Allocation of Hybrid Distributed Generations and Energy Management in Radial Electrical Systems

This paper presents a method for optimal sizing of a Micro grid connected to a hybrid source to ensure the continuity and quality of energy in a locality with a stochastically changing population. The hybrid system is composed of a solar photovoltaic system, a wind turbine, and an energy storage system. The reliability of the system is evaluated based on the voltage level regulation on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus standards. Power factor correction is performed, despite some reliability and robustness constraints. This work focuses on energy management in a hybrid system considering climatic disturbances on the one hand, and on the other hand, this work evaluates the energy quality and the cost of energy. A combination of genetic algorithms of particle swarm optimization (CGAPSO) shows high convergence speed, which illustrates the robustness of the proposed system. The study of this system shows its feasibility and compliance with standards. The results obtained show a significant reduction in the total cost of production of this proposed system.

Investigative Study on Emissions Level and Cost Analysis of Diesel Powered and Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid Systems

In this work, a comparative study on emissions and cost implications of diesel powered and solar photovoltaic-diesel hybrid systems was carried out for three commercial banks. With the aid of HOMER Pro software, meteorological data, energy demand, system component data, capital and operating costs were used for analysis of the two systems. The results showed that in Bank A, the diesel generator alone releases 111,618 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide while the hybrid system releases 41,618 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide. For Bank B the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions released from the diesel generator in Bank B is 53,830 kg/yr, while the carbon dioxide released from the hybrid energy system is 24,082 kg/yr. For Bank C, the diesel generator alone released 177,799 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide and 129,060 kg/yr of carbon dioxide was released from the hybrid system. This suggests that the diesel generator alone releases more emissions when compared with the hybrid system in all the three banks. The Net present cost of energy and levelized cost of energy were used to find out the cost effectiveness of hybrid systems. The results showed that the levelized cost of energy for the generator alone and hybrid system, respectively in Bank A is $0.713 and $0.343. While for Bank B, it is $0.568 and $0.2553. Finally for Bank C, it was $0.731 and $0.556. Therefore, solar-diesel hybrid system has a comparatively low emission and can be considered as a more economical option for electricity generation.

Comparative Analysis for Evaluating Wind Energy Resources Using Intelligent Optimization Algorithms and Numerical Methods

Statistical distributions are used to model wind speed,and the twoparameters Weibull distribution has proven its effectiveness at characterizing wind speed.Accurate estimation of Weibull parameters,the scale(c)and shape(k),is crucial in describing the actual wind speed data and evaluating the wind energy potential.Therefore,this study compares the most common conventional numerical(CN)estimation methods and the recent intelligent optimization algorithms(IOA)to show how precise estimation of c and k affects the wind energy resource assessments.In addition,this study conducts technical and economic feasibility studies for five sites in the northern part of Saudi Arabia,namely Aljouf,Rafha,Tabuk,Turaif,and Yanbo.Results exhibit that IOAs have better performance in attaining optimal Weibull parameters and provided an adequate description of the observed wind speed data.Also,with six wind turbine technologies rating between 1 and 3MW,the technical and economic assessment results reveal that the CN methods tend to overestimate the energy output and underestimate the cost of energy($/kWh)compared to the assessments by IOAs.The energy cost analyses show that Turaif is the windiest site,with an electricity cost of$0.016906/kWh.The highest wind energy output is obtained with the wind turbine having a rated power of 2.5 MW at all considered sites with electricity costs not exceeding$0.02739/kWh.Finally,the outcomes of this study exhibit the potential of wind energy in Saudi Arabia,and its environmental goals can be acquired by harvesting wind energy.

Improving the Global Energy Industry by Integrating Macro-Technologies:Challenges and Opportunities for Corporations

Emerging energy technologies and market evolution of some energy products, particularly natural gas, can converge to produce a new global scenario closer to the objectives of Sustainable Development, with a smooth transition that would avoid social and economic upheavals and could open a new cycle of growth and wealth. The first steps of unconventional gas production have induced stabilization in the gas spot price that should be continued to guarantee stable prices in the long term. Another line of development that should start a second phase of consolidation and cost reduction is the field of Renewable Energies. Besides research and technology advancements, a new financial deal could substitute for subsidies and feed-in tariffs. Last but not least, electric vehicles and other emerging technologies from the demand side will also have a main role in this quest to re-structure the Energy sector, where a new hierarchy of energy goods and energy applications will appear, and a better integral use of energy will take place. A main consequence of that will be a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, and a cheaper cost of energy, although fiscal policies could swallow this advantage. In this transition, which would likely last thirty years or so, energy corporations will have to face challenges and opportunities to consolidate their working and value-adding status.

Community microgrid:an approach towards positive energy community in an urban area of Dhaka,Bangladesh

The pollution and toxic greenhouse gases produced by fossil fuel combustion are troubling as global energy demand continues to rise.To mitigate the consequences of global warming,a transition to sustainable energy sources is necessary.This manuscript presents a feasible community microgrid design in Hazaribagh,Dhaka based on meteorological data that leads to photovoltaic installation on the rooftop of a local community building.This study shows a microgrid design of a system with the lowest cost of energy and a large renewable fraction,which is analysed using the HOMER Pro software.Using real-time data,analysis of the system cost,cost of energy,renewable fraction,unmet load,energy purchased and energy sold is discussed.A suitable case for electrification is also identified and presented for the selected community.The proposed case yields a cost of energy of$0.0357/kWh,which is 52%less than the current tariff rate,with a 70%renewable fraction.This study will provide people in this community with more green energy at a lower cost;in addition,this designed microgrid sells additional energy to the grid to avoid possible power outages.The potential for a positive energy community is also investigated in terms of energy consumption and renewable output of the planned microgrid.

Techno-economic assessment of energy generation through municipal solid waste:a case study for small/medium size districts in Pakistan

There is an increase in annual waste generation due to urbanization,industrialization,and population growth.The waste management crisis in developing countries and its complexity from region to region has inspired extensive research work in this area.Poor management not only results in environmental hazards,but it also causes significant socio-economic losses.Due to the absence of comprehensive studies on waste to energy(WTE)assessment,this study assesses and reports the merits of alternative technologies for converting WTE in small and medium-size districts.Quantitative analysis for waste collection data in this study uses a pilot study approach to provide useful insights and waste classification.A cantonment district of Pakistan(Wah Cantt)has been used as a case study for performing a technological and economic assessment of energy generation through the use of thermal and biological treatment processes.A mathematical modeling approach has been adopted for generating an economic value of each technology through which this waste can be processed.Further,the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)based assessment has been performed to provide a methodological framework for selecting the most feasible WTE technology in a small or medium-size district.Based on the model results,anaerobic digestion appears to be the most sustainable technology due to the organic nature of waste in Wah Cantt,land legislation,and availability of area to install a waste plant.Considering all the waste collected,the district can generate approximately 14.4 MW of energy through thermal treatment,19,110 m^(3) of daily biogas through anaerobic digestion,and 5 million tons of fertilizer through composting.Hence,if a proper supply chain is established for converting a portion of Pakistan’s annual waste generation,a significant amount of waste energy potential can be restored.

Solar PV Electrification in Nigeria: Current Status and Affordability Analysis

Rural households represent, by far, the greater percentage of dwellings globally without access to the electricity supply. For reasons of low loads, distance from the grid and speed of deployment, distributed energy systems are now considered viable options for rural electrification. This paper presents the status of solar Photovoltaic (PV) in Nigeria and discusses the way forward for aggressive PV penetration in Nigeria’s energy mix, especially in rural communities. At present, distributed PV penetration in Nigeria is comparatively low based on the International Energy Association’s recommended PV market potential. This shows that there is a gap between the government’s policy targets and reality. The solar resource potential across the six geo-political zones in Nigeria is also presented, which ranges from 3.393 - 6.669 kWh/m2/day, with the Northern zones exhibiting better potentials over the Southern zones. It is shown that the levelised cost of electricity from PV system ranges from 0.387 - 0.475 $/kWh, whereas it is 0.947 US$/kWh and 0.559 US$/kWh for the diesel generator and glass-covered kerosene lamp, respectively. While this study shows that PV for rural household lighting is more affordable as compared to glass-covered kerosene lamps and fossil-fuelled generators for lighting, fiscal and energy policies for market creation are critical if PV systems are to deliver on their promise for rural electrification and climate change mitigation.

Toward cost-effective residential energy reduction and community impacts: A data-based machine learning approach

Many U.S.utilities incentivize residential energy reduction through rebates,often in response to state mandates for energy reduction or from a desire to reduce demand to mitigate the need to grow generating assets.The assumption built into incentive programs is that the least efficient residences will be more likely take advantage of the rebates.This,however,is not always the case.The main goal of this study was to determine the potential for prioritized incentivization,i.e.,prioritizing incentives that deliver the greatest energy savings per invest-ment through an entire community.It uses a data mining approach that leverages known building and energy characteristics for predicting energy consumption of houses that collectively can be considered representative of all residences within an entire community.From this model,it estimates natural gas consumption and savings,and corresponding implementation costs associated with the adoption of the most impactful energy reduction measures.The resulting savings and cost estimates allow us to develop a sequential energy reduction strategy whereby the most economic measures within the whole utility district are addressed.The results show that an energy reduction of 36%can be achieved at a levelized cost of less than$14 per mmBTU($14,780 per MJ),demonstrating the strong potential of this approach.A corresponding Economic Input–Output Analysis captures the cascading community economic impacts of this strategy.The results show that for the roughly 45,000 single-family residences in the studied region,an initial energy efficiency investment of$26M could result in a total cascading multiplier economic impact of$41M and additional economic impacts of$2.2M for the lifetime of the considered energy efficiency measures.

Optimal Energy Management and Techno-economic Analysis in Microgrid with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources

Microgrids with hybrid renewable energy sources are increasing and it is a promising solution to electrify remote areas where distribution network expansion is not feasible or not economical.Standalone microgrids with environment-friendly hybrid energy sources is a cost-effective solution that ensures system reliability and energy security.This paper determines the optimal capacity,energy dispatching and techno-economic benefits of standalone microgrid in remote area in Tamilnadu,India.Microgrids with hybrid energy sources comprising photovoltaic(PV),wind turbine(WT),battery energy storage system(BESS)and diesel generator(DG)are considered in this paper.Various case studies are implemented with hybrid energy sources and for each case study a comparative analysis of techno-economic benefits is demonstrated.Eight different configurations of hybrid energy sources are modeled with renewable fractions of 50%,60%,65%,and 100%,respectively.The optimization analysis is carried out using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable(HOMER)software.Impact of demand response is also demonstrated on energy dispatching and technoeconomic benefits.Simulation results are obtained for the optimal capacity of PV,WT,DG,converter,and BESS,charging/discharging pattern,state of charge(SOC),net present cost(NPC),cost of energy(COE),initial cost,operation cost,fuel cost,greenhouse gas emission penalty and payback period considering seasonal load variation.It is observed that PV+BESS is the most economical configuration.COE in standalone microgrid is higher than the conventional grid price.The results show that CO2 emissions in hybrid PV+WT+DG+BESS are reduced by about 68%compared with the traditional isolated distribution system with DG.

Benefit-based cost allocation for residentially distributed photovoltaic systems in China:A cooperative game theory approach

Distributed photovoltaic(PV)systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China.However,the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irrational profit and cost allocations.In this study,the methodology for calculating the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)for PV is thoroughly discussed to address this issue.A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to determine the optimal system operation strategy with a benefit analysis.An externality-corrected mathematical model based on Shapley value is established to allocate the cost of distributed PV systems in 15 Chinese cities between the government,utility grid and residents.Results show that(i)an inverse relationship exists between the LCOEs and solar radiation levels;(ii)the government and residents gain extra benefits from the utility grid through net metering policies,and the utility grid should be the highly subsidized participant;(iii)the percentage of cost assigned to the utility grid and government should increase with the expansion of battery bank to weaken the impact of demand response on increasing theoretical subsidies;and(iv)apart from the LCOE,the local residential electricity prices remarkably impact the subsidy calculation results.

Grid-connected microgrid:design and feasibility analysis for a local community in Bangladesh

Global demand for electricity is growing significantly in developing nations.Renewable energy accounts for barely 3%of total energy consumption in Bangladesh.Sources of renewable energy,e.g.solar,are increasingly being acknowledged as viable supply-side choices for microgrids.This article presents a grid-connected microgrid design based on meteorological data for a local community situated in Mohammadpur,Dhaka.This study presents a feasible design of a system that gives the lowest cost of energy production and emissions that is evaluated using software named Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resources(HOMER Pro).Comparison and assessment of the net present cost,cost of energy,operating cost and environmental emission for five different feasible microgrids are analysed concerning real-time data.Also,a suitable case is sorted out and proposed for the local community for electrification.The proposed case offers a$0.0442/kWh cost of energy,which is~32%cheaper than the current rate with a 57.5%renewable fraction and a payback period of 16.86 years.People of this local community will have access to considerably more clean energy at a lower price by this study;also this design could sell the excess energy to the grid to avoid frequent electricity outages.