Soil Organic Carbon Stock Variation under Different Soil Types and Land Uses in the Sub-Humid Noun Plain, Western Cameroon

This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the study, namely Mangoum, Makeka and Fossang, representative of the three dominant soil types of the noun plain (Andosols, Acrisols and Ferralsols). Three land uses were selected per site including natural vegetation, agroforest and crop field. Soil was sampled at three depths;0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, and 40 - 60 cm. Analysis of variance showed that soil type did not significantly influence carbon storage, but rather land uses and soil depth. SOCS decreased significantly with depth in all the sites, with an average stock of 66.3 ± 15.8 tC/ha at 0 - 20 cm, compared to an average stock of 33.3 ± 7.4 tC/ha at 40 - 60 cm. SOCS was significantly highest in the natural formation with 57.2 ± 19.7 tC/ha, and lowest in cultivated fields, at 37.7 ± 10.6 tC/ha. Andosols, with their high content of coarse fragments, stored less organic carbon than Ferralsols and Acrisols.

基于英语学习活动观的语法教学探究——以Noun Clauses为例

文章以三维动态语法观为理论框架,以名词性从句为例,分析语法结构的三个维度,以活动观为指导进行设计与实施教学内容,将语法、语句、写作结合起来引导学生注意学习名词性从句的语境、语用、语篇意义,帮助学生创造性地在交际中得体地使用名词性从句。

On the Gender of English Nouns

This research paper mainly discusses gender of English nouns and its corresponding issues. Gender in other Indo-European languages is a grammatical abstract notion, but English gender is a semantic concrete conception. English nouns can be divided into four categories： masculine, feminine, common and neuter. Gender genre of an English noun involves the choice of a pronoun that is employed to substitute it. Gender of the pronoun should be identical with its referent. However, the rule may be broken under special conditions. English has lost most word-ending inflectional changes, including grammatical gender of nouns.

A Metaphorical Study on Conversions from Animal Nouns to Verbs in English

In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.

《白马论》“Mass Nouns”解释探析

陈汉生认为英文中“Mass Nouns”与古代汉语中词汇的语法结构更为相似,因此也更适宜用来解释公孙龙的《白马论》。葛瑞汉认为这一解释虽然存在很多问题,但仍然是一个重要突破。何莫邪则认为陈汉生的这一解释难以成立。随后,陈汉生对《白马论》的翻译解释提出了宽容与人性两个原则来补充这一解释,并提醒要谨慎使用宽容原则。但成中英认为,相比较而言陈汉生提出的人性原则才更应该引起大家的注意。

The Formation of Simplex Nouns in Urban Hijazi Arabic: A Distributed Morphology Approach

This paper investigates the structure of the simplex nouns in Hijazi Arabic following the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework. It is argued that simplex nouns are derived in the syntax from neutral root and morphosyntactic features in the same way phrases are. All nouns in Hijazi Arabic (HA) must inflect for gender and number. Moreover, all nouns can attach to the definite article al-“the”. Hence, it is proposed that the functional heads (n)ominaliser,(Gen)der,(Num)ber, and (D)eterminer respectively c-command the neutral root and host the relevant feature value.

The Dynamicity of the Transformation‘Nouns to Adjectives’

The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.

The Ontological Analysis of Count/Mass Distinction of French Nouns and ItsApplication in French Teaching

The countability and uncountability of French nouns are closely related to the discontinuity and homogeneity of the object that the nouns refer to.Discontinuity gives an object a bounded extension in space and time,and separates it from other things,so the object can be counted;while homogeneity makes an object remain his nature and have the same designation even after being cut apart,so it cannot be simply calculated.The discontinuity and homogeneity explain why nouns are countable or not from the perspective of ontology,applied in French teaching,they can help learners to distinguish these two kinds of nouns.

The Influence of Belief on Metacognitive Illusion in Complete and Incomplete Nouns Learning

Accumulated studies have found that learners would have an illusion of ability during the learning process when predicting whether previously learned materials can be recalled in subsequent tests.Learners may overestimate or underestimate their performance in the situation,and this phenomenon is called metacognitive illusion.Recently,the belief hypothesis proposed that relevant beliefs would be produced when individuals process perceptual information,and such belief would affect the judgment.This study explores the influence of beliefs on the metacognitive illusion of complete and incomplete nouns by manipulating font shape(nouns with complete or missing strokes)and using pre-study and immediate judgments of learning(JOLs).The results of the study found that the participants had a metacognitive illusion of complete nouns,that is,the nouns with complete strokes got higher JOLs but lower recall scores than nouns with incomplete strokes.

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Arabica Coffee Agroforestry Systems in the Noun Division, West Cameroon

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.

The Conversion of Nouns to Verbs in English

In Chinese Ianguage, there are many nouns used as verbs. In fact, there is a same phenomenon in English. The paper includes; the preponderance of nouns over verbs, the classification and development of nouns to verbs conversion, the three features of nouns to verbs conversion.

“大语法”关照下汉外词汇比较

汉语“大语法”超越主谓结构,以对话为基础,以对言格式为主干。韵律和词汇都是大语法的有机组成部分。词汇的汉外比较有利于真切认识汉语的词汇特色和构造运作之道。与英语相比较,逻辑要素在汉语里的习惯表达倾向于成对的语词,这一比较更能揭示汉语大语法“对言对思”的特性。“语义的不确定性”是语言的正常特性,符合语言交际和语言演化的一般规律。从词汇意义和语法意义的“不确定性”出发,确立汉语词汇和语法共同的“名动包含”的格局,这就开启了把名词和动词视为“对等项”的可能,为汉语大语法超越主谓结构创造了学理条件。确立汉语“名动包含”格局还有助于我们从汉语出发反观印欧语,从而加深人们对人类语言本质的认识。

名词短语国外研究热点与趋势——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

名词短语作为重要词语组合之一,在神经科学、心理学、计算机科学等领域受到广泛关注,在语言学研究领域更是持续的热点,国外相关研究从1945年以来形成了气候,但是却没有相关研究综述。因此,以Web of Science核心集为数据来源,运用文献计量工具CiteSpace,从文献作者、研究机构、研究热点和前沿等方面,对1945-2022年期间关于名词短语研究的文献进行了可视化分析。研究表明:(1)国外名词短语研究广泛且分散,发文国家多,仅形成美国、英国和法国三个高中介中心型国家。中国起步晚,但发展迅速,已成为发文量前五国家之一;(2) Schriefers、Caramazza和Costa发文量多且已形成合作网络。中国作者中香港城市大学兰舸形成了一定的合作网络。Chomsky和Levelt文献影响力最大;(3)名词短语生成、词序、一致性、搭配、名词短语复杂性是名词短语研究的热门话题。高被引文献主题集中在名词短语生成和名词短语复杂性两个方面,代表名词短语研究前沿。

《现代汉语词典》名词释义中语言与百科信息的选择与呈现

语文词典与百科词典被认为是两种基本的词典类型。而在词典编纂实践中,语文词典的释义中经常会出现数量不等的百科信息。文章以普通名词中的具体名词类为研究对象,分析它们在《现代汉语词典》相关版本释义中语言信息与百科信息的选择与呈现。文章秉承认知语言学关于词义的观点,认为词义具有百科知识的特点。因此,语文词典释义的语文性与百科性并不是一个“是与否”的性质问题,而是“多或少”的程度问题。词典编纂者需要做的工作是根据释义需要、词典类型以及词典用户的需求,采取“自下而上”的方法,以底层义场为基本模块,确定载义和辨义的必需信息和冗余信息。

论“名动包含”说的理据及其所面临的难题

本文从语义类型角度出发,讨论“名动包含”说的成因,关注“零句”说之下“名动包含”说的推导过程以及名词成分和动词成分指称性的由来。本文指出:类型为e的指称语、类型为t的命题或类型为<st,t>的命题集合均可以做话题;英语中-ing可以是区分主要动词和次要动词的一种句法手段,不一定意味着所附着的动词在主宾语位置需要经历指称化过程;动词“是”后的成分在等值结构和述谓结构中为不同的语义类型,并不都具有指称性;而正是由于名词成分语义类型的多样性,不同句法类别在语义类型保持一致的情况下可以形成并列;即使假设动词成分事件化后具有指称性,能够指称事件个体,它与其他词类的指称语也是不同的,相互之间也是形成平行关系,而不是包含关系。

名词融合与复杂谓词的形成

文章以及物化的“VN”型复杂谓词(“踩雷乐视、取道北京”)为出发点,引入跨语言视角,探索汉语名词融合的句法、语义机制以及类型特征。在句法上,“V”和“N”通过词根移位融合,然后和事件有关的其他论旨角色会提升到“N”原有的论元槽位,表现为“VN”结构携带旁格论元的情况。在语义上,“N”并非“V”独立的语义论元,而是对“V”的语义进行修饰,对“V”所述事件进行限定和细分,但不改变“V”的价位。及物化的“VN”型复杂谓词的产生,不仅证明汉语中存在丰富的名词融合现象,更表明名词融合内部存在不同的演化轨迹,呈现谱系特性。文章提出的将形式语义学与分布式形态学相结合的形态—语义界面思路,为处理汉语中次短语层面的语言现象提供了新的框架性构想。

现代汉语名词重叠研究综述

文章主要从普通话、方言及与其他语言的对比这几个角度对现代汉语名词重叠研究进行梳理归纳。通过重点关注研究中主要讨论的重叠式的结构形式、语法意义和语法功能,展现现代汉语名词重叠的研究概况,发现不足并对将来的进一步研究做出展望。

句法复杂度与日语母语者汉语应用文写作质量关系研究

以中高级水平日语母语者所写的汉语应用文(求职信)为研究对象,在句层面和短语层面分别设立3个测量指标,考察不同层面的句法复杂度指标与写作质量的关系。研究发现,句层面的3项话题链指标与写作成绩相关均不显著。在短语层面,复杂名词短语的总数、长度指标与成绩相关不显著,而比率指标与成绩显著相关,能够解释应用文成绩总变异的17.7%,达到中等效应量。这一结论证明了短语层面的复杂名词短语比率是预测应用文写作成绩的有效指标。

粟特语名词

粟特语词语由“根”和“尾”构成,其中名词、形容词、代词、副词有“格”尾,动词有“人称”尾。语调在于第一个长元音上,如果“根”有长元音,重读落在“根”上,如果“根”无长元音,无论“尾”有无长元音,重读落在“尾”上。按所指事物的不同,将粟特语名词可分为名词原形、普通名词、专有名词和泛指名词的不同词类。除外,粟特语名词有时间名词、方位名词、身体器官名称和亲属称谓等特定形式。