Jurisdiction的政治含义——基于西方中世纪政治史的考察

Jurisdiction不仅仅指司法权和管辖权,它首先指一般性的政治权力。中世纪早期的社会政治经济条件决定了司法权是政治权力的唯一存在方式。多元政治共同体、政治权力中心和法律体系并存的局面导致了"管辖权竞争"。在竞争过程中,不仅作为内部管理机制的管辖权逐步体系化,形成了等级化的司法体系,为现代民族国家的诞生奠定了基本的制度基础;更重要的是,作为外部权力界限的管辖权也逐步明确,形成了以王权为核心、王国为基本政治单位的"国际"政治法律格局。Jurisdiction的历史积淀充分反映了西方法治主义的诸多重要理念、制度基础和对现代民族国家诞生的重大影响。

The Future Protection and Utilization of the Marine Biological Genetic Resources beyond the National Jurisdiction--Analysis based on TRIPS Agreement

Intellectual property system gives rise to international concern in the context of development and protection of the marine biological genetic resources beyond the national jurisdiction. The core argument is whether can be current international intellectual property system plays an active role for balancing the respective benefits to make sure resolve this special area issue. The Agreement On Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right （TRIPS Agreement） provides basic requirements to international intellectual property application. This paper is intended to examine the feasibility of TR1PS clauses in the above context and then some suggestions are put forth.

Professional Development of County-level Physical Education Teachers from the Perspective of the New Curriculum Standards:A Case Study of Huaiji County

Using methods such as questionnaire survey and literature review,a survey was conducted on the professional development of physical education teachers in Huaiji County under the background of the new curriculum standards.The research results found that physical education teachers in Huaiji County have a relatively good distribution structure in terms of teaching experience,age,and education level,but the gender ratio and professional title ratio need to be improved.In terms of professional competence,teachers have shown good performance in teaching implementation ability,but there is still room for improvement in teaching design ability.A certain proportion of teachers still express dissatisfaction with professional title promotion,hardware configuration satisfaction,salary and benefits,and school reward mechanisms.Based on this,this study proposes some measures to improve the professional development level of county-level physical education teachers,such as enhancing teachers teaching design and implementation abilities,strengthening the cultivation of technical action demonstration abilities,improving hardware configuration satisfaction and teaching effectiveness reflection level,strengthening guidance and support for teachers professional development,and enhancing the promotion and implementation of post employment training.

Coordinated Development of Human Settlement and Economy in County-level Cities in the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] To provide quantification means for comprehensively analyzing the coordinated development of urban human settlement and economy by constructing an index system of economy and human settlement. [Method] By constructing an evaluation index system of economy and human settlement, and using the coordinate measurement model of them, 22 county-level cities in the Yellow River Basin were analyzed. [Result] In the Yellow River Basin, the construction level of economy and human settlement in those county-level cities is low with distinct spatial differences and deteriorating polarization; there is a great spatial corresponding between coordinated development degree and economic level, the higher the economic development level, the higher coordinated development degree in county-level cities; county-level cities around the boundaries of provinces have difficulties in development. [Conclusion] Evaluation standards and models are clear in significance, convenient in application, which can successfully evaluate the coordination of human settlement development in the study region.

美国公法域外适用机制及中国因应研究

公法域外适用衍生于国际体系的结构性演变,有着经济全球化下独特的政治、经济与意识形态背景。其在公法域外适用需求的显现、国家主权观念的转换、公法禁忌原则的突破以及法律形式的嬗变上,具备了一定的存在基础。但是近年来,囿于美国国际法理念的转变,其由原先对严格属地主义的固守转为对国家利益至上的推崇,因而在公法域外适用上愈发地恣意与专断,使公法域外适用存在严重的法律、外交和道德张力。为应对美国公法域外适用,中国须秉承防御与建设共进的思路。一方面,加强国际合作共同抗衡美国公法域外适用制度的滥用,同时健全中国的反制法律体系;另一方面,梳理总结美国多年来在公法域外适用过程中形成的丰富经验,在此基础上构建完善符合国际法基本原则的中国法域外适用制度。

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factor of County-level Industrial Development in Liaoning Province of China

County-level industrial development and structure upgrade is one of the most important issues of revitaliz- ing old industrial base of China. After the cluster analysis on GDP per capita and GDP per area of each county in Liaoning Province, this paper finds the similarity of population size, land use intensity, and economic development of each county. Location quotient reflects the specialization intensity of industries in each county, and it also reflects the spatial differences of county-level industrial development. Economic development level is higher in the southeast than in the northwest of Liaoning, and the industry driving effect on county-level economy is apparent. The main influenc- ing factors include location, industrial foundation and economic system reform, capital input level, knowledge and technology dissemination, conditions of domestic and overseas markets, population and labor force transfer. Industri- alization is an important approach to urbanization for the counties in Liaoning Province. The proportion of agriculture is much higher in the northwest than in the southeast of Liaoning, so it will be take longer time for counties in the northwest of Liaoning to make industrialization, urbanization and modernization.

Correlation between Geographical Regional Economy and Construction of County-level Vocational Education Centers

In the period of Eleventh Five-Year Plan,the construction of county-level vocational education centers in Shanxi Province made great contribution to local social and economic development. Due to influence of special geography,population environment and regional economic development situation,it forms the pattern of strong in southeast and weak in northwest. Thus,scientific making plan for construction of vocational education centers in northwestern counties( cities) and establishing long-term mechanism for construction of vocational education centers will be helpful for serving regional economic construction.

Development Path of Different County-Level Towns

County-level town is important space carrier of China's urbanization and the emphasis and key of strategic distribution for urbanization. Backwardness of county-level towns limits nearby transfer of surplus labor. To promote development of county-level towns,on the basis of classifying county-level towns,this paper analyzed motive and resistance factors of evolution of different county-level towns using historical data collection and statistical method,comparative approach,typical case study method,and studied development path for different county-level towns. From analysis,it reached the conclusion that industry exerts the most direct and fundamental influence on development of county-level towns,while the industrial development in county-level towns must base on their actual conditions. The county-level towns are not isolated,and their development should be established within the framework of national policy environment and superior and subordinate town system.

Thinking and Research on County-level Territorial Spatial Plans in the Territorial Spatial Plan System:A Case Study of Jiangxi Province

The establishment of the territorial spatial plan system is an important space reform act to meet the new era in China.The reform of territorial spatial plans according to classification is in line with the characteristics of China’s current territorial spatial administration and urban development.At present,China’s provincial and municipal territorial spatial plans have been publicized,and county-level territorial spatial plans are being approved one after another,while the compilation of township-level territorial spatial plans is being carried out in an orderly manner.In this paper,based on the historical background of the establishment of territorial spatial plan system integrating“multiple plans”,the background of territorial spatial plans and the important role of county-level territorial spatial plans were first elaborated,and then the progress of the compilation of county-level territorial spatial plans in Jiangxi Province was sorted out.Finally,the problems existing in the compilation were discussed,and corresponding suggestions were put forward to provide a certain reference for the construction of a scientific and reasonable territorial spatial plan system.

跨境数据流动中的管辖权冲突及其协调

在数字经济时代,为了实现跨境数据流动中的国家利益,各国借助数据立法单方扩张本国的域外管辖范围,因此司法管辖权与执法管辖权的行使面临与他国管辖权冲突的危险。云计算技术的不断发展,数据与领土连接的弱化,冲击了传统管辖权理论在数据领域的直接适用。据此,可以依据国家管辖权的具体权能,从立法、司法和执法三个角度对数据流动中出现的管辖权冲突进行讨论。首先,数据立法模式上,数据全球化与数据本地化的分歧暗含着管辖权全面积极冲突的危险;其次,数据域外法权制约共识的松动与国家数据管辖能力的天然差异,决定了国际礼让原则与不方便法院原则在数据管辖权冲突协调上的局限性;最后,在数据跨境执法问题上,数据流动导致的域内与域外界分困难造成了公约机制的适用困境,各国执法管辖权开始突破传统的域外行使规则,数据执法管辖权出现“长臂化”倾向。尽管目前已经出现了相关的学说以及国际实践,但这部分内容对数据流动中出现的管辖权冲突问题,并未进行全然回应或提出具体协调路径。因此,还需要充分顾及跨境数据流动本身的特性以进行调整,限制数据域外立法范围,并据此在坚持属地最高原则的基础上重塑数据属地管辖规则,同时推动各国积极构建跨境数据调取机制,为管辖权冲突提出有效的协调路径。

On the Feasibility of the Chinese County-Level Convergence Media Centers in Participating in International Communication:Evidence from CDHT’s First-Hand Communication Practice

With the advent of new technologies,China is faced with the practical need to enhance its international communication capacity and address reforms in the modes,content,and channels of international communication.Therefore,more efforts should be made to further enrich the participants in international communication by optimizing China’s four-level journalism communication system and crafting a“great external publicity pattern.”Guiding and promoting county-level convergence media centers to participate in international communication is conducive to promoting the building of a vertical international communication system and a multi-level integrated communication matrix and facilitating the resource alignment and information sharing between domestic and international communication.In practice,some county-level convergence media centers in China have achieved certain results in international communication.A good example is the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone(CDHT),a pioneer in the reform of Chinese county-level convergence media.Therefore,this paper has used CDHT as an example to discuss the reality and basic conditions for Chinese county-level convergence media centers to participate in international communication and put forward general paths for county-level convergence media centers to engage in international communication.

域外管辖论纲

近年来,域外管辖和域外适用问题成为中国统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治工作的重要议题,但学界对于域外管辖及有关概念尚存争议,实务界在立法、执法和司法实践中也呈现出不同理解。从本质上说,域外管辖权属于国家管辖权范畴,是国家的固有权利。域外管辖指的是国家在本国领土范围内针对境外的人、物或行为确立和行使管辖权,域外管辖包括域外适用,但不等于长臂管辖,也不能等同于经济制裁。国家行使域外管辖权是国际关系中的正常现象,国家往往会在属地管辖权的基础上,依托相关连接点扩张域外管辖权,但这种扩张需要符合“真实合理联系”要求,否则便涉嫌违反国际法,损害国际社会正常秩序。

数据主权视阈下我国数据出境的法律规制及完善

在数字经济全球化时代,各国数据大规模出境已成常态。为防范和应对数据出境中出现的侵害一国公民隐私、公共安全、国家安全和发展利益的各类风险事件,各国纷纷援引“数据主权”对之施以规制。其中,欧盟“以地理区域为基准”和美国“以组织机构为基准”这两种规制路径最为典型。前者重数据隐私之保护,偏向严格和保守;后者重数据价值之利用,趋于自由和激进。两者虽取向不一,但都在传统属人和属地管辖基础上引入了效果管辖原则,创设了数据立法的域外适用。我国目前也在主权语境下形成了《网络安全法》《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》三足鼎立的数据规制体系,但其中涉及数据出境的规则条款仍显简单与粗糙,亟须微观上细化完善。同时,宏观上我国对外也应重视数据主权行使的整体考量,以网络空间命运共同体为先导,兼顾他国合理关切,积极推动双多边数据跨境合作规则的达成,从而内外兼修,构建一个既能维护我国数据主权利益,又能促进数据产业全面发展的数据出境规制体系。

The Differences between County,County-level City and Municipal District in the System of Administrative Divisions in China

Administrative division is an important means of political power reorganization and management,resource integration and optimal allocation,which profoundly shapes the spatial layout of urban development in China.To clarify and compare differences between counties,county-level cities and municipal districts is the primary premise for the study of administrative division and urban development.This paper analyzes the institutional differences between counties and county-level cities,as well as counties,county-level cities and municipal districts,from the aspects of organizational structure,urban construction planning,land management,finance,taxation and public services.The research shows that the establishment of counties,county-level cities and municipal districts adapt to different levels and stages of economic and social development,and the conversion from county to county-level city and the conversion from county(or county-level city)to municipal district are both important transformation ways to change their administrative systems,which has different management system and operation pattern.At the same time,the transformation of county-level administrative region is also a“double-edged sword”,we should think about the administrative system as a whole to decide whether it should be adjusted,and effectively respond to the actual needs of local economic and social development.

Analysis on the Configuration Path of Improving the Quality and Efficiency of County-Level Libraries in China

County-level libraries have an inescapable responsibility for cultivating local cultural identity and realizing rural revitalization.Therefore,we analyzed factors that afect the service fficiency of gass-1oots libraries in Henan Province through a field investigation and qualitative comparative analysis(QCA),and proposed a higlh-efficiency configuration.In addition,we put forward the strategy of improving the quality and efficiency of our country's county-level libraries in the electonic information age.

美国法中的“长臂管辖权”:从民事诉讼到法律的不当域外适用

“长臂管辖权”指的是美国法院对域外非美国居民(公民)的管辖权,它是美国民事诉讼中的概念,不能等同于法律的不当域外适用。但是,在美国的法律体系中,长臂管辖权是美国不当域外适用法律的关键性法律技术基础。一方面,美国行政机关通过民事诉讼程序实施行政处罚,也可以通过民事诉讼程序提起没收财产的对物诉讼以达到准刑事处罚的目的;另一方面,在刑事案件和民事诉讼中,美国法院依据民事诉讼程序确定案外非当事人的作证义务、配合扣押财产义务。美国的民事诉讼由于具有可单边性(适用缺席审判且送达方式灵活)、证明标准更低的特点,在法律上能够比刑事诉讼更加有效、简便地将美国的国家权力运用到本国领土以外。

《海警法》中的“我国管辖海域”释义

我国《海警法》使用“我国管辖海域”来界定自身的地域适用范围。此法未定义“我国管辖海域”,该用语的内涵和外延在国际法和国内法上不清。依照《联合国海洋法公约》及我国相关国内法,“我国管辖海域”中的“海域”包括内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架及我国管辖和主张管辖的其他海域,有关海域的界限和边界由我国的基线、各海域的外部界限、已划定的海洋边界、我国主张的海洋权利以及我国缔结或加入的条约确定。海警机构在我国管辖海域划定海上临时警戒区应满足特定条件、依循相关程序。海警机构有权对违反我国相关法律和规章的外国军用船舶和非商业目的的政府船舶采取必要强制措施。

行政裁决救济的理论逻辑与制度安排

中国有关行政裁决救济的规定散见于各类法律、法规、规章以及行政规范性文件之中,呈现出一般规定与特别规定俱有、民事诉讼与行政诉讼等多种模式并存的立法现状。在理论上,学界亦相继提出“两者择一说”“两者合一说”“新型诉讼说”等多种方案。行政裁决救济有其特殊的内在机理,需回归行政裁决之本质,恪守基本的司法原理,并遵循司法最终解决、纠纷实质化解和便宜当事人三项原则。为此,较为科学和周全的制度安排应是,将“裁决结果”与“裁决行为”区分开来,采取严格的双轨制。当事人若对行政机关化解民事纠纷的“裁决结果”不服,应以民事纠纷的另一方当事人为被告提起民事诉讼;当事人若对行政机关化解民事纠纷的“裁决行为”不服,如裁决人员出现违法渎职行为,应通过行政内部监督机制或纪检监察机制解决。

《2021年美国创新与竞争法》(3.0版)遏华条文的霸凌色彩探析

《2021年美国创新与竞争法》(3.0版)在政治、教育、人才、科学技术、贸易、空间与军事技术、专利和知识产权等各个领域专门针对并遏制中国,带有鲜明的霸凌色彩。这部法律对华特指化对象调整明显,相关遏华条文数量大、范围广,程度激烈,明显违背法理;语言充斥歧视、贬低、威胁、打压、编造等色调,违反了法律规范性和公平性原则和美国的宪法;对外贸易联合排挤、封锁中国,违背WTO规则;对华科技封锁,严禁航天航空和5G技术交流和合作,违背联合国宪章人类共同进步原则;对中国政府、执政党和国家领导人以及中国守法企业制裁,违背了国际法的国家赦免原则和尊重主权原则,是典型的长臂管辖。因此全面系统分析这部法律的相关遏华条文及其霸凌色彩,可以为我国政府及时制定反制裁的应对之策提供一定的帮助。