Response of successive three generations of cotton,bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner),fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO_2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.

Individual Cotton Boll Weight as Influenced by Different Production Eco-Regions and Meteorological Factors

In order to explore systematically the physiological mechanism of high yield cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Xinjiang, and further improve yield, the yield components were compared between three ecological regions. Boll number per plant was lower in South and North Xinjiang, but the harvested plant population were nearly 1.5 times higher than that in Nangong, so total boll numbers per unit area were greater in South and North Xinjiang. Weight per boll in south and north of Xinjiang was 5.896.50 g and 5.43 6.12 g respectively, 24 to 51% heavier than that in Nangong. The diurnal temperature difference between day and night was relatively greater in Xinjiang than in Nangong, benefitting the accumulation of photosynthetic product in bolls. The temperature difference and total hours of sunshine in boll period are the main reasons for cottons higher boll weight and yield in Xinjiang than in Nangong.

A Serratia marcesens Strains Involved in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>) Boll Infection by a Prokaryote

A boll infection caused by non-traditional cotton pathogens was first reported to occur in the southeastern U.S. Cotton Belt (year 2000) and has since spread to Texas causing significant yield losses. This study was aimed towards investigating the verde plant bug (Creontiades signatus) link between interior boll disease in Texas, USA. Using glasshouse grown bolls, bacteria recovered from locules with disease symptoms from field-grown cotton bolls caged with the piercing-sucking C. signatus were analyzed for the capacity to inflict the disease. For pathogenicity testing, spontaneously generated rifampicin resistant (Rifr) variants were utilized to track the antibiotic resistant bacterium and deter growth of endophytic and contaminating bacteria. To simulate C. signatus feeding, a needle (31 gauge) was employed to inoculate bolls at 13 - 15 days after flower bloom. Bacterial suspensions ranged from 101 - 106 colony forming units/ml. Field infection symptoms were duplicated after two weeks of bacterial exposure. Infectious strains were best categorized as Serratia marcescens based on traditional carbon utilization and enzyme production testing, and a 99% nucleotide sequence identity of 16S ribosomal DNA. Putative S. marcescens representatives isolated from rotted bolls exposed to C. signatus were shown to reproduce field infection symptoms upon inoculation into greenhouse grown fruit. Serratia spp. can inflict disease in alfalfa, cucurbits, and sunflower. The presented data are the first to definitively show that a Serratia sp. has the capacity to infect cotton.

Spatial distribution of bolls affects yield formation in different genotypes of Bt cotton varieties

To optimize the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and to increase the yield,the relationship between yield components and boll spatial distribution was investigated among different Bt(Bacillus thuringensis)cotton varieties.A five-year field experiment was conducted to reveal the reasons for the differences in lint yield and fiber quality across three Bt cotton varieties with different yield formations from 2013 to 2017.The lint yield of Jiman 169(the average yield from 2013-2017 was 42.2 g/plant)was the highest,i.e.,16.3 and 36.9%higher than Lumianyan 21(L21)and Daizimian 99B(99B),respectively.And the differences in boll weight among the three cultivars were similar to the lint yield,while the others yield components were not.So the increase in lint yield was mainly attributed to the enlargement in boll weight.However,the change in fiber quality was inconsistent with the lint yield,and the quality of L21 was significantly better than that of Jimian 169(J169)and 99B,which was caused by the diversity of boll spatial distribution.Compared with 99B,the loose-type J169 had the highest number of large bolls in inner positions;the tight-type L21 had a few large bolls and the highest number of lower and middle bolls.And approximately 80.72%of the lint yield was concentrated on the inner nodes in Jiman 169,compared with 77.44%of L21 and 66.73%of 99B during the five-year experiment.Although lint yield was significantly affected by the interannual changes,the lint yield of J169 was the highest and the most stable,as well as its yield components.These observations demonstrated the increase in lint yield was due to the increase in boll weight,and the large bolls and high fiber quality were attributed to the optimal distribution of bolls within the canopies.

Plant Nutrient Status during Boll Development and Seed Cotton Yield as Affected by Foliar Application of Different Sources of Potassium

Bt cotton hybrids require large supply of metabolites to support their greater boll load and commonly suffer from premature leaf senescence. A field experiment was conducted to study the nutritional status of Bt cotton leaves during boll development stage and to evaluate the most profitable source of foliar fertilizers. Treatments included basal application of 0 and 60 kg·K2O·ha-1 as muriate of potash (MOP) in main plots and foliar spray treatments viz: 4 & 6 sprays of 2% potassium nitrate (Multi-K, 13-00-45), 4 & 6 sprays of NPK Blend (Polyfed, 19-19-19), 4 sprays of MOP, 4 sprays of MOP + urea (to supply same amount of N & K as in potassium nitrate) and unsprayed control in sub plots. The results revealed that only N and K contents of premature senesced leaves were below the sufficiency range for cotton sufficient levels of P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were observed. Though the concentrations of N and K in both the petiole and leaf blade initially improved with foliar spray, N content declined below the unsprayed control at later stages. Basal application of MOP increased seed cotton yield by 19%. Four foliar sprays of KNO3, NPK, MOP and MOP + urea recorded yield increase in seed cotton yield of 22.8%, 22.4%, 18.5% and 24.5%, respectively over unsprayed control. Six sprays of KNO3 and NPK had no yield advantage over four sprays and rather proved economically less viable.

Multi-Location Investigation of Optimum Planting Density and Boll Distribution of High-Yielding Cotton (G.hirsutum L.) in Hubei Province,China

Cotton yield per unit ground area has stagnated for a dozen years in Hubei Province, China, although a series of new high- yielding varieties have been commercialized. A multi-location investigation was carried out in 2008 and 2009 in 13 counties to determine if increased planting population density （PPD） would break the stagnant yield. The results showed that significant differences among the fields existed in theoretical yield, PPD, and bolls per square meter （BPM）. The lowest yield of 1 641.1 kg ha-I was resulted from the lowest PPD of 1.7 plants m-2 and the lowest BPM of 71.8 bolls m-2, while the highest yield of 2 779.7 kg ha-~ was resulted from the highest PPD of 2.5 plants m-2, and the highest BPM of 129.4 bolls m-z. Plant mapping revealed that boll retention rate （BRR） was maintained over 30 or 40% for the first 17-18 fruiting branches （FBs） and decreased dramatically thereafter, rotten boll rate （RBR） decreased, but open boll rate （OBR） rose first and dropped later with rising FB from the bottom to the top. But BRR, RBR, and OBR were all dropped with the fruiting positions （FPs） extending outwards. The optimum range of plant density would be 2-3 plants m-2 and the proper individual plant structure would be 16-19 FBs with 5-7 FPs for cotton production in Hubei Province.

Statistical Study: Nature Relationship between Climatic Variables Prevailing Prior to Flowering or Subsequent to Boll Setting and Cotton Production

This study investigates the statistical relationship between climatic variables and aspects of cotton production (G. barbadense), and the effects of climatic factors prevailing prior to flowering or subsequent to boll setting on flower and boll production and retention in cotton. The effects of specific climatic factors during both pre- and post-anthesis periods on boll production and retention are mostly unknown. Thus, an understanding of these relationships may help physiologists to determine control mechanisms of production in cotton plants. Evaporation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, surface soil temperature at 1800 h, and maximum air temperature, are the important climatic factors that significantly affect flower and boll production. The least important variables were found to be surface soil temperature at 0600 h and minimum temperature. There was a negative correlation between flower and boll production and either evaporation or sunshine duration, while that correlation with minimum relative humidity was positive. Higher minimum relative humidity, short period of sunshine duration, and low temperatures enhanced flower and boll formation.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Boll Rot and Associated Microorganisms in South Texas Fields

A rise in cotton boll rot in south Texas has been generally associated with increased yield losses. Here, we measured boll rot incidence during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012) at a south Texas (Kleberg County) research farm Variety Trial and in producer fields. The Variety Trial was conducted to compare boll rot susceptibility between five current cultivars. The commercial fields surveyed were located along the Coastal Bend (Wharton County) and Rio Grande Valley regions (Cameron and Willacy Counties). Bolls with evidence of external damage potentially inflicted by piercing-sucking insect vectors were dissected for disease detection and plated for microorganism isolation and characterization. Microbial isolates were putatively identified based on standard fatty acid methyl ester profile analysis. In the Variety Trial, the highest incidence of disease occurred in July for both growing seasons, and significant differences in susceptibility to boll rot between cultivars were determined (P Bacillus spp. as a potential and prevalent causative agent(s).

Relationships between temperature-light meteorological factors and seedcotton biomass per boll at different boll positions

Cotton growth and development are determined and influenced by cultivars, meteorological conditions, and management practices. The objective of this study was to quantify the optimum of temperature-light meteorological factors for seedcotton biomass per boll with respect to boll positions. Field experiments were conducted using two cultivars of Kemian 1 and Sumian 15 with three planting dates of 25 April （mean daily temperature （MDT） was 28.0 and 25.4°C in 2010 and 2011, respectively）, 25 May （MDT was 22.5 and 21.2°C in 2010 and 2011, respectively）, and 10 Jun （MDT was 18.7 and 17.9°C in 2010 and 2011, respectively）, and under three shading levels （crop relative light rates （CRLR） were 100, 80, and 60％） during 2010 and 2011 cotton boll development period （from anthesis to boll open stages）. The main meteorological factors （temperature and light） affected seedcotton biomass per boll differently among different boll positions and cultivars. Mean daily radiation （MDR） affected seedcotton biomass per boll at all boll positions, except fruiting branch 2 （FB2） fruting node 1 （FN1）. However, its influence was less than temperature factors, especially growing degree-days （GDD）. Optimum mean daily maximum temperature （MDTmax） for seedcotton biomass per boll at FB11FN3 was 29.9-32.4°C, and the optimum MDR at aforementioned position was 15.8-17.5 MJ m-2. Definitely, these results can contribute to future cultural practices such as rational cultivars choice and distribution, simplifying field managements and mechanization to acquire more efficient and economical cotton management.

花铃期干旱胁迫对陆地棉农艺性状的影响及其抗旱等级划分

为了探索花铃期干旱胁迫对不同棉花品种重要农艺性状的影响,并对品种进行等级划分,以前期鉴定的30份陆地棉品种进行试验,测定不同品种干旱胁迫组和对照组的农艺性状和品质指标等。通过含水量的差异性分析、农艺性状相关性分析、抗旱系数分析、3种综合评价值(D、CDC、WDC)相关性分析,证明3种评价值的评价结果一致。通过各性状与D值和WDC值的关联度分析,明确伸长率、单株产量、比强度和整齐度4个指标可作为品种抗旱性鉴定的重要指标。以D值进行聚类分析,对30份品种进行了抗旱等级分类,共分为4大类。第I大类,共有DG219、DG168、DG186等3份材料,属于强抗旱类别;第Ⅱ大类,共有DG270、DG228等12份材料,属于抗旱类别;第Ⅲ大类,仅有1份材料(DG248),属于较敏感类别;第Ⅳ大类,共有DG43、DG42等14份材料,属于敏旱类别。研究结果为品种的鉴定和利用提供了参考依据。

海陆杂交长绒棉棉铃、纤维品质性状及相关性分析

【目的】明确海陆杂交长绒棉的棉铃、纤维品质性状及相关性,为选育高产海陆杂交长绒棉提供参考依据。【方法】以自主选育的抗虫陆地棉种质系为母本、生产上推广应用的新疆长绒海岛棉品种为父本,配制海陆杂交棉新组合,分析23个海陆杂交棉组合F1代的棉铃、纤维品质性状以及相关性。【结果】23个海陆杂交棉组合F1代单铃重变幅为3.7~5.0 g,单铃重超过4.2 g的组合有12个,变异系数为9.0%;衣分变幅为20.1%~36.7%,衣分超过30.0%的组合有5个,变异系数为10.7%。不同组合F1代纤维长度变幅为34.5~38.5 mm,纤维长度在35.0 mm以上的组合有22个,变异系数为2.6%;纤维比强度变幅为34.8~41.8 cN/tex,纤维比强度超过39.0 cN/tex的组合有9个,变异系数为5.3%;马克隆值变幅为2.8~4.2,马克隆值A级的组合有10个,变异系数为11.8%。海陆杂交棉的单铃重与不孕籽率呈极显著负相关(r=-0.683**)、与每囊粒数呈极显著正相关(r=0.660**)、与每铃囊数呈显著正相关(r=0.495*);海陆杂交棉的纤维整齐度与纤维长度、纤维比强度呈极显著正相关(r=0.578**、r=0.639**),与伸长率呈显著正相关(r=0.506*);衣分与纤维长度呈显著负相关(r=-0.475*)。在23个海陆杂交棉组合中,W042×新海53号、W046×新海54号、W047×新海54号的棉铃性状与纤维品质性状已呈现同步改良。【结论】利用陆地棉与长绒海岛棉的杂交互补优势,可以实现长绒棉产量性状与纤维品质性状的同步改良。

早熟陆地棉金垦1402脱叶效果的比较研究

[目的]针对早熟陆地棉品种金垦1402,研究棉花叶片形态学指标与药剂脱叶催熟效果的规律研究,为生产中提供脱叶催熟效果优良的早熟机采棉品种提供理论依据。[方法]分析金垦1402不同类型叶片脱叶规律及催熟效果,寻找影响该品种在脱叶剂作用下单株叶片脱落率的重要影响因素。[结果]金垦1402主茎叶、果枝叶、叶枝叶叶量均高于新陆早61号,但脱叶速度、脱叶率均高于新陆早61号,在药后21 d,脱叶效果优于新陆早61号;金垦1402药后单株吐絮铃数较新陆早61号多,且单株吐絮率高,优于新陆早61号;纤维品质指标达到“双31”以上,优于新陆早61号。[结论]金垦1402生育期119 d左右,在喷施脱叶剂后21 d,脱叶效果好,说明该品种属于对脱叶剂敏感型品种;该品种施药后,吐絮率高,纤维品质优。

滴灌棉花源库器官对化学打顶的响应特征

【目的】研究化学打顶对棉花光合特性及不同部位棉铃物质积累的影响和变化规律,为棉花优质高产提供基础。【方法】以新陆中70号和新陆中82号为材料,设置2种化学打顶药剂,人工打顶为对照。【结果】在喷施药剂10 d后,化学打顶处理的主茎功能叶净光合速率较人工打顶高,中上部叶片SPAD值化学打顶处理高于人工打顶处理,而新陆中82号下部叶片SPAD值表现为化学打顶低于人工打顶;新陆中70号积累量大于新陆中82号,但积累速率小于新陆中82号;化学打顶处理的全铃干物质积累表现为前2个花期促进后期棉铃的物质积累,2个品种分别是发育35和28 d后,而7月21日开花期促进是前期棉铃的物质积累,分别是发育28和21 d内;化学打顶处理的前2个开花期的增长特征值时间较人工打顶处理的有所推迟或增加,而7月21日开花期表现为化学打顶处理较人工打顶均有前移和增加,最大增长速率均表现为化学打顶处理大于人工打顶处理。【结论】化学打顶可以提高棉花主茎功能叶的光合作用,加速棉铃物质积累速率,有利于棉铃集中吐絮。

乙烯利催熟对机采棉铃重和纤维品质的影响

催熟剂乙烯利的使用可实现机采棉提前吐絮和集中吐絮。本研究选择催熟剂敏感性和棉铃形态差异较大的18个棉花品种(材料),在棉铃发育不同阶段一次性喷施乙烯利,分析棉铃铃期缩短对棉花铃重和纤维品质的影响及其关系。结果表明,当棉铃铃期为47~69 d时,在棉铃铃龄40.5~49.7 d喷施乙烯利可使棉铃提前3.5~5.7 d吐絮。在乙烯利催熟下纤维完全发育成熟需64.1~69.7 d,棉籽则需54.8~60.5 d。棉铃吐絮时间提前1.5~6.2 d,铃重与纤维品质均降低的概率高达58.0%~76.5%。生产中可选择在棉铃铃龄34.8~44.1 d喷施乙烯利,此时棉株顶部棉铃铃重损失5%(损伤量<0.26g)、纤维品质损失1%(长度损伤量<0.28mm、断裂比强度损伤量<0.30cNtex–1),这是实现棉铃提前吐絮可接受的代价。此外,部分品种经催熟剂处理后棉铃铃期缩短但其铃重、纤维长度和断裂比强度均增加,此类情况的概率为9.5%~23.5%,说明部分机采棉品种适时使用乙烯利能够实现机采棉棉铃铃期缩短与提高铃重和纤维品质的协同。

不同拔柴时间对棉花产量和品质性状的影响

以杂交棉“瑞杂818”为材料,于2021—2022年在菏泽市农业科学院试验基地进行蒜套棉试验,研究不同拔柴时间(9月20日、9月25日、9月30日、10月5日和10月10日)对棉株不同部位铃的产量和品质的影响。结果表明:拔柴时间对棉株中下部铃重、衣分和籽棉产量影响不明显,而对上部铃影响较大,且拔柴时间越早影响越大。棉纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值随着拔柴时间的提前而降低,拔柴时间越早降低幅度越大。拔柴时间对棉株下部铃纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值影响不明显,而对中上部铃影响较大,相比10月10日拔柴,9月20日拔柴纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值分别降低11.91%、9.99%和14.29%。

适宜氮肥和缩节胺配合施用显著提高棉花“四桃”种子的播种和营养品质

【目的】研究棉花“四桃”种子品质及其对氮肥和缩节胺(DPC)配合施用的响应,为高质量棉花种子高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】2015—2017年,在郑州市黄河滩区进行双因素裂区设计田间试验。主区为3个氮肥用量,即:不施氮肥(N0)、施用常量氮肥(N1,225 kg/hm^(2))和过量氮肥(N2,450 kg/hm^(2));副区为3个DPC用量,即:不喷施DPC(D0)、喷施常量DPC(D1,75 g/hm^(2))和过量DPC(D2,150 g/hm^(2))。测定了棉花“四桃”种子的播种品质(籽指、发芽势和发芽率)和营养品质(总蛋白、粗脂肪、总淀粉、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量)。【结果】“四桃”种子的播种品质和营养品质差异显著,伏桃和早秋桃的籽指以及发芽势和发芽率没有显著差异,二者均显著高于伏前桃和晚秋桃。伏桃和早秋桃的总蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量显著高于伏前桃和晚秋桃,但总淀粉和可溶性糖含量显著低于伏前桃和晚秋桃,“四桃”的粗脂肪含量差异不显著。施用氮肥与DPC均可显著提升“四桃”种子的发芽品质和营养品质。N1处理“四桃”种子的平均籽指与N2没有显著差异,发芽势和发芽率显著高于N2处理;N1处理的种子总蛋白、可溶性蛋白和粗脂肪平均含量显著高于N2处理,但总淀粉、可溶性糖显著低于N2处理。D1处理的种子平均籽指低于D2处理,平均发芽势和发芽率高于D2;D1处理的种子总蛋白、可溶性蛋白、粗脂肪平均含量高于D2,总淀粉、可溶性糖平均含量低于D2。在氮肥与DPC的9个用量组合中,N1D1组合的发芽势、总蛋白、可溶性蛋白和粗脂肪含量均最高,较其他8个处理组合分别增加了3.35%~40.86%、3.80%~43.01%、13.75%~54.86%和1.11%~13.48%。种子的发芽势和发芽率与总蛋白、粗脂肪和可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉和可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关。【结论】在黄河流域棉区,棉花伏桃和早秋桃的种子质量明显优于伏前桃和晚秋桃。适宜氮肥与DPC用量组合可显著提高种子总蛋白、粗脂肪和可溶性蛋白含量,降低总淀粉和可溶性糖含量,进而提升发芽势和发芽率。施用常量氮肥(225 kg/hm^(2))配合常量DPC(75 g/hm^(2)),并采收早秋桃和伏桃有利于提升棉花种子质量。

亚磷酸钾复配不同外源物质对化学封顶棉花产量形成的影响

通过田间试验,探寻亚磷酸钾复配的最优搭配组合,为提高棉花产量和新疆棉花高产高效栽培技术的发展提供新思路和理论依据。试验于2022年在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县进行,供试棉花品种为‘新陆中84号’,采用随机区组设计,以亚磷酸钾750 mL/hm^(2)为主,分别和6-苄氨基嘌呤12 mL/hm^(2)(PHO1)、14-羟基芸苔素甾醇150 mL/hm^(2)(PHO2)、萘乙酸0.18 mL/hm^(2)(PHO3)、吲哚乙酸0.18 g/hm^(2)(PHO4)和胺鲜酯20 g/hm^(2)(PHO5)进行复配,单施亚磷酸钾750 mL/hm^(2)(CK1)和清水(CK2)为对照,在化学封顶(7月5日)和封顶后7 d各喷施1次,分析各处理下棉铃时空分布、干物质积累与分配、光合特性和产量指标。结果表明:各处理均提高叶片光合速率,增加地上部干物质积累量,提高棉花单株结铃数和产量;其中PHO4和PHO5处理均可提高第1果节成铃率,从而增加单株结铃数,分别较对照单株结铃数增加3.09%~17.89%;PHO5处理较对照单铃质量提高1.35%,PHO4处理较对照籽棉产量提高15.76%~19.81%。因此,新疆地区化学封顶后推荐使用750 mL/hm^(2)亚磷酸钾复配0.18 g/hm^(2)吲哚乙酸(PHO4)或复配20 g/hm^(2)胺鲜酯(PHO5),以增加棉花单株结铃数,形成增产效果。

1961―2022年新疆棉花花铃期高温热害时空变化规律研究

【目的】高温热害是新疆棉花花铃期最主要的气象灾害,严重制约着棉花的安全生产。明确该地区高温热害的演变特征,为科学制定防灾减灾措施提供参考依据。【方法】基于新疆植棉区55个国家基本气象站1961―2022年日最高气温资料以及24个棉花气象观测站1991―2022年棉花开花期、吐絮期观测资料,结合棉花花铃期高温热害监测指标,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验等分析方法,揭示新疆棉花花铃期不同等级高温热害的时间和空间变化规律。【结果】1961―2022年新疆植棉区花铃期日最高气温、极端高温(日最高气温≥38.0℃)和极端高温累计日数呈极显著上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.16℃·(10 a)^(-1)、0.07℃·(10 a)^(-1)和0.45 d·(10 a)^(-1)。新疆各植棉区棉花花铃期高温热害发生的频率和强度均呈增加趋势。1961―2022年东疆亚区96.0%以上的年份发生了不同等级的花铃期高温热害,南疆亚区花铃期轻度和中度热害发生频率分别为88.7%和51.6%,北疆亚区花铃期轻度热害发生频率为64.5%。【结论】新疆植棉区花铃期高温热害发生的频率和强度呈现出“东强西弱,南多北少”的区域性特征。新疆植棉区应注重耐高温棉花品种的选育与应用推广,合理调整棉花种植布局,加强气象灾害监测与预警工作,保障新疆棉花生产安全稳定发展。

夏播短季栽培对棉花成铃时空分布特征及产量构成的影响

以10个不同基因型棉花品系为试验材料,采用株式图记载棉株各部位蕾铃发生、生长和脱落情况,以探明棉花在夏播短季栽培条件下的棉铃形成时空分布特征。结果表明:在时间分布上,现蕾高峰期为播种后第56天至第80天,开花高峰期为播种后第77天至第96天,成铃高峰期为播种后第85天至第101天,各品系生殖器官(蕾、花、铃)数量积累均有显著差异;在空间分布上,P56-3、07单12、07单6和07单7表现为中部成铃最多,其余品系则表现为下部成铃最多;P56-3、07单6和07单7成铃率分布表现“下部果枝内空形”;各品系产量结构有显著差异,品系2003-29单株铃数较其他品系高19.53%~119.55%,籽棉和皮棉产量较其余品系分别高21.82%~106.32%、22.46%~134.05%,在所有参试品系中表现突出,成铃分布均匀,脱落较少,单株成铃数和产量最高,适宜在夏播短季栽培模式下种植。棉花夏播短季栽培成铃主要集中在8月,不能用传统的“三桃”比例来衡量高产优质栽培的成铃结构。

缩节胺运筹对夏直播棉熟相的影响

为明确缩节胺运筹对夏直播棉熟相形成的影响,2018-2019年于扬州大学实验农场以中棉425为材料,设缩节胺用量0、180、360 g·hm^(-2)3个水平,施用时期分别设盛蕾期+初花期(施用比例1∶2)、盛蕾+初花期+盛花期(施用比例1∶2∶3) 2个运筹方式,同时设常规施用方式(初花期,缩节胺120 g·hm^(-2))为对照,探讨缩节胺施用量和施用时期处理对此种植方式下熟相的调节。结果表明:缩节胺用量180 g·hm^(-2)并于盛蕾期+初花期或盛蕾+初花期+盛花期使用后再通过脱叶催熟吐絮率均能达到90%以上,且吐絮强度高,较对照显著提高46.6%~71.4%。进一步回归分析表明,黄叶率保持在9.0%~12.8%之间,主茎红茎比为52.8%~53.1%,倒1果枝红茎比为28.3%~34.3%,倒2果枝红茎比为27.5%~39.8%,倒3果枝红茎比为34.3%~8.5%,倒4果枝红茎比为49.1%~51.5%,吐絮倒序位为7.1~8.1台最有利于集中吐絮。因此,缩节胺合理运筹能形成集中吐絮的熟相,为实现机采提供技术支撑。