With the striking rise in penetration of Cloud Computing,energy consumption is considered as one of the key cost factors that need to be managed within cloud providers’infrastructures.Subsequently,recent approaches a...With the striking rise in penetration of Cloud Computing,energy consumption is considered as one of the key cost factors that need to be managed within cloud providers’infrastructures.Subsequently,recent approaches and strategies based on reactive and proactive methods have been developed for managing cloud computing resources,where the energy consumption and the operational costs are minimized.However,to make better cost decisions in these strategies,the performance and energy awareness should be supported at both Physical Machine(PM)and Virtual Machine(VM)levels.Therefore,in this paper,a novel hybrid approach is proposed,which jointly considered the prediction of performance variation,energy consumption and cost of heterogeneous VMs.This approach aims to integrate auto-scaling with live migration as well as maintain the expected level of service performance,in which the power consumption and resource usage are utilized for estimating the VMs’total cost.Specifically,the service performance variation is handled by detecting the underloaded and overloaded PMs;thereby,the decision(s)is made in a cost-effective manner.Detailed testbed evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach not only predicts the VMs workload and consumption of power but also estimates the overall cost of live migration and auto-scaling during service operation,with a high prediction accuracy on the basis of historical workload patterns.展开更多
The minimum wage policy should take into account production costs of enterprises and welfare benefits of families.This paper describes the pass-through process of the minimum wage costs in the enterprise sector and th...The minimum wage policy should take into account production costs of enterprises and welfare benefits of families.This paper describes the pass-through process of the minimum wage costs in the enterprise sector and the household sector by building a theoretical model,investigates the impact of the minimum wage adjustment on urban household consumption utility and its price pass-through mechanism from the perspective of living costs based on several sets of databases,such as household survey,supermarket prices and industrial enterprises for the first time,and further estimates the net welfare changes including income compensation and consumption utility loss.The findings of the study are as below:(1)The price transfer behavior of enterprises is the main cause of the loss of household consumption utility.The average wage level and labor costs of enterprises rise with the increase of minimum wages.Both the cost-price pass-through elasticity estimated based on the theoretical model and the minimum wage price elasticity coefficient obtained by empirical estimation show that the price transfer behavior of enterprises leads to the rise of final consumer prices;(2)With a 10% increase in minimum wages,the overall household living costs increase by 2.47%-6.76%,and the economic living costs increase by about 122-334 yuan per quarter,among which the living costs are most affected in terms of food,shoes and clothing;(3)Under the combined effect of income compensation and consumption utility loss,the bottom 20% of households and middle 60% of households will get 658 yuan and 469-556 yuan per quarter,respectively.The findings of this paper are conducive to improving the supporting minimum wage policy by taking a number of measures simultaneously,so as to provide a path reference for promoting the realization of Chinese modernization and expanding domestic demand for common prosperity for all.展开更多
文摘With the striking rise in penetration of Cloud Computing,energy consumption is considered as one of the key cost factors that need to be managed within cloud providers’infrastructures.Subsequently,recent approaches and strategies based on reactive and proactive methods have been developed for managing cloud computing resources,where the energy consumption and the operational costs are minimized.However,to make better cost decisions in these strategies,the performance and energy awareness should be supported at both Physical Machine(PM)and Virtual Machine(VM)levels.Therefore,in this paper,a novel hybrid approach is proposed,which jointly considered the prediction of performance variation,energy consumption and cost of heterogeneous VMs.This approach aims to integrate auto-scaling with live migration as well as maintain the expected level of service performance,in which the power consumption and resource usage are utilized for estimating the VMs’total cost.Specifically,the service performance variation is handled by detecting the underloaded and overloaded PMs;thereby,the decision(s)is made in a cost-effective manner.Detailed testbed evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach not only predicts the VMs workload and consumption of power but also estimates the overall cost of live migration and auto-scaling during service operation,with a high prediction accuracy on the basis of historical workload patterns.
文摘The minimum wage policy should take into account production costs of enterprises and welfare benefits of families.This paper describes the pass-through process of the minimum wage costs in the enterprise sector and the household sector by building a theoretical model,investigates the impact of the minimum wage adjustment on urban household consumption utility and its price pass-through mechanism from the perspective of living costs based on several sets of databases,such as household survey,supermarket prices and industrial enterprises for the first time,and further estimates the net welfare changes including income compensation and consumption utility loss.The findings of the study are as below:(1)The price transfer behavior of enterprises is the main cause of the loss of household consumption utility.The average wage level and labor costs of enterprises rise with the increase of minimum wages.Both the cost-price pass-through elasticity estimated based on the theoretical model and the minimum wage price elasticity coefficient obtained by empirical estimation show that the price transfer behavior of enterprises leads to the rise of final consumer prices;(2)With a 10% increase in minimum wages,the overall household living costs increase by 2.47%-6.76%,and the economic living costs increase by about 122-334 yuan per quarter,among which the living costs are most affected in terms of food,shoes and clothing;(3)Under the combined effect of income compensation and consumption utility loss,the bottom 20% of households and middle 60% of households will get 658 yuan and 469-556 yuan per quarter,respectively.The findings of this paper are conducive to improving the supporting minimum wage policy by taking a number of measures simultaneously,so as to provide a path reference for promoting the realization of Chinese modernization and expanding domestic demand for common prosperity for all.
