Optimizing water and nitrogen inputs for winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau,China

Optimal use of water and fertilizers can enhance winter wheat yield and increase the efficiencies of water and fertilizer usage in dryland agricultural systems. In order to optimize water and nitrogen （N） management for winter wheat, we conducted field experiments from 2006 to 2008 at the Changwu Agro-ecological Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Loess Plateau, China. Regression models of wheat yield and evapotranspiration （ET） were established in this study to evaluate the water and fertilizer coupling effects and to determine the optimal coupling domain. The results showed that there was a positive effect of water and N fertilizer on crop yield, and optimal irrigation and N inputs can significantly increase the yield of winter wheat. In the drought year （2006-2007）, the maximum yield （Yma~） of winter wheat was 9.211 t/hm2 for the treatment with 324 mm irriga- tion and 310 kg/hm2 N input, and the highest water use efficiency （WUE） of 16.335 kg/（hm2.mm） was achieved with 198 mm irrigation and 274 kg/hm2 N input. While in the normal year （2007-2008）, the maximum winter wheat yield of 10.715 t/hm2 was achieved by applying 318 mm irrigation and 291 kg/hm2 N, and the highest WUE was 18.69 kg/（hm2.mm） with 107 mm irrigation and 256 kg/hm2 N input. Crop yield and ET response to irrigation and N inputs followed a quadratic and a line function, respectively. The optimal coupling domain was determined using the elas- ticity index （El） and its expression in the water-N dimensions, and was represented by an ellipse, such that the global maximum WUE （WUErnax） and Ymax values corresponded to the left and right end points of the long axis, respectively. Considering the aim to get the greatest profit in practice, the optimal coupling domain was represented by the lower half of the ellipse, with the Yma~ and WUE^ax on the two end points of the long axis. Overall, we found that the total amount of irrigation for winter wheat should not exceed 324 ram. In addition, our optimal coupling domain visually reflects the optimal range of water and N inputs for the maximum winter wheat yield on the Loess Plateau, and it may also provide a useful reference for identifying appropriate water and N inputs in agricultural applications.

On the nonlinear transformation of breaking and non-breaking waves induced by a weakly submerged shelf

The interaction of regular quasi-monochromatic waves with a weakly submerged rectangular shelf is studied by means of CFD simulations. The fundamental incident wave frequency is kept constant for the full set of simulated cases, while the incident wave amplitude is made increase progressively, so that the interaction with the shelf is dominated by almost inviscid non-linear flow for the smallest and by breaking for the highest incident waves. A parameter identification（PI） procedure is used to adapt a reduced model to the highly resolved time-space matrix of wave elevations obtained from the numerical simulations, on the weather and lee side respectively. In particular the wave number and the frequency of the component waves in the reduced model are left uncoupled, thus computed by the PI independently. The comparison of simulated data with experiments generally shows a very good agreement. Free/locked, incident/reflected, first/higher order wave components are quantified accurately by the PI and the energy transfer to super-harmonics is clearly evidenced. Moreover the results of the PI show clearly a very large increase in the phase speed of the higher order free waves on the lee side of the shelf, with increasing deviation from the linear behavior with increasing incident wave amplitude.