Development of experimental study on coupled heat and moisture transfer in porous building envelope

A new facility was presented which can expediently and cheaply measure the transient moisture content profile in multi-layer porous building envelope.Then,a common multi-layer porous building envelope was provided,which was constructed by cement mortar-red brick-cement plaster.With this kind of building envelope installed in the south wall,a well-controlled air-conditioning room was set up in Changsha,which is one of typical zones of hot and humid climate in China.And experiments were carried out to investigate the temperature and moisture distribution in multi-layer building envelope in summer,both in sunny day and rainy day.The results show that,the temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement mortar are seriously affected by the changes of outdoor temperature and humidity,and the relative humidity at this interface keeps more than 80% for a long-term,which can easily trigger the growth of mould.The temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement plaster change a little,and they are affected by the changes of indoor temperature and humidity.The temperature and humidity at the interface of the wall whose interior surface is affixed with a foam plastic wallpaper are generally higher than those of the wall without wallpaper.The heat transfer and moisture transfer in the envelope are coupled strongly.

MHD non-Newtonian micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer in channel with stretching walls

A study is presented for magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） flow and heat transfer characteristics of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid in a channel with stretching walls. The micropolar model introduced by Eringen is used to describe the working fluid. The transformed self similar ordinary differential equations together with the associated boundary conditions are solved numerically by an algorithm based on quasi-linearization and multilevel discretization. The effects of some physical parameters on the flow and heat transfer are discussed and presented through tables and graphs. The present investigations may be beneficial in the flow and thermal control of polymeric processing.

Coupled heat and moisture transfer in walls featuring moisture-buffering materials and ventilating layers:An Experimental study

The moisture performance of building envelopes largely depends on the building materials,construction tech-niques,and exposure loads from the indoor and outdoor regions.A ventilated air interlayer placed in a wall can help dehumidify the wall and indoor air.This paper presents an experimental study of the heat,air,and moisture variations within the envelope wall of a chamber featuring different air interlayer settings under real outdoor air conditions during the summer of 2020 in Shanghai,China.Self-developed humidity-controlling building mate-rials were applied to the inner building envelope.Temperature,humidity,wind velocity,and heat-flow sensors were placed at different positions in the middle of the wall.These parameters were measured and recorded in real-time under three working conditions:humidification,dehumidification,and ventilation.The experimental results show that under the ventilation working conditions,moisture content of 0.52 kg can be removed after a 2-h air layer ventilation,which can benefit the design strategy for the humidification and ventilation of dehu-midification walls.

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China:I. Experiment and analysis

Studies on coupled transfer of soil moisture and heat have been widely carried out for decades. However, little work has been done on red soils, widespread in southern China. The simultaneous transfer of soil moisture and heat depends on soil physical properties and the climate conditions. Red soil is heavy clay and high content of free iron and aluminum oxide. The climate conditions are characterized by the clear four seasons and the serious seasonal drought. The great annual and diurnal air temperature differences result in significant fluctuation in soil temperature in top layer. The closed and evaporating columns experiments with red soil were conducted to simulate the coupled transfer of soil water and heat under the overlaying and opening fields’ conditions, and to analyze the effects of soil temperature gradient on the water transfer and the effects of initial soil water contents on the transfer of soil water and heat. The closed and evaporating columns were designed similarly with about 18 °C temperatures differences between the top and bottom boundary, except of the upper end closed or exposed to the air, respectively. Results showed that in the closed column, water moved towards the cold end driven by temperature gradient, while the transported water decreased with the increasing initial soil water content until the initial soil water content reached to field capacity equivalent, when almost no changes for the soil moisture profile. In the evaporating column, the net transport of soil water was simultaneously driven by evaporation and temperature gradients, and the drier soil was more influenced by temperature gradient than by evapo- ration. In drier soil, it took a longer time for the temperature to reach equilibrium, because of more net amount of transported water.

Optimization of Dividing Wall Column with Heat Transfer Process Across the Wall for Feed Properties Variation

This paper investigates the thermal-coupled effect across the wall and the optimal heat transfer region of the wall for enhancing the energy saving effect of dividing wall column (DWC), and also studies the effects of feed thermal condition (q) and middle component composition of feed (cB) on the heat transfer process, the optimal heat transfer region, and the maximum heat transfer quantity across the wall. The simulation results show that the maximum heat transfer quantity across the wall and the potential for energy saving increase with the increase of q, while with the limitation of temperature difference across the wall, the beneficial heat transfer effect between certain range of stages, which are involved in the optimal heat transfer region, cannot be realized completely for a specific value of q. Besides, compared with q, a changing cB does not change the degree of realizing the beneficial heat transfer effect, but can bring about the variation of liquid split ratio (RL) and vapor split ratio (Rv). Thus, for achieving a maximum energy-saving effect of DWC, different q and cB need to find its own corresponding suitable heat transfer process across the wall.

预制内外复合保温模壳拼装墙体热工性能研究

为探究预制内外复合保温模壳拼装墙体结构中的卡板连接件对墙体热工性能的影响,通过热工理论计算、试验研究、ANSYS有限元热分析模拟软件3种方法,对比分析了无连接件、不同数量连接件以及双面抹灰不同条件下墙体的传热系数。结果表明:在无连接件条件下,实际墙体热工试验测试值与热工理论计算值的误差较小;连接件数量越多,热桥效应越明显,墙体的热工性能越差;采用有限元模拟软件对墙体进行热工设计结果较精确,可作为设计依据;研究结果可为模壳拼装墙体在超低能耗建筑的应用及能耗分析提供借鉴。

制冷装置柔性接触式密封机构性能提升的关键技术研究进展

柔性接触式密封机构在制冷装置中起到重要的隔热隔湿作用。针对装配状态下刚-柔多体接触对其性能提升带来的技术挑战,从柔性接触式密封机构技术特点和总体发展出发,综述了影响其性能提升的测量、建模等关键性问题的研究现状,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。结果表明:基于反向热平衡的热传递测量技术精度不足,引入滤波算法可降低热流信号噪声波动;现有示踪气体技术未考虑湿空气在刚柔接触界面中的流动扩散,应运用界面微观检测及接触动力学理论来明确流动型式,构建匹配的示踪源和检测回路;对柔性接触式密封机构热流固耦合建模研究尚处于空白,仅建立了传热数值模型与流动平均解析方程,可采用数值计算温度、变形场与解析计算渗流参数的迭代算法来建立耦合模型。未来,除开展测量与建模的基础研究外,还需突破“尺寸效应”技术瓶颈,实现密封组件间的良好配合,应用超低导热材料和电磁感应技术,以提升密封机构的隔热隔湿作用。

周期性边界下围岩热湿耦合传递特性及影响因素研究

为研究周期性边界下围岩热湿耦合传递特性,以相对湿度和温度为驱动势,建立了围岩热湿耦合传递数学模型,并设计正交试验,探究围岩热湿耦合传递特性的影响因素,得到了围岩年平均热湿吸放量及时长的预测公式。研究结果表明:围岩温湿度呈现季节性变化,围岩内部温湿度幅值存在延迟和衰减,越远离壁面其温湿度幅值越小,峰值温度越低且峰值出现的时间越晚;围岩调温圈厚度逐月增加,从1月厚度为5m到12月扩展至11m;年温度波幅对围岩吸放热量影响最大,年平均温度对吸放热时长影响最大,年湿度波幅对围岩放湿量影响最大,年平均湿度对围岩吸湿量及吸放湿时长影响最大。

双层壁涡轮叶片短径扇形气膜孔冷却性能数值研究

针对高冷效双层壁涡轮叶片表面应用短径扇形孔设计准则及强化气膜冷却,机理依旧不明的现状,本文利用流固弱耦合数值模拟技术研究了典型7-7-7和11-11-11扇形气膜孔应用于双层壁涡轮叶片设计的冷却特性。在宽范围吹风比下(0.6~2.4),比较了三种扇形气膜孔布置方案,包含叶片两侧同构布局7-7-7孔(简称SH1布局)和11-11-11孔(简称SH2布局)及新提出的异构布局(简称SH3布局),并以常规圆形孔作为比较依据。通过数值结果对比指出:在双层壁表面应用扇形孔代替圆形孔,最低可提升吸力面综合冷却效率17%,压力面7%。然而,扇形孔也会诱导两侧冷却性能差异扩大的现象。应用两侧孔型异构布局,要求在压力侧布置相较于吸力侧各向扩张角更大的扇形孔,可以有效改善叶片内部的流量配置,从而在提升综合冷却效率的基础上兼顾两侧温差缩小。在高吹风比条件下,上述异构诱发的冷却优势更为显著。但相对吸力侧、压力侧对扇形孔型结构参数的敏感性更大。因此,压力侧的异型孔气膜冷却挑战性更大。

寒冷地区热湿耦合下墙体热桥的模拟研究

在寒冷地区气候条件下,通过COMSOL Multiphysics模拟软件建立热湿耦合模型,对钢筋混凝土柱红砖砌体墙所形成柱墙角热桥进行模拟研究。结果表明,湿传递的作用比只有传热作用的墙体内表面温度低,在实际工况下不能忽略湿传递对建筑材料导热系数的影响。由于热桥的影响使围护结构的热通量增加19.6%,热桥的影响区域为距离最不利点0.4 m左右,在相同保温板厚度时,外保温比内保温墙体内表面温度高,保温效果更好。随着保温板厚度的增加,墙体内表温度升高,墙体内表面热通量降低。为了降低冬季房间供暖能耗,可以通过对热桥外保温来解决墙体结露现象。

免拆模板-混凝土复合墙体早龄期热湿耦合传递特性研究

以免拆模板-混凝土复合墙体为研究对象,考虑早龄期混凝土水化反应的影响,以毛细压力和温度为驱动势,构建多层墙体一维瞬态热湿耦合传递模型,利用COMSOL Multiphysics模拟研究该复合墙体在早龄期的热湿传递过程。结果表明:水化反应对复合墙体早龄期热湿特性有重要影响,忽略水化反应会低估复合墙体的温度、高估其湿度。考虑水化反应时,复合墙体中混凝土在前期温升较大、湿度降幅较大。与忽略水化反应的情况相比,前期混凝土含湿量梯度更小、梯度范围更大。与忽略水化反应相比,免拆模板在水化反应早期温度、湿度波动较大。免拆模板具有一定保温隔热和湿缓冲能力。

建筑多孔围护结构热湿耦合迁移研究进展

建筑多孔围护结构的热湿耦合迁移会严重影响建筑室内环境、建筑能耗以及建筑结构,而建筑热桥往往是发生湿迁移和湿积累最严重的部位。与建筑主墙体相比,热桥受多维效应的影响,热湿耦合迁移更加复杂。为探究建筑中不同部位的热湿耦合迁移,从而精准计算建筑热损失,首先分别从一维平壁墙体和多维热桥两个角度阐述了多孔围护结构热湿耦合迁移的研究进展,然后分析了多孔围护结构热湿耦合迁移对建筑的作用。多孔围护结构尤其是其中的热桥等复杂建筑节点处的热湿耦合迁移对建筑室内环境、建筑能耗及建筑结构有着重要影响,热湿耦合迁移模型、热湿耦合迁移实验等相关研究也亟待深入开展。

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global warming. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for(Coup Model) the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the Coup Model for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination(R2) is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0–20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water exchanges between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thawing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeper and permafrost degradation.

地下建筑热湿行为模拟研究:模型、计算工具和边界条件

多孔建筑材料热湿耦合模拟已被广泛应用于建筑模拟。地下建筑随着城市土地的稀缺而愈发受到关注的同时,相关的湿热研究却很少被关注,主要是因为地下建筑内部复杂的湿热负荷和模拟中的大面积土壤。为准确预测和优化地下建筑的湿热性能,指导地下建筑相关的湿热模拟,通过范围界定论文综述的方法,介绍了热湿传递的理论方法,并从数值模型、计算工具以及边界条件的角度,总结了现阶段地下建筑热湿模拟中的成果和不足。结果表明:地下建筑热湿模拟的挑战在于土壤成分和水分的不确定性、土壤表面的雨水沉淀和水分迁移以及较大土壤域带来的巨大计算成本。两步法虽然简化了模拟,但不足以用于热湿模拟,需要确定一种公认的程序、方法来直接确定地下建筑外边界条件以降低模拟复杂性。

基于广义有限差分法的多孔介质墙体热湿耦合迁移模型求解

针对多孔介质墙体的热湿耦合迁移控制方程的求解问题,提出了一种基于广义有限差分法的新型无网格区域法数值模型。该模型在空间域上采用广义有限差分法离散,在时间域上采用隐式欧拉法离散,得到递归形式的线性方程组并用Matlab软件进行程序编写和运算。将计算结果与采用解析解、有限差分法、TDMA法和实验的结果进行比较,验证解法的准确性。分析了区域总点数、子区域选点数以及时间步长对数值计算精度的影响,结果表明该数值方法在求解热湿耦合迁移微分方程上具有良好的稳定性。

局地气候下不同初始水分稻谷静态储藏的模拟研究

为保证稻谷在储藏期间的品质,对粮堆在不同初始湿基水分条件下静态储藏过程进行研究具有重要意义。基于局部热平衡以及多孔介质热湿耦合理论,建立了仓储稻谷在静态储存条件下粮堆内部传热传质数学模型,通过有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics模拟了秋冬季和春夏季两个时间段内初始湿基水分为14%、16%、19%条件下中试圆筒粮仓(高度为6 m、直径为3 m)在静态储粮时热湿耦合迁移过程。研究结果表明:对于长时间储藏的粮堆,外界温度以及稻谷自身呼吸对粮堆的热湿传递影响具有累积作用,能对粮堆内部的热湿传递产生持续效应;而外界温度对粮堆温度的影响与粮堆的初始湿基水分又有着有很大关系,初始湿基水分为19%的粮堆在储藏期间温湿度均较高,该工况下稻谷活性相对较大,呼吸散热散湿量多,粮堆始终处于高温高湿的危险储粮状态。在初始湿基水分较高工况下储粮易造成稻谷霉变等变化,进而降低稻谷品质。

基于多尺度的稻谷干燥热湿耦合传递的数值研究

为保证稻谷在储藏时的品质,收获后的稻谷通常需要干燥到一定水分后储藏,研究稻谷干燥过程的热湿传递规律具有重要意义。目前稻谷干燥过程中热湿传递的分析大多基于连续介质假说和局部热湿平衡原理而进行的,这种方法的局限性在于很难获得粮堆干燥过程中粮粒内部的热湿迁移规律。研究基于稻谷粮堆孔隙尺度和粮粒尺度,采用局部非平衡热湿传递模型,模拟分析了在对流干燥条件下稻谷单颗粒以及颗粒群的热湿传递规律。研究结果表明,该模拟值与文献中干燥实验数据相对误差(RE)小于6.50%,平均相对偏差(MRD)小于4.00%,得出该模型具有一定的准确性;与基于局部热湿平衡多孔介质热湿耦合研究方法所得的稻谷颗粒群温度和水分传递结果进行对比,建立的模型更能准确体现出谷物颗粒在通风干燥时内部的热湿迁移规律,该模型能预测不同尺度下稻谷颗粒的温度和水分分布。

受损围护结构HAM耦合传递模型研究

提出了一种针对含裂隙围护结构的HAM耦合传递模型的建模方法,认为空气传递是一个稳态过程,并忽略围护结构裂缝内空气传递的体积力项和空气中的水分相变产生的热量变化,通过立方定律、达西定律分析计算得出裂隙内部的空气渗透率,通过图像处理提取裂隙几何模型还原裂缝的真实形态。使用COMSOL Multiphysic自定义PDE模块进行计算,得出的模拟结果与其他案例以及实验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性,通过模型与试验对比验证发现,实验与模拟结果的温度最大误差为8.1%,最大差值为2.8℃;相对湿度的最大误差为4.6%,最大差值为3.1%。在压差极小的情况下,含裂缝的多孔介质各个区域的平均压力比无裂缝的多孔介质高0.5 Pa左右。

能源连续墙运行期热湿耦合传递数值模拟研究

目前国内外针对能源连续墙的研究主要集中在其热性能和力学行为,然而,埋管换热器置于连续墙内将会对墙体及建筑内部空气带来影响,关于其运行期的热湿耦合传递过程的研究尚缺乏。分析了能源连续墙内部由于埋管换热器传热过程引起的热湿耦合迁移过程,重点研究室内侧壁面的温湿度变化以及通过壁面的显热,潜热热流密度和湿通量。根据埋管换热器不同运行工况:夏季放热、冬季吸热,对比分析了能源连续墙在不同取/放热强度下温度场和湿度场的变化及差异。研究结果表明:在冬夏两季时,能源连续墙运行造成的壁面显热热流密度达到最大水平。而湿通量分和潜热热流密度的最大通量值则发生在过渡季节。夏季埋管的换热功率增加时,壁面夏季显热热流密度和潜热热流密度均增大了。

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m^2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.