Zipf’s Law, Benford’s Law, and Pareto Rule

From a basic probabilistic argumentation, the Zipfian distribution and Benford’s law are derived. It is argued that Zipf’s law fits to calculate the rank probabilities of identical indistinguishable objects and that Benford’s distribution fits to calculate the rank probabilities of distinguishable objects. i.e. in the distribution of words in long texts all the words in a given rank are identical, therefore, the rank distribution is Zipfian. In logarithmic tables, the objects with identical 1st digits are distinguishable as there are many different digits in the 2nd, 3rd… places, etc., and therefore the distribution is according to Benford’s law. Pareto 20 - 80 rule is shown to be an outcome of Benford’s distribution as when the number of ranks is about 10 the probability of 20% of the high probability ranks is equal to the probability of the rest of 80% low probability ranks. It is argued that all these distributions, including the central limit theorem, are outcomes of Planck’s law and are the result of the quantization of energy. This argumentation may be considered a physical origin of probability.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

Combining the Rule of Law with the Rule of Morality——General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Discourse on the Relationship Between the Rule of Law and Rule by Virtue

Key points:Throughout the ages,rule of law has been an indispensable means of governing a state.However,as General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out,it is not enough to govern a state by the rule of law

Women’s Councils:A Practical Exploration on the Construction of Democracy, Autonomy and the Rule of Law at the Grassroots Level

The women’s councils are an innovation advocated by the All-China women’s federation for women’s participation in social management and grassroots democracy.They are a beneficial exploration for women to participate in public affairs according to the law in accordance with Article 2 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,and are a model of"the combination of autonomy,rule of law and rule of virtue."The women’s councils have aroused the enthusiasm of women to participate in public affairs,stimulated their autonomous vitality and creativity,and helped to solve the problems of women’s lack of representation and voice in decision-making.The process of deliberation is also the process of developing the awareness of rights,rules,consultation ability,the concept of the rule of law and even thinking about the rule of law.The women’s councils not only help to protect the rights and interests of women and children and promote women’s development,but also has unique value in enriching grassroots consultative democracy,developing grassroots mass autonomy,building a society ruled by law and promoting the implementation of the Constitution.we should therefore fully affirm,support and perfect the women’s councils so as to make it long-term,standardized and institutionalized.

Israel＇s Changing Attitude Toward the Arab National Minority： Between Ben Gurion and Eshkol Military Rule as a Test Case

In August 1963, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the procedure for terminating the martial law in effect since the end of the War of Independence （1948） with regard to Israeli Arabs. Martial law discriminated against Israel＇s Arab minority, as opposed to the majority of Israel＇s society, as part of different issues bound up with this population＇s daily functioning. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons why Eshkol＇s doing away with the martial law stemmed was its ineffectiveness, while the other, and this makes up the core of our concern here, was his changing attitude toward the Arab minority in Israel, by contrast with that of his predecessor, David Ben Gurion The main conclusion of the paper is that even though Eshkol＇s ideas about the Arab minority were not very different from Ben Gurion＇s ideas one insisted on maintaining the military government in Israel, while the other saw this as unnecessary, and so brought it to an end. In August 1963, a few months after assuming office, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the first steps leading to the annulment of military rulet which had applied to Arabs in the State of Israel ever since the end of the War of Independence （1948）. This process was concluded some three years later. Military rule was lifted in effect on December 1, 1966. In the presentation, the author would like to look into the considerations which prompted Eshkol to take such a step, in light of the fact that his predecessor, Ben Gurion, was a staunch opponent of annulling the military regime, convinced as he was, even after the conclusion of his term in office, that the current state of affairs should remain in effect.

欠发达地区县级公共图书馆法治建设任重道远——对鄂、渝、湘、黔若干县级图书馆的调研分析

文章选取了我国欠发达地区25个县级公共图书馆,围绕《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》的具体实施情况开展深入调查。发现当前我国欠发达地区县级公共图书馆的法治化治理水平有所提升,但地方政府依法保障的情况仍然堪忧。为此提出了4个基层公共图书馆法治建设着力点,为新时代基层公共图书馆的法治化建设和高质量发展提供参考。

“平台”与我国县域基层法治秩序的生成——浙江海宁社会治理实践的观察

基层社会治理“平台”是我国县域范围构建具有中国特色法治秩序的重要实践形式。在提升县域基层社会治理水平的过程中,平台被打造成一个由不同政府机构、不同社会组织与社会成员通过协调、协商、议论等方式博弈以解决与民生密切相关的各种类型问题的工作机制,客观上已经助力生成了法治秩序不可或缺的不同主体之间展开话语交流的公共空间。在浙江海宁,平台被用于促进实现公众与企业合法权利、改造和规范行使公共权力、保障社会稳定与居民安居乐业,以公开促公正公平,有效提升了法律在基层的实施能力。在法治建设正在寻求新的突破之际,有关平台建设的实践具有一定的可借鉴的普遍意义。

习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育的路径探析

习近平法治思想是培养新时代德法兼修优秀人才的根本遵循和行动指南。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,是新时代高校大学生思想政治教育的重要任务,在维护高校安全稳定、推动法治教育体系改革、培养法治人才等方面具有重要意义。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,需要重视顶层设计,在教学方式、教材编写、师资配备、制度保障、评价机制等方面全方位发力,健全习近平法治思想与习近平文化思想的融合教育模式,实现全员、全过程和全方位育人。

连续群S—函数方法在配位场能谱分类中的应用

本文介绍了连续群S—函数分析方法,并利用S—函数计算了八面体强场d^n组态和弱场f^n组态子群链的分支律,表明联系一定修正规则的S—函数方法对配位场能谱分类处理是简便有效的。

Currency Systems and Their Role in Entering and Leaving the Economic Crisis

The paper focuses on a comparison of two contrasting approaches： having a single universal currency in a given fiscal area or supporting a concurrent presence of more competing currencies of different types. A systemic analysis （based on studying both conventional and unorthodox literature） of the modern monetary system points out that the very type of money that is used suffers internal errors that make a crisis inevitable. The indebtedness is systemic and unavoidable in a currency that is issued as a liability. Parallel currencies are proposed as a general solution. A specific solution, including a redefined national currency, is offered too, with an outline of its possible experimental verification. Such a system could help to prevent the next economic crisis, mitigate it, or at least facilitate its leaving. The paper also deals with criticism that is held against the idea of concurrent currencies.

A Phenomenological Extension of the Newtonian Gravity

Following the idea of our previous paper we distinguish also in the case of Newtonian gravity as in the electrodynamics between extensive and intensive field quantities. Between both, a “material’’ quantity produced e.g. by vacuum polarisations induced by the gravitational field strength itself is mediated. It acts in such a way that it amplifies the field strength in weak gravitational fields and reduces the field strength in strong gravitational fields following Lenz’s rule. Newton’s gravity is valid only in a very large intermediate range of middle field strength F?, F0? and F1?critical field strengths). In this way dark matter and black holes may be avoidable.

论深化水权管理体制改革的法治路径——基于党的二十大报告关于绿色发展的视角

水是以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的基础性、战略性资源,水权管理事关国家安全和国泰民安。我国水资源实行流域管理与行政区域管理相结合的管理体制,完善国家水权制度,深化水权管理体制改革是使市场在优化资源配置中起决定性作用的重要环节。习近平关于治水兴水的一系列重要论述,闪耀着马克思主义认识论和方法论的思想光辉,是新时代我国实施治水兴水战略的指导思想。新时代,站在人与自然和谐共生和保障国家水安全的高度谋划治水兴水大业,构建更加完善的水权法治体系,应该坚持以习近平法治思想和生态文明思想为指导,深刻认识和精准把握水权管理法治化的重要性,遵循民法典确定的“绿色原则”,聚焦构建全新的水发展、水安全战略格局的要求,健全深化水权管理体制改革的法治路径,以法治思维、法治方式推进水权管理体制深化改革,破解制约水利发展的体制机制障碍,推动新时代水利事业实现高效率、高质量发展。

在法治和德治相结合中一体推进“三不腐”

一体推进“三不腐”是我国反腐败斗争的基本方针和新时代全面从严治党的重要方略,需要加强学理化阐释、学术化表达、体系化凝练。习近平法治思想中的法治和德治相结合理论是深入诠释一体推进“三不腐”的理论基础和重要指引,法治和德治相结合的治理模式、治理逻辑和治理方式中蕴涵着一体推进“三不腐”的必要性、必然性和必行性。在法治和德治相结合中一体推进“三不腐”能够形成相得益彰的整体成效,充分彰显中国特色社会主义反腐倡廉道路和腐败治理现代化的显著特征和治理优势。

论全过程人民民主的法治保障

法治是民主的应有之义与重要保障。作为中国式现代化的民主范式,经由法治保障的全过程人民民主具备超越西式民主的制度优势,将法治嵌入全过程人民民主的理论与实践需要融贯法治规范、法治思维与法治价值。全过程人民民主以人民代表大会制度为基本载体,通过完善人大立法体系、优化人大职权体系、健全人大职权运行程序保障民主机制运行;以法治规范体系为基本框架,构建以宪法为核心,通过构建丰富多元的民主法律体系与健全党内民主法规以确保民主的合法性、程序性;以法治运行体系为主要内容,依托民主监督、基层民主、社会民主建设保障民主参与有序进行。

全过程人民民主对传统民本思想的传承与超越

全过程人民民主是中国特色社会主义民主政治的重大理论创新,不仅是对西方民主制度的扬弃,而且植根于中国传统民本思想。中国传统民本思想的核心是以民为本,关注于实现和保障民众的根本利益,在核心问题及实现方式上都与西方民主存在一定差异。社会主义现代化背景下的全过程人民民主以人民当家作主为本质和核心,以制度化、法律化的民主制度确保人民合法权利和正当利益的实现,是对传统民本思想的传承与超越。

习近平法治思想融入高校思政课教学的多维探析

聚焦习近平法治思想的核心要义和科学方法,将其有效融入高校思政课教学,有利于实现法治教育观念的转变、高校思政课程合力作用的发挥以及思政课程显性教育与隐性教育的内在统一。习近平法治思想融入高校思政课教学的内在逻辑在于对其的宣传教育与思政课教学目的相通、教学内容贯通、教学策略互补。习近平法治思想融入高校思政课教学须做到:情理相通,使习近平法治思想核心要义具象化;文史结合,使习近平法治思想教学内容丰富化;人媒交互,使习近平法治思想教学形式多样化。习近平法治思想融入高校思政课教学将破解习近平法治思想宣传教育与高校思政课教学两离的二元结构,并为新时代其他新的理论成果有机融入高校思政课教学提供借鉴与参考。

习近平法治思想融入“思想道德与法治”课教学的价值意蕴与实践方略

习近平法治思想凸显出鲜明的时代性、人民性、实践性等特征。“思想道德与法治”课教学中融入习近平法治思想,是落实习近平法治思想“三进”的重要举措,有助于大学生理解习近平法治思想的精髓要义,进而入脑入心;有利于提升大学生的法学知识水平,培养德法兼修的法治人才;有利于引导大学生广泛践行社会主义核心价值观;有利于引导大学生积极投身新时代全面依法治国实践,为推进法治中国建设贡献青春力量。为了推动习近平法治思想的“三进”工作,要充分发挥“思想道德与法治”课主渠道主阵地作用,坚持理论性和实践性相统一;注重在法学实践教学中融入习近平法治思想;创新“思想道德与法治”课教学载体,整合课程教学资源,增强教学的实效性。

习近平法治思想的人民性品格

习近平法治思想的人民性是新时代以人民为中心的发展思想在法治领域的重要体现,彰显全面推进依法治国初心为民的鲜亮底色和人民至上的价值取向。习近平法治思想内涵丰富、逻辑严密,体现在坚持以人民为中心的政治立场、保障人民权益的根本目的、追求公平正义的价值诉求。人民性是习近平法治思想的鲜明品格,遵循习近平法治思想的人民性需要在法治中国伟大实践中倾听人民心声,回应人民期待。

新时代美好生活的法理观照:理论逻辑及其展开

新时代美好生活作为一个复合型的法政治学概念,是党和国家对人民群众所向往的更高层次幸福生活的回应。作为一项系统性工程和制度建构,新时代美好生活样态包括经济、政治、文化、社会及生态等多维度的美好生活样态之实现,必须以法律为有效保障手段。因此,在对新时代美好生活制度建构的过程中,透过习近平法治思想,可引申出新时代美好生活应当蕴含着“以人为本”“良法善治”与“公平正义”的法理意蕴。这三者在新时代美好生活样态的建构中存在着承前启后的内在逻辑关系,故厘清这三者在新时代美好生活范式建构中的逻辑地位,对人民群众所向往的新时代美好生活之实现具有深刻的理论意义与实践价值。

比较法视野中的证据裁判原则

在继续全面推进依法治国的今天,在习近平法治思想形成的重要时间节点,证据裁判原则应该随着《刑事诉讼法典》的制定而确立。为了防止法官在认定犯罪事实中的恣意与滥权,欧陆启蒙立法中确立了证据裁判原则。该原则之确立以纠问诉讼中已经形成的法官独立性为前提,以检察官制的引入为突破口,以启蒙思想及其对应的证据理念为支撑。我国传统诉讼中缺乏证据裁判原则的生成基因,习近平法治思想对刑事司法的引领,司法的“去行政化”改革等的成效,为《刑事诉讼法典》的制定乃至证据裁判原则的确立提供了助力。为了让人民群众在每一起刑事司法案件中都感受到公平正义,为了实现公正司法,需要法官公正审判,法官公正审判的关键在于遵循证据裁判原则。在《刑事诉讼法典》中确立证据裁判原则,需要在一审普通程序中贯彻审判中心主义,需要在审前公诉程序中克服侦查中心主义,需要认罪认罚从宽制度的同步完善。