Dynamic response and failure process of horizontal-layered fractured structure rock slope under strong earthquake

Rock slope with horizontal-layered fractured structure(HLFS)has high stability in its natural state.However,a strong earthquake can induce rock fissure expansion,ultimately leading to slope failure.In this study,the dynamic response,failure mode,and spectral characteristics of rock slope with HLFS under strong earthquake conditions were investigated based on the large-scale shaking table model test.On this basis,multiple sets of numerical calculation models were further established by UDEC discrete element program.Five influencing factors were considered in the parametric study of numerical simulations,including slope height,slope angle,bedding-plane spacing and secondary joint spacing as well as bedrock dip angle.The results showed that the failure process of rock slope with HLFS under earthquake action is mainly divided into four phases,i.e.,the tensile crack of the slope shoulder joints and shear dislocation at the top bedding plane,the extension of vertical joint cracks and increase of shear displacement,the formation of step-through sliding surfaces and the instability,and finally collapse of fractured rock mass.The acceleration response of slopes exhibits elevation amplification effect and surface effect.Numerical simulations indicate that the seismic stability of slopes with HLFS exhibits a negative correlation with slope height and angle,but a positive correlation with bedding-plane spacing,joint spacing,and bedrock dip angle.The results of this study can provide a reference for seismic stability evaluation of weathered rock slopes.

Integrated simulation and monitoring to analyze failure mechanism of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding

The significant difference between the mechanical properties of soft rock and hard rock results in the complexity of the failure mode of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding.In order to reveal the landslide mechanism,taking the north slope of Fushun West Open-pit Mine as an example,this paper analyzed the failure mechanism of different landslides with monitoring and field surveys,and simulated the evolution of landslides.The study indicated that when the green mudstone(hard rock)of the anti-dip slope contains siltized intercalations(soft rock),the existence of weak layers not only aggravates the toppling deformation of anti-dip layered slope with high dip,but also causes the shear failure of anti-dip layered slope with stable low dip.The shear failure including subsidence induced sliding and wedge failure mainly exists in the unloading zone of the slope.Its failure depth and failure time were far less than that of toppling failure.In terms of the development characteristics of deformation,toppling deformation has the long-term and progressive characteristics,but shear failure deformation has the abrupt and transient characteristics.This study has deepened the understanding of such slope landslide mechanism,and can provide reference for similar engineering.

Groundwater monitoring of an open-pit limestone quarry:Water-rock interaction and mixing estimation within the rock layers by geochemical and statistical analyses

Water-rock interaction and groundwater mixing are important phenomena in understanding hydrogeological systems and the stability of rock slopes especially those consisting largely of moderately watersoluble minerals like calcite. In this study, the hydrogeological and geochemical evolutions of groundwater in a limestone quarry composed of three strata: limestone layer(covering), interbedded layer under the covering layer, and slaty greenstone layer(basement) were investigated. Water-rock interaction in the open-pit limestone quarry was evaluated using PHREEQC, while hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)and principal component analysis(PCA) were used to classify and identify water sources responsible for possible groundwater mixing within rock layers. In addition, Geochemist's Workbench was applied to estimate the mixing fractions to clarify sensitive zones that may affect rock slope stability. The results showed that the changes in Ca2+and HCO3àconcentrations of several groundwater samples along the interbedded layer could be attributed to mixing groundwater from the limestone layer and that from slaty greenstone layer. Based on the HCA and PCA results, groundwaters were classified into several types depending on their origin:(1) groundwater from the limestone layer(LO),(2) mixed groundwater flowing along the interbedded layer(e.g., groundwater samples L-7, L-11, S-3 and S-4), and(3) groundwater originating from the slaty greenstone layer(SO). The mixing fractions of 41% LO: 59% SO, 64% LO: 36% SO, 43%LO: 57% SOand 25% LO: 75% SOon the normal days corresponded to groundwaters L-7, L-11, S-3 and S-4,respectively, while the mixing fractions of groundwaters L-7 and L-11(61% LO: 39% SOand 93% LO: 7% SO,respectively) on rainy days became the majority of groundwater originating from the limestone layer.These indicate that groundwater along the interbedded layer significantly affected the stability of rock slopes by enlarging multi-breaking zones in the layer through calcite dissolution and inducing high water pressure, tension cracks and potential sliding plane along this layer particularly during intense rainfall episodes.

Experimental study of motion characteristics of rock slopes with weak intercalation under seismic excitation

In order to investigate the effect of a weak intercalation on slope stability, a large-scale shaking table model test was conducted to study the dynamic response of rock slope models with weak intercalation.The dynamic response of the prototype slopes were studied in laboratory with the consideration of law of similitude. The initiation failure was observed in the rock slope model with a counter-tilt thin-weak intercalation firstly, not in the slope model with a horizontal thin-weak intercalation. Furthermore, it was interesting that the fracture site is shifted from crest top to the slope surface near the weak intercalation, which is different with the location of failure position in a normal layered slope. We also discussed the effect of the dip angle and the thickness of weak intercalation on the failure mechanism and instability mode of the layered rock slope. From the experimental result, it was noted that the stability of the slope with a counter-tilt weak intercalation could be worse than that of the other slopes under seismic excitation. The findings showed the difference of failure in slopes with a horizontal and counter weak intercalation, and implicated the further evaluation of failure of layered slopes caused by seismic loads.

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

岩土成层条件下抗滑桩计算的改进有限差分法

滑坡治理工程中抗滑桩可能布置于层状土层、层状岩层,或岩、土成层等各种地质条件下,现行规范对于该问题建议将成层地基按加权平均法换算成等效的当量地基系数,但对于地层差异性较大的岩土成层地基其适用性有待研究。为解决这一问题,基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论建立抗滑桩受荷段、嵌固段整体受荷分析模型,采用改进有限差分法提出抗滑桩全桩内力求解的统一矩阵运算式,避免常规有限差分方法将桩身分为受荷段和嵌固段及利用滑面处连续性条件求解的复杂迭代过程;基于2个边坡工程抗滑桩治理案例,证明改进有限差分法对岩土成层条件下抗滑桩分析的可靠性,计算用时仅需1.2 s左右,相比已有方法进一步提高抗滑桩分析设计的计算效率。

倾角变化条件下反倾层状斜坡倾倒变形演化研究

倾倒变形是反倾层状岩质边坡的一种典型破坏模式,为了研究不同岩层倾角对反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒变形的影响,以澜沧江上游古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体为原型,从岩层倾角变化的角度出发,利用大型土工离心机试验分析了反倾层状岩质边坡的失稳破坏过程、变形演化特征与最终失稳模式等。结果表明:①反倾层状斜坡的变形演化过程基本概括为岩层压密-坡脚压裂阶段、弯折面形成-部分失稳阶段和弯折面贯通-彻底失稳3个阶段,岩层倾角的改变并不会影响斜坡阶段性演化过程;②岩层倾角越大的斜坡,斜坡形成弯折面所需时间越短,失稳破坏发生后坡体贯通性倾倒破坏深度更大,对应的变形范围越大,折断岩层的破坏程度越剧烈;③岩层倾角变化会导致斜坡的倾倒变形过程与最终失稳模式存在一定差异。倾角较小的55°和70°模型斜坡前部岩层在重力作用下发生明显弯曲倾倒变形,最终以“倾倒-弯曲-滑移”的失稳模式发生破坏;倾角最大的85°斜坡岩层发生的弯曲变形较小,最终以“倾倒-折断-崩塌”的模式发生破坏。研究结果对大型工程项目的顺利开展具有一定指导意义。

多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术

针对多弱层顺倾软岩边坡下部压煤问题,从边坡变形风险可控以及资源回收最大化角度出发,在分析地质资料和弱层层位的基础上,结合单一弱层的控制开采技术,提出了多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术;以扎尼河露天矿北端帮边坡为工程背景,基于极限平衡理论,分析了北端帮边坡的稳定性,对多弱层控制的顺倾软岩边坡控制开采方案进行了研究。研究表明:通过多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术的实施,可在采场深部增加内排物料形成“中间桥”工艺,对深部弱层形成“压覆”,对整体边坡形成“支撑”,保证边坡沿各弱层滑动均得以控制,实现多弱层顺倾软岩边坡煤炭高效回收以及蠕动形变的稳定性控制。

基于能量演化的反倾层状岩坡多级折断面深度计算模型

多级折断是反倾层状岩质斜坡倾倒过程中普遍发育的一种变形破坏现象。为准确定位反倾层状岩质斜坡倾倒变形过程中多级折断带的埋藏深度,首先从能量守恒角度出发,结合悬臂梁模型,利用外力做功吸收能量与板梁变形释放能量守恒关系推导单层板梁能量平衡方程;在此基础上,根据岩体弹性屈服和弯折破坏2种临界失稳状态,分别推导出2种板梁失稳折断计算模型,并通过改变岩层倾角、斜坡坡角、斜坡高度等参数建立反倾层状岩质斜坡多级折断面深度计算模型;最后,利用离心模型试验和实际工程案例对计算模型的可靠性进行验证。研究结果表明:离心模型试验能够充分揭示反倾层状岩质斜坡倾倒变形过程中存在多级折断现象,整个倾倒变形过程可分为后缘岩体倾倒变形、岩层折断面裂隙逐级形成贯通和斜坡岩体倾倒失稳3个阶段;反倾层状岩坡多级折断面深度计算模型结果与离心模型试验结果、云南某边坡工程案例中各级折断带的埋深相吻合,证明了提出的反倾层状岩坡多级折断面深度计算模型可对离心模型试验和实际工程案例进行较为准确的折断深度定位,且能够根据计算结果判别边坡变形破坏的主要失稳模式。研究成果对反倾层状岩质斜坡的稳定性评价研究及破坏机制分析具有一定的理论和实际意义。

超厚中风化层高陡边坡稳定性研究

风化作用使岩石强度降低,进而导致边坡岩体的力学性能大幅度下降,因此露天矿山高陡边坡主要以微风化岩体为主,而以中风化岩体为主的边坡通常设计较为平缓,高度也多为30~50 m。对某钼矿完整性好的超厚中风化层高陡边坡稳定性进行研究,采用极限平衡法计算爆破振动力作用下的边坡安全系数,并根据计算结果对边坡参数进行优化,为下一步的设计提供技术支持。结果表明:边坡稳定性主要受到岩石强度和岩体完整性2个方面因素的影响,深部的中风化层如果节理裂隙发育减少,岩体完整性提升,边坡的稳定性也得到改善,完整性好的超厚中风化层也可以设计为高陡边坡。

某水电站2#倾倒体时效变形及失稳模式的离散元分析

为深入研究倾倒体变形破坏全过程特征,以某水电站消力塘左岸2#倾倒体为例,在野外调查基础上,利用离散元模拟,从模型时效变形及变形机理出发,分析该倾倒边坡在现状及地震作用下的失稳模式。结果表明:当边坡变形累积到一定程度,不稳定地质体将发生失稳,其位移表现为宏观的快速增加,若地质体的失稳是强震触发的,其位移还具有一定的“震荡”特征;倾倒边坡前期或前中期的变形破坏以沿结构面的剪切错动为主导,之后,随着拉张效应的逐渐积累,变形转为以沿结构面的拉张破裂为主;地震作用下,边坡中质点的水平速度及加速度均有高程放大效应,其中加速度放大系数大于速度放大系数,边坡破坏时,由于动力波的加速效应及岩体弹性应变能的释放将获得较大的水平加速度,表明岩体中的弱面对于岩质边坡的稳定性起控制作用;现状条件下,2#倾倒体整体稳定,其失稳模式以浅表层岩体的局部垮塌或沿小型山脊的滑塌为主,而遭受地震时则有整体失稳的可能,若整体失稳,其失稳过程应为:表层松动岩体率先垮塌、滚落→坡体震裂松弛→形成“滑移-拉裂”型滑坡。

露天煤矿非工作帮顺倾软岩边坡稳定性研究

为达到提高露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的目的,结合白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮为典型顺倾软岩边坡的工程实际情况,采用岩土工程数值模拟软件FLAC^(3D),揭示边坡稳定性的形态效应与尺寸效应;建立了临界坡角与弱层暴露临界长度之间的关系曲线,最终设计了有利于稳定的白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮边坡空间几何形态。研究结果表明:通过合理控制弱层的暴露长度以及开挖坡角等关键指标,可有效提高露天矿边坡的稳定性,最终确定的白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮开挖坡角为45°,此时坑底弱层的临界暴露长度约为176 m,边坡即可满足安全要求。

层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验研究

介绍了所进行的层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验。结果表明,在水平地震动加速度达到0.4g时,层状结构岩质边坡就会出现局部的层间错动现象,当水平地震加速度达到0.8g时,层间结合力较弱的边坡将发生大面积的表面滑动和崩塌。而在铅直地震力作用下,当地震加速度达到1.0g时,才会出现破坏现象。因而对层状结构岩质边坡来说,其水平地震力造成的危害是主要的。

岩层倾角影响顺层岩石边坡稳定性的模型试验研究

根据相似理论建立地质力学模型,介绍了模型试验的设计和过程。通过4组对比试验,研究了原型边坡的变形破坏机制以及改变边坡岩体的岩层倾角对边坡稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,顺层边坡的主要变形方式均为滑动变形,破坏模式为滑移-拉裂破坏,滑动过程为分级滑动,越往后拉裂面倾角越小。边坡的变形破坏首先发生在临空面靠近地表部位。层面强度越大,边坡越稳定;岩层倾角越小,边坡越稳定。

边坡岩体软弱夹层力学特性试验研究

采用自制试验装置,进行边坡岩体中的软弱夹层的力学特性试验。分析实测的剪应力-变形曲线发现,该曲线有明显的比例极限、屈服点和峰值点,表明在试件受力变形初期,剪切力-变形近似呈线性关系,剪切刚度为常量;随法向应力的增大,峰值剪应力呈线性增长,达到峰值强度之后,随剪切变形增大,抗剪强度变化不大,残余强度近似等于峰值强度,表明试样发生剪切破坏,其破坏类型呈"塑性"破坏型。软弱夹层的剪切变形可分为3个阶段,各个阶段的强度参数不同,对边坡工程来说,为保证其有足够的安全系数,建议软弱夹层强度参数取低值。根据试验结果得到的法向应力-压缩位移关系曲线近似呈双曲线型,当法向相对位移小于3.4mm时与理论结果更为接近。

含软弱夹层岩体边坡的突变模式分析

针对含软弱夹层岩体边坡失稳问题,考虑软弱夹层的应变弱化特性,运用突变理论方法,建立燕尾型突变模型。基于建立的突变模式,对含一层软弱夹层的岩体边坡定量分析滑坡演化过程中的突跳特性;对于含多层软弱夹层的岩体边坡,通过对燕尾突变模型得到的平衡曲面方程进行分析可知,其势函数最多可有4个极值点,3个控制变量的不同取值使系统处于不同的分叉点集区域,其势函数极值点的个数不同,形式也不同,相应地,系统也呈现出不同的性质,于是根据势函数极值点个数的不同,定性分析随着控制参量的变化,边坡失稳中突跳的可能性。

顺层岩质边坡的爆破振动控制标准试验研究

以某顺层岩质路堑开挖爆破为背景,进行了6次层裂爆破试验。测量边坡不同位置处的质点振速并对爆破前后的岩体进行声波探测,然后对振速测量结果和声波速度测量结果进行耦合分析,研究表明:边坡岩体发生爆破层裂后,波速显著降低,岩体的波速降低率随着质点振速增大而增大;质点振速越大,岩体层裂程度越严重,当质点振速小于临界值,岩体不发生层裂;爆破试验所得出的临界振速25.3 cm/s可以作为该顺层岩质边坡爆破开挖时的振动控制标准。

厚层基材喷射护坡试验研究

以内昆线横江车站路堑岩石边坡为试验点 ,设计了厚层基材喷射种植基各组分配比 ,采用湿喷法进行厚层基材喷射护坡试验。试验结果表明 ,采用厚层基材喷射对岩石边坡进行生态防护 ,厚层基材各项指标均满足植物正常生长所需的条件 。

含顺倾弱层软岩边坡三维稳定性影响因素分析

为定量揭示露天矿开挖过程中各人为因素对含顺倾弱层软岩边坡三维稳定性的影响及其程度,以扎哈淖尔露天矿南帮边坡为工程背景,基于强度折减法,应用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟软件,探讨了开挖位置、开挖坡角和内排追踪距离不同时南帮边坡的变形破坏机制和边坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:无论开挖位置、开挖坡角与追踪距离如何变化,横采南帮的滑坡模式均为以IVC煤底板弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动;在横采条件下,边坡三维稳定性主要受内排追踪距离影响,随追踪距离的增大呈负指数规律减小,且随开挖位置的向南偏移或开挖坡角的减小近线性减小;在横采条件下,内排土场与工作帮间的追踪距离控制在一定范围内时,可以充分利用边坡稳定性的三维效应回收煤炭资源。

对影响逆倾层状边坡稳定性因素的模型试验研究

在工程地质分析的基础上,根据相似理论建立了地质力学模型,研究了逆倾层状边坡岩体的变形破坏机制。介绍了模型试验的设计,并研究了逆倾边坡的稳定性以及岩层的倾角、厚度、结构面的强度对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,逆倾层状岩体的变形机制为倾倒变形,破坏模式为弯折破坏;破坏首先在坡顶产生,边坡变形加速的过程是在开挖结束一段时间后才出现;岩层倾角越小,变形加速所持续的时间越长;岩层的厚度和结构面的强度越大变形越小。