the development of oilfields in China under low oil prices,this study analyzes the root causes of cost rising,put forwards the low cost oilfield development strategy and specific paths to realize the strategy,and predicts the development potential and prospect of oilfields in China.In addition to the low grade of the reservoir and high development maturation,the fundamental reasons of development full cost rising of oilfields in China are as follows:(1)Facing the problem of resources turning poorer in quality,we have built production capacity at a pace too fast before making enough technical and experimental preparation;(2)technical engineering service model leads to high service cost;(3)team of oil development expertise and matched engineering system cannot satisfy the technical requirements of stabilizing oil production,controlling water cut and fine development.To realize development at low cost,the core is to increase economic recoverable reserves.The concrete paths include:(1)to explore the"Daqing oilfield development culture",improve the ability of leaders in charge of development,and inspire potential of staff;(2)to improve the ability of reservoir dynamics control,and implement precise development by following scientific principles;(3)to speed up integration of water flooding and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)and technological upgrading in order to enhance oil recovery;(4)to innovate key techniques in gas flooding and accelerate the industrial popularization of gas flooding;(5)to break the related transaction barriers and create new management models;and(6)to collaboratively optimize strategic layout and cultivate key oil bases.Although oilfield development in China faces huge challenges in cost,the low-cost development strategy will succeed as long as strategic development of mature and new oil fields is well planned.The cores to lower cost are to control decline rate and enhance oil recovery in mature oil fields,and increase single well productivity through technical innovation and improve engineering service efficiency through management innovation in new oil fields.

基于ANSYS抽油泵筒-柱塞摩擦副磨损规律分析

针对缺少在模拟工况下对抽油泵摩擦副进行优化分析的现状,研究了抽油泵泵筒-柱塞摩擦副在模拟工况下的磨损状态,建立了泵筒-柱塞模型,设计正交试验研究了摩擦副在不同配合间隙下,不同因素水平对其磨损状态的影响程度,确定了磨损最优的因素水平组合。研究结果表明:摩擦副的配合间隙越大,其摩擦应力和磨损体积均显著增大,配合间隙减小后,整体磨损体积减小了10.05%且磨损状态有所改善;当单边间隙为0.05 mm时,60 s内泵筒涂覆层表面磨损体积为0.184 13~0.376 83 mm^(3),当液体压力为10 MPa,涂覆层硬度为1 150 MPa,抽油杆冲程为300 mm,液体润滑摩擦因数为0.11时,摩擦副减摩抗磨效果最好。所得结论可以为抽油泵的合理选用提供技术指导。

超额工资、外部成本渠道与中国通货膨胀非线性关系研究——基于技术进步方式理论下的MSIAH-VAR模型实证分析

本文利用MSIAH-VAR模型就超额工资、外部成本、石油冲击等成本渠道对中国通货膨胀影响进行研究。实证结果发现,工资增长率超过产出增长率的超额工资加强了对中国的通货膨胀的推升作用,2003年后超额工资增长率与通胀率形成了相互推进的"超额工资增长—通胀"螺旋。在技术进步不足以消化成本上升时,外部输入成本和石油冲击对于国内的通胀作用也将逐步加强。但M2的高速增长率似乎没有对通胀带来明显的拉动作用,随着房地产等资产投机市场的回调,流动性回流到实体经济可能存在催生通胀的隐患。

EVA模型在石油企业中的应用分析

EVA(经济增加值)作为一种有效的业绩评价和管理方法已经广泛应用于国外,目前国内尚未建立起一套完善的评价企业经营业绩的指标体系。针对部分石油企业面临的治理结构不完善、管理者与股东利益分歧较大、缺乏合理的监督激励机制等诸多问题,指出了单纯应用会计绩效指标评价失真、偏差和"代理问题"等弊端;在分析EVA模型的一般原理和方法的基础上,用实证分析法,将此模型应用于石油企业经营业绩评价,从而将有助于改善企业"贱用"资本的现状,有利于引导各利益相关者做出正确的投资决策,使石油企业达到利润最大化的目标。

中国石油依赖经济成本的Monte Carlo模拟

2011年中国成为世界第二大石油消费国,经济的石油依存度越来越高。财富转移、潜在GDP损失、宏观经济调整成本是石油进口国石油依赖经济成本三个重要组成部分。运用蒙特卡洛模拟方法,预测中国2015—2035年石油依赖的三部分成本,并进行相应的敏感度分析。结果表明:在当今国际石油价格越来越不受供需控制和我国居高不下的进口规模情况下,财富转移成为我国石油依赖总经济成本中的主导部分,占到总经济成本的65%左右。需求价格弹性、潜在GDP损失乘数、GDP价格弹性及完全竞争下的市场价格是影响石油依赖经济成本的主要参数。2035年前我国石油依赖的经济成本占GDP的比重维持在2.3%左右,难以实现石油独立。

国内三大油田企业EVA考核状况的对比分析

以经济增加值(EVA)为切入点,国内三大油田企业为研究对象,考查它们的EVA计算结果,进行对比分析,并逐一阐述了净利润、研发支出和勘探费用、有息负债、净资产等因素对EVA计算结果的影响,在此基础上提出了培育以价值创造为核心的财务管理思想、建立科学的投资决策体系、完善以价值管理为核心的预算体系、改变企业融资结构等经济增加值的提升途径。

石油天然气生产企业DR&A成本的会计核算

2001年6月,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)发布了SFAS NO.143———资产报废债务会计。该准则的发布与实施将对石油天然气生产企业油气资产报废所涉及的拆卸、恢复和废弃成本(DR&A成本)的会计处理实务产生重大影响,将导致其会计核算方法的重大变革。SFAS NO.143的实施将消除因采用SFAS NO.19而造成的资产报废债务在财务报告中披露不一现象,为财务报告使用人提供更为客观而且可比的财务信息。

美国Eagle Ford页岩油气田生产成本估计

定量评估美国代表性页岩油气产区——得克萨斯州Eagle Ford页岩油气田生产的开采成本和运营成本。结果显示,Eagle Ford页岩油气的开采成本一般不高于10美元/桶,中位数和75分位数运营成本在不同年份均明显低于15美元/桶的水平。总体上可认为,Eagle Ford页岩油气生产的运营成本是稳定的。从企业层面看,开采成本、总运营成本与产量之间均没有明显的相关关系,Eagle Ford页岩油气生产的规模经济特性并不明显。