Cost-benefit analysis of esophageal cancer endoscopic screening in high-risk areas of China

AIM:To estimate the cost-benefit of endoscopic screening strategies of esophageal cancer(EC)in high-risk areas of China. METHODS:Markov model-based analyses were conducted to compare the net present values(NPVs)and the benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)of 12 EC endoscopic screening strategies.Strategies varied according to the targeted screening age,screening frequencies,and follow-up intervals.Model parameters were collected from population-based studies in China,published literatures,and surveillance data. RESULTS:Compared with non-screening outcomes,all strategies with hypothetical 100 000 subjects saved life years.Among five dominant strategies determined by the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis,screening once at age 50 years incurred the lowest NPV(international dollar-I$55 million)and BCR(2.52).Screening six times between 40-70 years at a 5-year interval[i.e., six times(40)f-strategy]yielded the highest NPV(I$99 million)and BCR(3.06).Compared with six times(40)fstrategy,screening thrice between 40-70 years at a 10-year interval resulted in relatively lower NPV,but the same BCR. CONCLUSION:EC endoscopic screening is cost-beneficial in high-risk areas of China.Policy-makers should consider the cost-benefit,population acceptance,and local economic status when choosing suitable screening strategies.

The Cost-Benefit Analysis for Bananas Diversity Production in China Foc. Zones

Over 50 years ago, banana export plantations in Panama were ruined by Fusarium wilt race 1 (Foc. R1) since the popular cultivar Gros Michel is susceptible to Foc. R1 [1]. Fortunately, the resistant cultivar Cavendish replaced Gros Michel as the world biggest commercial fruit after ten years’ research and development. Due to its good economic profit, banana industry develops very fast recently in China. Unfortunately, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) brought disaster to Cavendish plantation since 1996. Most of traditional banana planting zones of Guangdong and Hainan provinces were infected by Foc. TR4 to the end of 2009. In order to fight against Foc. TR4, here we tried to investigate the cost-benefit and disease resistance of six banana cultivars (Cavendish Baxijiao, Dajiao, Guangfen No. 1, Fenzha No. 1, Gongjiao, Haigongjiao) planted in China Foc. Zones. Comparisons were conducted on their economic characteristics, cost, benefit, as well as the advantage and disadvantage and their application in rota-tion. Generally, supposing the investment of $ 4400/ha, the banana plantation attains a good economic profit as $ 2200/ha. Rotation of these cultivars can maintain the biodiversity as well as improve the sustainable development of banana industry.

Cost-benefit timing for applying slurry seal on actual roadway tests in China

Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no condition indicators designed for determining adequate timing for applying preventive maintenance and little literature relating to the development of pavement performance. This work presented the indicators, including crack ratio （Rc）, rutting depth （DR）, international roughness index （IIR） and sideway force coefficient （CsF） to determine the adequate timing for preventive maintenance in China. The proper ranges of each indicator to apply to preventive maintenance were then recommended. They are 0.28%-1.4% for Rc, 10-15 mm for DR, 1.97-3.5 for lrR, 40--50 for CSF. Based on pavement condition survey data collected on the test roads in Hebei Province, China, on the application of slurry seal at different timings, the pavement performance was established and the adequate timings for applying slurry seal was studied. Based on benefit-cost analysis, it is suggested that the fourth year is the optimal timing for applying slurry seal based on the condition in China. A framework is established to determine the adequate timings of applying other preventive maintenance methods.

Cost-benefit analysis of screening for diabetic retinopathy among Chinese type 2 diabetes: decision from different perspectives of a population-based study

The purpose of this study is to explore whether it is worthwhile to launch a routine diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening for blindness pre-vention among Chinese type 2 diabetes from different perspective based on the popula-tion-based study in Kinmen, Taiwan. A total of 971 community dwelling adults previously di-agnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1991-1993 un-derwent DR screening in 1999-2002 by a panel of ophthalmologists using on-site indirect oph-thalmoscopy and 45-degree color fundus retinal photographs. The cost-benefit analysis is used to evaluate the DR screening. In terms of bene-fit-cost ratio, the different screening programs for DR could save New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) from 14.38 to 36.83 in discounted costs for each dollar incurred in different screening years from the societal viewpoint for Taiwan and save NTD from 0.81 to 1.80 in different screening years from health care payer’s perspective. The av-erage estimate of willingness-to-pay to translate into benefit yields NTD from 937.8 to 4,689 be- nefits per case due to DR screening in different screening years during 10-year follow-up. The net present value of the DR screening were NTD from -167,318 to -307,251.2 in different screening years. In conclusion, it is worthwhile to initial a routine DR screening of Chinese type 2 diabetes for blindness prevention from the societal per-spective but not from consumer decision based on the willingness-to-pay perspective.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Land Development Projects Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model

Ecological and environmental issues have always been the focus of government work. The economic losses caused by air pollution,water pollution,noise pollution and solid waste pollution caused by land use development projects are estimated,and the total population economic losses are incorporated into project costing. Using the analytic hierarchy process,four benefit indicators and five cost indicators are selected for constructing a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the cost-benefit of projects of different scales. The projects of different scales are ranked according to the level of comprehensive scores. The results show that large-scale projects are cost-effective and stable over the long term,and there are differences in the main sources of pollution-caused economic losses for projects of different scales. At last,reasonable policy suggestions are made to relevant planning and management personnel.

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Inspection and Repair Planning for Ship Structures Considering Corrosion Model Uncertainty

Owing to high costs and unnecessary inspections necessitated by the traditional inspection planning for ship structures, the risk-based inspection and repair planning should be investigated for the most cost-effective inspection. This paper aims to propose a cost-benefit assessment model of risk-based inspection and repair planning for ship structures subjected to corrosion deterioration. Then, the benefit-cost ratio is taken to be an index for the selection of the optimal inspection and repair strategy. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the benefit-cost ratio for the expected lifetime is maximized with a constraint on the minimum acceptalbe reliability index. To account for the effect of corrosion model uncertainty on the cost-benefit assessment, two corrosion models, namgly, Paik＇ s model and Guedes Soares＇ model, are adopted for analysis. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed method. Sensitivity studies are also providet. The results indicate that the proposed method of risk-based cost-benefit analysis can effectively integrate the economy with reliability of the inspection and repair planning. A balance can be achieved between the risk cost and total expected inspection and repair costs with the proposed method, which is very. effective in selecting the optimal inspection and repair strategy. It is pointed out that the corrosion model uncertainty and parametric uncertaintg have a significant impact on the cost-benefit assessment of inspection and repair planning.

Economic cost-benefit analysis for the agricultural use of sewage sludge treated with lime and fly ash

A tool for calculating the economic and environmental impacts of the use of byproducts of industrial processes that can substitute for perishable resources was presented.This was exemplified by fly ash(the fine fraction of ash originating from coal burned to generate electricity and collected by filtering exhaust gases leaving the furnace),added to soil as a component of sewage sludge stabilized with fly ash and lime(NVS).Application to soil of NVS has potential agricultural and environmental advantages and disadvantages.The costs and benefits of such application were calculated using both a database and expert opinions.The calculations assumed a representative assemblage of soils and crops,with weights assigned to each crop type and soil characteristic.The annual weighted benefits(additional income for the farmer)and costs per hectare reached 324$/ha and 131$/ha respectively.Major potential benefits include:Chemical fertilizer replacement,159$/ha;Improvement to the soil’s physical properties,75$/ha;Supply of vital trace elements,33$/ha.Major potential costs were:Regulatory limitations on marketing of crops pending proof of absence of risk of heavy metals or radionuclides accumulation in these crops,(17$/ha and 36$/ha respectively);Application and incorporation cost,50$/ha.The presented estimates of the costs and benefits refer to the array of soils and conditions typical to Israel.It is possible to maximize potential benefits by applying fly ash only to the most suitable agricultural soils while improper use of fly ash will increase the costs incurred from its use.

Study on Cost of Environmental Degradation Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

With the rapid economic development of China,the environmental degradation brought by economic development cannot be ignored.In order to measure the cost of environmental degradation brought by land projects in the process of economic development and evaluate a land project,this paper establishes an ecological service evaluation model based on cost-benefit method to analyze the cost and benefit of land development projects from a new perspective,and explore effective strategies to alleviate environmental degradation.

A COST-BENEFIT EVALUATION OF NEONATAL SCREENING PROGRAM IN CHINA

Objective Phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are common diseases thatare associated with mental retardation. In order to make the best use of health care resources to achieve themaximum social and economic benefits and to lay the foundation for the popularization of neonatal screening, acost- benefit analysis of neonatal screening program was undertaken. Methods Based on screening results,medical history and the data published by the national statistic departments. Results Our result shows that it islairly profitable to conduct neonatal screening in China: the cost - benejit ratio for PKU screenging is 1:3.7, andthe cost-benefit ratio for CH screening is 1:3.6. Conclusion This report therefore strongly suPPorts furtherpopularization of neonatal screening in China.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Scale Pig Breeding in Shandong Province Based on Modified Entropy Weight-TOPSIS Model

According to the relevant statistical data in National Agricultural cost-benefit Data Compilation(2001- 2013),we use the modified entropy weight- TOPSIS model to research the cost-benefit status of scale pig breeding in Shandong Province from the perspective of comparing it with that of the entire country and 9 other main pig producing areas. The results show that compared with the national average,the cost-benefit ratio of small scale pig breeding in Shandong Province is lower,while the cost-benefit ratio of medium scale and large scale pig breeding is significantly improved; the cost-benefit ratio of small scale pig breeding in Shandong Province is basically the same as that in 9 other main pig producing areas,while the cost-benefit ratio of medium scale and large scale pig breeding is higher; the output value of main products and the purchase price of piglet are two major bottlenecks restricting the cost-benefit improvement of scale pig breeding in Shandong Province.

Model of Cost-benefit Flow in Six Green Projects in China

From the point of cost-benefit flow and with the Six Green Projects in China as the case and background, it is criticized that the current natural resource and environmental management and the policies in China have some problems unsolved since the model of cost-benefit flow is still centralized and mainly in an administrative way in spite of many efforts made theoretically and practically. It is suggested that a new model based on market-oriented economy from the point of cost-benefit flow with Six Green Projects Management and Policies System consist of complete natural reserve (NR). Management system included environmental nature reserves in addition to biodiversity nature reserve, paid using nature resources, an environmental conservation and construction industry and renewable resource production incentive system that turn the direct administration and operation to management and services. The detail figure of the new model of cost-benefit flow is provided and the main points related are discussed in this paper.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Chestnut Production in Xingtai County

On the basis of market demand survey of chestnut,this article carries out cost-benefit analysis of the chestnut production in Xingtai County,to understand the profitability and payback period of local chestnut production.It points out that chestnut production has a high rate of return on investment,and chestnut can be promoted on a large scale in Xingtai County.However,there are still some problems in the production and marketing of chestnut in Xingtai County,such as low level of technology,extensive management,low level of organization,market imperfections and weak brand consciousness.Based on these problems,corresponding recommendations are put forth.

Evaluating and Improving the Effectiveness of Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework

Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among various vehicle emission control measures by the results of cost-benefit analysis, based on the assumption that these programs will achieve the targeted emission reduction outcomes. However, the actual effects of I/M programs may be greatly uncertain and when this uncertainty is taken into account, these programs may become suboptimal. This study develops a new a cost-benefit analysis framework that links various program design consideration, such as program participation rate, identification rate and effective repair rate, to the public health benefits as well as costs of the programs. This framework helps decision makers to investigate minimum implementation requirements that at least ensure the benefits are greater than the costs of implementing the programs in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the I/M programs. To illustrate the applications of the framework, it was applied to a particulate matter oriented I/M program targeting all diesel-fueled vehicles in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a large metropolitan area that has been suffering from severe ambient PM pollution mainly attributable to its wide use of diesel-fueled vehicles and motorcycles. It was found that the health benefits achieved from the program are sensitive to several key program design elements, including participation rate and problem vehicle identification rate, fraction of effective repairs and illegal operation rate. Other variables, such as the testing cut-points and vehicle population growth rate, only have modest effects on the overall emission reduction and consequent health benefits. Overall, the performance of multiple variables associated with I/M program design needs to be improved simultaneous in order to achieve the targeted benefits of the program.

Cost-benefit analysis of trading strategies in the stock index futures market

With the introduction of many derivatives into the capital market,including stock index futures,the trading strategies in financial markets have been gradually enriched.However,there is still no theoretical model that can determine whether these strategies are effective,what the risks are,and how costly the strategies are.We built an agent-based cross-market platform that includes five stocks and one stock index future,and constructed an evaluation system for stock index futures trading strategies.The evaluation system includes four dimensions:effectiveness,risk,occupation of capital,and impact cost.The results show that the informed strategy performs well in all aspects.The risk of the technical strategy is relatively higher than that of the other strategies.Moreover,occupation of capital and impact cost are both higher for the arbitrage strategy.Finally,the wealth of noise traders is almost lost.

A Cost-Benefit Evaluation of the Air Quality and Health Impacts in Sao Paulo,Brazil

The objective was to assess the impact on health due to the exposure to air pollution derived from the renewal of the urban bus fleet in S?o Paulo. The study analyzed the substitution of the bus fleet through the variation of the concentration of atmospheric pollutants such as PM10 in the municipality of S?o Paulo and its associated health’s benefits values compared to the investments performed in the bus fleet renewal. PM10 average annual reduction due to the bus improvement system resulted on 22.3%. A cost-benefit evaluation considered the renewal investments’ costs compared to the obtained valued health benefits and it resulted in 4.31. Although the result may suggest a not viable investment, it must be observed that air pollution reduction favors health impacts and that this relation could be improved if additional investments on sustainable transportation increase.

Cost-benefit analysis of screening for esophageal and gastric cardiac cancer

In 2005, a program named "Early Detection and Early Treatment of Esophageal and Cardiac Cancer" (EDETEC) was initiated in China. A total of 8279 residents aged 40-69 years old were recruited into the EDETEC program in Linzhou of Henan Province between 2005 and 2008. Howerer, the cost-benefit of the EDETEC program is not very clear yet. We conducted herein a cost-benefit analysis of screening for esophageal and cardiac cancer. The assessed costs of the EDETEC program included screening costs for each subject, as well as direct and indirect treatment costs for esophageal and cardiac severe dysplasia and cancer detected by screening. The assessed benefits of this program included the saved treatment costs, both direct and indirect, on esophageal and cardiac cancer, as well as the value of prolonged life due to screening, as determined by the human capital approach. The results showed the screening cost of finding esophageal and cardiac severe dysplasia or cancer ranged from $2707 to $4512, and the total cost on screening and treatment was $13 115-$14 920. The cost benefit was $58 944-$155 110 (the saved treatment cost, $17 730, plus the value of prolonged life, $41 214-$137 380). The ratio of benefit-to-cost (BCR) was 3.95-11.83. Our results suggest that EDETEC has a high benefit-to-cost ratio in China and could be instituted into high risk areas of China.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Wuxikou Integrated Flood Management Project Considering the Effects of Flood Risk Reduction and Resettlement

Evaluation of the economic costs and benefits of flood disaster risk management projects is crucial.However,current costbenefit analyses(CBA) often lack reliable estimates of the expected loss reduction from flood control measures and ignore quantitative assessments of resettlement.To address these limitations,this study incorporated a probabilistic risk analysis method and quantitative resettlement benefits assessment into the CBA framework,using the Wuxikou Integrated Flood Management Project(WIFMP) in Jiangxi Province,China,as a case study.The direct economic benefits of flood control were estimated by integrating hydrological statistics,numerical flood inundation simulation,and quantitative damage analysis with exposure and vulnerability data.Furthermore,the resettlement benefits were quantified by measuring the annual income growth of migrants based on assumptions about household employment.Our analysis shows that the total WIFMP investment is RMB 3546.1 million yuan(USD 1=RMB 6.976 yuan),including loan principal and interest of 244.4 million yuan,and operations and maintenance of 605.5 million yuan at 2020 prices.Annual project benefits are estimated at 351.3 million yuan in flood risk reduction,155.7-191.9 million yuan from increased resettlement income,and 42.7 million yuan in power and water revenues.Considering the costs and benefits across the entire project lifecycle,the internal rate of return ranges from 13.7 to 14.2%,and the net present value ranges from 31.8 to 352.6 billion yuan.Through improved benefit estimation methodology,this research enables a more reliable and holistic evaluation of costs and benefits for flood risk management projects.It provides insights for policymakers and practitioners involved in similar projects,contributing to more informed decision making and better allocation of resources in flood disaster risk management.

Data-driven approach to designing a BCI-integrated smart wheelchair through cost-benefit analysis

A smart wheelchair provides mobility assistance to persons with motor disabilities by processing sensory inputs from the person.This involves accurately collecting inputs from the user during various movement activities and using them to determine their intended motion.These smart wheelchairs work by collecting brain signals in the form of electroencephalography(EEG)signals and by processing them into a quantized format to provide movement assistance to people.Such systems can be referred to as brain-computer interface(BCI)systems that work with EEG signals.Acquiring data from human beings in the form of brain signals through EEG,along with processing of those signals and ensuring the correctness of actions instigated by those brain signals involve a huge amount of data.In this work,we carried out an experiment by taking 100 human subjects and recording their brain signals using a NeuroMax device.Typical wheelchairs are constrained by design as the motion of those is limited either by manual operation or controlled by haptic sensors and actuators.The main objective in this work was to design a wheelchair with better usability and control using machine learning-based knowledge,which is typically a data-driven approach.However,the proposed approach was designed to take inputs from human gestures and brain sensory activities to provide better usability to the wheelchair.The attention meditation cost–benefit analysis(AMCBA)proposed in this paper aims to reduce the risk of inappropriate results and improve performance by considering various cost-benefit parameters.The said classifier aims to improve the quality of emotion recognition by filtering features from EEG signals using methods of feature selection.The operation of the proposed method is described in two steps:in the first step,we assign weights to different channels for the extraction of spatial and temporal information from human behavior.The second step presents the cost-benefit model to improve the accuracy to help in decision-making.Moreover,we tried to assess the performance of the wheelchair for various assumptions and technical specifications.Finally,this study achieves improved performance in the most difficult circumstances to provide a better experience to persons with immobility.

2011—2020年四川省实施结核病防治规划的卫生经济学评价

目的:评估2011—2020年四川省结核病防治经费投入产生的社会效益,为制定新时期中长期发展规划提供参考依据。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,从“结核病管理信息系统”和“传染病监测”系统中收集四川省2011—2020年(“十二五”和“十三五”期间)涂阳肺结核患者治疗转归情况和肺结核患者劳动人口比例,结合四川省统计年鉴和全国结核病防治规划终期评估规划自评调查表等获取经费资料和人均国内生产总值(GDP),采用卫生经济学中常用的成本-效果、成本-效用、成本-效益等3种分析方法估算10年间结核病防治经费投入的社会效果、社会效用和社会效益,并对比分析“十二五”和“十三五”期间的估算结果。结果:2011—2020年,四川省共投入结核病防治经费76032.60万元,成功治疗涂阳肺结核患者160167例,避免了696899名健康人受到传染,挽救了1155277个伤残调整寿命年(disability adjusted life year,DALY),为社会节约医疗费用6.05亿元,挽回社会经济损失约370.32亿元。每投入1091.01元即可避免1名健康人被传染,每投入658.13元即可挽回1个DALY,每投入1元即可产生49.50元的社会经济效益。“十三五”期间带来的总社会效益(209.22亿元)较“十二五”期间(167.14亿元)增长了25.18%[(209.22-167.14)/167.14],但政府每投入1元的结核病防治经费产生的社会效益(47.56元)较“十二五”期间(52.17元)减少了4.61元。结论:2011—2020年间各级政府和国际项目对四川省结核病防控工作投入的经费产生了较好的社会效果、效用和效益。建议在保持目前经费投入力度的基础上,各级政府进一步加大投入,尤其对病原学阳性肺结核患者的发现和治疗管理力度,以期产生更高的社会效益。