Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense Ecological Landscape Forest in Shenzhen City in 2021

Taking Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen City as an example,the value of the forest was assessed by constructing an ecological service value assessment system and accounting method.The assessment results showed that the total ecosystem service value of R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest was 13.195 billion yuan,and the top three services included the value of forestry products,the value of biodiversity maintenance and the value of leisure and recreation,indicating that the ecosystem service of Wutong Mountain R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen has great ecological and economic value,especially in forestry products,biodiversity maintenance,and leisure and recreation.

Study on the Forest Vegetation and Its Water and Soil Conservation Value in Fuxian Lake Drainage Area in Yunnan Province

By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were respectively calculated.The tree species structure and the coverage degree of every kind of forest vegetation were investigated,and the characteristics of forest vegetation were analyzed.The results showed that the soil conservation amount of forest in Fuxian Lake basin was 137.50×106 t/a,and the soil conservation value was 622.30×106 yuan/a.Moreover,the water source conservation value was 506.84×106 yuan/a.

The Research on Evaluation and Development Value of Landscape Resources in Junwu Forest Park of Liuzhou City in China

The paper had pointed out that landscape resources were the roots that forest park attracted tourists, and objective and correct evaluation on landscape resources was the foundation to identify development tendency of forest park. Based on the field study, it had firstly conducted qualitative evaluation on landscape resources in Junwu Forest Park of Liuzhou City, concluded that forest landscape had distinctive feature and high quality, sceneries in forest were splendid and colorful, landscape combination was good and forest ecological environment was excellent in quality. Furthermore, in accordance with China Forest Park Landscape Resources Quality Grade Evaluation (GB/T18005-1999), quantitative evaluation had been conducted on landscape resources of Junwu Forest Park in Liuzhou City. On this basis, it had deeply analyzed development value of Junwu Forest Park, highlighting its forest aesthetics, popular science education, health care, tourism culture and tourism economic value, so as to provide reference for its planning and development.

Forest Ecosystem Services and Their Values in Beijing

As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security.However, the valuation on the forest ecosystem services based on regional scale could not provide precise and reasonable values for forestry sector management.In this study, we estimated the magnitudes and economic values of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing at sublot level.The economic value of forest ecosystem services in Beijing was estimated to be 19 339.71×10 6 yuan(RMB) in 2004.Among all the ecosystem services indicators we estimated in this study, only fruit, timber and part of the recreation(which only include the tourism income from the forest parks and scenic areas, but not include that from other forest types) were measured in the social economic system.As estimated in this study, more than 82.19% of the economic value of forest ecosystem services could not be measured in the socio-economic statistical system.The importance of forest ecosystem services in Beijing to human welfare was underestimated by the socio-economic system.Therefore, the policies about the eco-compensation of forest ecosystem services should be established to maintain the sustainable supply of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing.

Mapping landslide susceptibility at the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, using gradient boosting decision tree,random forest and information value models

This work was to generate landslide susceptibility maps for the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) area, China by using different machine learning models. Three advanced machine learning methods, namely, gradient boosting decision tree(GBDT), random forest(RF) and information value(InV) models, were used, and the performances were assessed and compared. In total, 202 landslides were mapped by using a series of field surveys, aerial photographs, and reviews of historical and bibliographical data. Nine causative factors were then considered in landslide susceptibility map generation by using the GBDT, RF and InV models. All of the maps of the causative factors were resampled to a resolution of 28.5 m. Of the 486289 pixels in the area,28526 pixels were landslide pixels, and 457763 pixels were non-landslide pixels. Finally, landslide susceptibility maps were generated by using the three machine learning models, and their performances were assessed through receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves, the sensitivity, specificity,overall accuracy(OA), and kappa coefficient(KAPPA). The results showed that the GBDT, RF and In V models in overall produced reasonable accurate landslide susceptibility maps. Among these three methods, the GBDT method outperforms the other two machine learning methods, which can provide strong technical support for producing landslide susceptibility maps in TGR.

Empirical Analysis of Forest Landscape Value Assessment:A Case Study of Huangshui Forest Park in Xining,Qinghai Province

Questionnaire survey and CVM were adopted to evaluate economic value of Huangshui Forest Park in Xining,Qinghai.Value of its forest landscapes was assessed,multiple linear regression was established to analyze correlation between factors related to willingness-to-pay(WTP).

Value Assessment of Ecosystem Service Function of Ecological Public Welfare Forests in Wenchang City

Based on the measurement parameters and index in the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008),the value of ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Wenchang City was evaluated and analyzed.The results show that the total value of ecosystem service function of ecological public welfare forests in Wenchang City is about 4.020 billion yuan,of which storage capacity,water purification,soil fixation,fertilizer(N,P and K fertilizer) conservation,carbon sequestration,oxygen release,forest nutrient accumulation,providing anion,absorbing SO_2,absorbing fluoride,absorbing NxO,absorbing soil heavy metals,dust retention,noise reduction,sterilization,forest protection,forest biodiversity protection,and forest recreation(ecological tourism) are about 1.510 billion,582.256 million,3.769 million,268.220 million,116.360 million,2.747 million,22.682 million,42.817 million,1.722 million,74,600,131,900,187.918 million,77.409 million,28.721 million,43.090 million,180.696 million,571.036 million,and 108.677 million yuan

Main Principles and Methods of Identification of High Conservation Value Forests in the Conditions of Mountainous Relief： Case of Armenia

Armenia is a small mountainous country with remarkable biodiversity. The forest cover of Armenia makes up 11.17% of the total territory of Armenia. The forests of Armenia make important habitat for numerous biological objects. They also provide important ecosystem services, including key services to forest adjacent population. Deforestation and forest degradation are serious threats in Armenia. In the result of special studies the principles and criteria for identification of HCVFs （high conservation value forests） in the conditions of Armenia were developed. They are based on the guidelines for identification and management of HCVFs, but adapted to the conditions of mountainous forests of Armenia as a small country. Out of six generic types of HCVFs, it is suggested to define five types of HCVFs with respective sub-types. Proper protection of such forests shall ensure conservation of biological diversity and maintenance of ecosystem services provided by forests.

THE ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECTIVE FUEL COMBUSTION VALUE OF FOREST COMMUNITY IN THE DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN

Under the condition of absolute dry, more than thirty forest fuel pararneters,ash content. extract and burning point were measured. By the method of regression step by step. we found an experience formula which can estimate effective fuel high combusti on value of forest community from the Daxingan Mountain,and then,By means of modifying moisture content. we gave an approximate formula about actual heat releasing of forest fuels in the forest fire behavior.

The Application of Contingent Value Method in Forest Recreational Value Evaluation of Nature Reserve

Through the survey of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain,based on relevant data of tourists of Tianmu Mountain over the years,the paper had analyzed some problems about the application of contingent value method(CVM) in forest recreational value evaluation.Then,it had evaluated the forest recreational value of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain in 2007 and obtained evaluation results.Through the statistics of tourists' payment targets,it had calculated the payment value of each function of Tianmu Nature Reserve.The functions were appreciating landscape,exercising,visiting historical sites,photographing,scientific research,picnic and camping,and religion ranking in order from higher to lower value.In terms of nonuse value,existence value was slightly higher than option value and heritage value.It could be known from above research that Tianmu Mountain had great tourism development potential.Finally,it had proposed some suggestions for publicity,project setting and artificial landscape construction.

Comparative Research on Zoning of High Conservation Value Forest and Ecological Forest

High conservation value forest(HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China,but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units(FMUs). As there is no quantitative indicator for identifying and zoning HCVF in China,most FMUs are unable to have an exact zoning result. This paper introduced the concepts of HCVF and ecological forest,and compared their similarities and differences in terms of identification criteria,zoning methods and application scope. With four Chinese FMUs as case studies,some suggestions were proposed for establishing a zoning scheme of HCVF so as to promote the development of HCVF in China.

Change of Forest Ecosystem Service Function and Its Value in Kanas Nature Reserve

In order to clarify the service function and value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve, the ecological service function and its value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve in 2009 and 2014 were evaluated by using the method of Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008). The results showed that in 2014, the total value of forest ecosystem service function in Kanas Nature Reserve increased by 7.34% compared with that in 2009, and the value of water conservation and biodiversity accounted for the largest proportion. The increasing rate of functional value of shrub forest land was obviously higher than that of coniferous forest land and broad-leaf forest land. The service function and value of different forest types were obviously different.

Estimation of Biodiversity Conservation Value of Forest Ecosystem in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet

The estimation was made for the conservation value of forest ecosystem biodiversity in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet.The results showed that the annual economic benefits of biodiversity in Nyingchi Prefecture were about 21.4 billion yuan,and the annual economic benefits of global biodiversity were about 3 trillion USD.It indicated that the ecological value of forest ecosystem in Nyingchi Prefecture is high,forest ecosystem has extremely important ecological value.Therefore,in the decision-making process,it is necessary to strengthen the protection of forest ecosystem,with particular emphasis on the restoration of damaged ecosystem.

ASSESSMENT OF INDIRECT USE VALUES OF FOREST BIODIVERSITY IN YAOLUOPING NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE, ANHUI PROVINCE

Direct use values of forest ecosystem have been recognized apparently due toits easy and convenient assessment, while indirect use values are usually neglected because they arenot easy to be recognized by the public. For a nature reserve with forest ecosystem, the mostimportant economic values are the indirect use values, which provide human beings and other livingthings with beneficial services through ecological processes and functions. In this case study, aquantifying framework to estimate the annual indirect use values of forest ecosystem has beenestablished in Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve based on alternative cost method and opportunitycost method. The ecological functions assessed in the study relate to six aspects: soil protection,water conservation, CO_2 fixation, nutrient cycling, pollutant decomposition and disease and pestcontrol. These ecological functions provide an economic value of 86.1xl0~6 yuan (RMB) per year(US$10.37xl0~6), which is 25 times higher than the opportunity cost for regular timber production.This study can contribute to the monetary assessment of indirect use values of forest biodiversityand to the conservation and sustainable use of nature reserves.

Estimation of Economic Value of Agroforestry Systems at the Local Scale in Eastern Sudan

The objective of this paper is to institute farmers’ own perceptions of the on-and off-farm benefits of agroforestry systems (AFS). Using use value approach, this paper presents empirical evidence on the use values of three types of AFS practiced by the refugees and their hosting communities in Eastern Sudan. The total economic value (TEV) was applied as a framework to estimate the ecosystem values of AFS under study. Goods values were estimated using specific market values, while the services values were qualitatively described according to local perceived values of the local communities. Perceived TEV of AFS includes marketable and non-marketable goods and services. The main direct marketable and sustainable high value products include: food, cash crops, firewood, gum, fodder, NTFPs medicine, fodder, and honey. The valuation results reveal that AFS in the project sites have significantly contributed to the livelihoods of the local communities. Overall, the average net direct-use value of marketable products across all sites was estimated at 7,346,000.0 SDG (1,335,636.36 US$) HH/annum. Gum Arabic alone accounted for 38%, followed by sorghum grain and fodder 35%, and cash crops (sesame) 18%. This value would be many time higher if other indirect values (non-marketable) services such as shade, aesthetic and recreation, environmental protection, biodiversity and carbon sequestration are quantified. The goods and services mentioned above provide sustainable income to the farmer directly and viable benefits to the region indirectly. Hence, AFS in the study sites shows the way to reconcile two conflicting goals: short-term food and livelihood needs with long-term environmental conservation and improvement. The study provides evidence that the high local perceived values of AFS in the study sites constitute a central means of livelihood, whereas its contribution to the local economy. The study stresses the need to quantify the monetary values of non-marketed products to consistently account for resource availability and usage to further sound policy decisions. Tenure security, farmer support services and human capital development were major areas identified for policy development.

A Review and Reflection of Value Account of Forest Resources

The framework of forest valuation accounting has been formed through the development stages of timber value calculation, forest ecosystem valuation and entire value accounting of forest resources, including the forest values of resources in kind, environmental resources and social benefits in China. These theory and methods still face deviation of theories and methods from vague position of discipline, larger accounting results from ignoring differences between forest ecological functions and ecosystem services, and unrealistic and other problems from non-standard index system and accounting methods due to the development history and other reasons. Five suggestions are proposed to make explicit the object and purpose of the forest resource value accounting, establish universal, scientific, measurable and concise index system for value evaluation, calculate forest resources value in consideration of forest type and position, distinguish accurately the functions from benefits of the forest resources, and suit value calculation result to the practice of social economy.

Total Carbon Stock and Potential Carbon Sequestration Economic Value of Mukogodo Forest-Landscape Ecosystem in Drylands of Northern Kenya

Carbon sequestration is one of the important ecosystem services provided by forested landscapes. Dry forests have high potential for carbon storage. However, their potential to store and sequester carbon is poorly understood in Kenya. Moreover, past attempts to estimate carbon stock have ignored drylands ecosystem heterogeneity. This study assessed the potential of Mukogodo dryland forest-landscape in offsetting carbon dioxide through carbon sequestration and storage. Four carbon pools (above and below ground biomass, soil, dead wood and litter) were analyzed. A total of 51 (400 m2) sample plots were established using stratified-random sampling technique to estimate biomass across six vegetation classes in three landscape types (forest reserve, ranches and conservancies) using nested-plot design. Above ground biomass was determined using generalized multispecies model with diameter at breast height, height and wood density as variables. Below ground, soil, litter and dead wood biomass;carbon stocks and carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) were estimated using secondary information. The CO2eq was multiplied by current prices of carbon trade to compute carbon sequestration value. Mean ± SE of biomass and carbon was determined across vegetation and landscape types and mean differences tested by one-way Analysis of Variance. Mean biomass and carbon was about 79.15 ± 40.22 TB ha-1 and 37.25 ± 18.89 TC ha-1 respectively. Cumulative carbon stock was estimated at 682.08 TC ha-1;forest reserve (251.57 TC ha-1) had significantly high levels of carbon stocks compared to ranches (209.78 TC ha-1) and conservancies (220.73 TC ha-1, P = 0.000). Further, closed forest significantly contributed to the overall biomass and carbon stock (58%). The carbon sequestration potential was about 19.9MTCO2eq with most conservative worth of KES 39.9B (US$40M) per annum. The high carbon stock in the landscape shows the potential of dryland ecosystems as carbon sink for climate change mitigation. However, for communities to benefit from bio-carbon funds in future, sustainable landscape management and restorative measures should be practiced to enhance carbon storage and provision of other ecosystem services.

Categorized Analysis of Forest Ecological Values in the China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program

The China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP)is one of the largest national ecological construction programs,which has effectively improved ecological environment and produced large ecological benefi t.To provide references for further improving ecological benefi t of CCFP,we analyzed the features,differences and relationships of the categorized forest ecological“benefi t value”(B-V)s in 3 kinds of forest restoration ways in different regions in CCFP,using the data of Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network(CFERN)from 1999 to 2013 and the methods of the national standards of(LY/T1606-2003),(LY/T1721-2008)and(LY/T1952-2011).The result showed that annual B-Vs of unit area varied in the range of 3.5-10.0 e4 RMBs/hm2·a.Water conservation B-Vs and species conservation B-Vs are the 2 largest constituents,nutrient accumulation B-V was the least in total B-Vs.The B-Vs performed inconsistently among the forest restoration ways and different regions.The rank of average annual total B-Vs of unit area from high to low was“hillside forest conservation”,“returning cropland to forest”,“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Species conservation B-Vs and water conservation B-Vs in southern regions were higher than that of northern and northwestern regions in China.The hot and rainy regions could produce higher species conservation B-Vs.The regression analysis indicated that water conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly positive correlation with the relevant total B-Vs and positive correlation with the relevant atmosphere purification B-Vs whether in regional or in unit area scale.Unit area species conservation B-V was negatively correlated with the relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except the way of“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Regional total species conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly negative correlation with its relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except“hillside forest conservation”way.We suggest that suitable forest restoration ways must be selective according to the regional specifi c,B-V features and local ecological goals.

Estimation of Relative Ecological Value of Returning Farmland to Forest & Mountain Enclosure for Grazing Prohibition——A case study in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County,Gansu Province

[Objective]Returning farmland to forest and mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition ecological effect and economy rationality were explored.[Methods]A case study of returning farmland to forest and barren hills grazing prohibition in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County was used to discuss and estimate the relative ecological function and relative ecological value.[Results]1）The ecological value of the forest of returning farmland was far more than the sum of the ecological value of farm crops and the agricultural output,and also more than the national subsidy standard.So the state policy of returning farmland to forests is not only favorable to local eco-environment restoration,but also reasonable in economic development.2）The ecological value of mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition was less than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing,also less than the national subsidy standard.The sum of the relative ecological value of prohibiting grazing and the state subsidies was more than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing.However,the ecological value of new vegetation through returning farmland to forest project was greater than the China＇s average ecological value of grassland.[Conclusion]The relative ecological value can be used to solve the problems in the equivalent conversion among various ecological indexes and between ecological indexes and economic indexes.

Dynamics of pH value and metal elements of rainfall within mixed forests in Japanese pine and cypress

The dynamics of forest ecology was studied. The pH values, electrical conductivities and concentrations of metal and nonmetal elements in rainfall, stream, through fall and stream flow were investigated based on the data collected from a small mixed forest watershed of Pinus densifora sieb et Zucc, Pinus thunbergii Parh and Chamaecypari sobtusa sieb et Zucc ex Endl at Kiryu nature reserve and a small barren watershed at Jakujo nature reserve, Ootsu, Shiga, Japan. The results show that both the mixed forest ecosystems of pine and cypress and the soil draw from granite affect the pH values and metal elements of rainfall. And the contribution of the mixed forest is greater than that of the barren. Moreover, the amount of input of most elements is larger than that of output in the ecosystem, which shows the elemental accumulation in the related forest ecosystem.