Can the ASHRAE Standard 169 zoning method be applied to country-level energy-efficient building design in China?

In current building thermal climate design zones of China,the zoning indicators only include temperature elements without considering the regional difference of air humidity.Therefore,building thermal design strategies in continental climate zone with low relative humidity and marine climate zone with high relative humidity cannot be distinguished by the current building thermal zoning standards.ASHRAE Standard 169 proposes dual definitions for moisture and thermal climate zones,and this method can be extended to the world,including the so-called“China Climate Zones Map”.However,the moisture climate zoning criterion is unsuitable for China’s climate characteristics after climate analysis and building performance evaluation.In present work,a novel building moisture climate zoning method is proposed.The bioclimatic chart was utilized for extracting the outline of building climate through the Gaussian KDE method.Hence,the building moisture climate was classified,the zoning indicator was obtained,and a country-level climate zones map for China was established.The results indicated that the global information matrix served as a helpful guide and reference for planning at the national level.Annual precipitation could be used as a zoning indicator to accurately reflect the regional differences of building moisture climate in China.The approach can provide new thoughts for improving the climate zoning system in current energy-efficient building design standards of China to assist the ultra-low energy consumption target.

农村税费改革后乡级财政的深层次问题——以成都市属县(区、市)若干乡镇为例

农村税费改革对于农村经济发展不同水平地区的财政状况产生了不同影响 ,在欠发达地区 ,乡级财政困境成为推进农村经济发展的障碍 ,乡级财政困境的真相在于自筹制度与农业税的比重 ,取消自筹制度的税费改革使乡镇财政缺口扩大且形成乡镇债务增长 ,并出现乡镇财政危机 ,而消除乡级财政危机根本举措则是撤销乡镇财政。