Coupled Modes of Rainfall over China and the Pacific Sea Surface Temperature in Boreal Summertime

In this study,monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and NOAA ERSST as well as observed precipitation data from 160 stations in China were used to investigate coupled modes affecting the rainfall over China and sea surface temperature （SST） in the Pacific during boreal summertime based on singular value decomposition （SVD） method.The SVD analysis revealed three remarkable coupled modes：rainfall over North China associated with an ENSO-like SST pattern （ENSO-NC）,rainfall over the Yangtze River valley associated with SST anomalies in the western tropical Pacific （WTP-YRV）,and rainfall over the Yellow River loop valley associated with tropical Pacific meridional mode-like SST pattern （TPMM-YRLV）.These coupled SVD modes appear robust and closely correlated with the single field.Furthermore,the covariabilities among of the three coupled modes have different characteristics at the decadal time scale.In addition,the possible atmospheric teleconnections of the coupled rainfall and SST modes were discussed.For the ENSO-NC mode,anomalous low-pressure and high-pressure over the Asian continent induces moisture divergence over North China and reduces summer rainfall there.For the WTP-YRV mode,East Asia-Pacific teleconnection induces moisture convergence over the Yangtze River valley and enhances the summer rainfall there.The TPMM SST and the summer rainfall anomalies over the YRVL are linked by a circumglobal,wave-train-like,atmospheric teleconnection.

Monsoon-Ocean Coupled Modes in the South China Sea and Their Linkage with the Eastern Indian Ocean-Western Pacific Warm Pool

Monsoon-ocean coupled modes in the South China Sea （SCS） were investigated by a combined singular value decomposition （CSVD） analysis based on sea surface temperature （SST） and sea surface wind stress （SWS） fields from SODA （Simple Ocean Data Assimilation） data spanning the period of 1950-1999. The coupled fields achieved the maximum correlation when the SST lagged SWS by one month, indicating that the SCS coupled system mainly reflected the response of the SST to monsoon forcing. Three significant coupled modes were found in the SCS, accounting for more than 80% of the cumulative squared covariance fraction. The first three SST spatial patterns from CSVD were： （Ⅰ） the monopole pattern along the isobaths in the SCS central basin; （Ⅱ） the north-south dipole pattern; and （Ⅲ） the west-east seesaw pattern. The expansion coefficient of the SST leading mode showed interdecadal and interannual variability and correlation with the Indo-Pacific warm pool （IPWP）, suggesting that the SCS belongs to part of the IPWP at interannual and interdecadal time scales. The second mode had a lower correlation coefficient with the warm pool index because its main period was at intra-annual time scales instead of the interannual and interdecadal scales with the warm pools. The third mode had similar periods to those of the leading mode, but lagged the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool （EIWP） and western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） by five months and one year respectively, implying that the SCS response to the warm pool variation occurred from the western Pacific to the eastern Indian Ocean, which might have been related to the variation of Indonesian throughflow. All three modes in the SCS had more significant correlations with the EIWP, which means the SCS SST varied much more coherently with the EIWP than the WPWP, suggesting that the SCS belongs mostly to part of the EIWP. The expansion coefficients of the SCS SST modes all had negative correlations with the Nino3 index, which they lag by several months, indicating a remote response of SCS SST variability to the El Nifio events.

Nonlinear modes coupling of trapped spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

We study analytically and numerically the nonlinear collective dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in harmonic potential.The ground state of the system is determined by minimizing the Lagrange density,and the coupled equations of motions for the center-of-mass coordinate of the condensate and its width are derived.Then,two low energy excitation modes in breathing dynamics and dipole dynamics are obtained analytically,and the mechanism of exciting the anharmonic collective dynamics is revealed explicitly.The coupling among spin-orbit coupling,Raman coupling and spin-dependent interaction results in multiple external collective modes,which leads to the anharmonic collective dynamics.The cooperative effect of spin momentum locking and spin-dependent interaction results in coupling of dipolar and breathing dynamics,which strongly depends on spin-dependent interaction and behaves distinct characters in different phases.Interestingly,in the absence of spin-dependent interaction,the breathing dynamics is decoupled from spin dynamics and the breathing dynamics is harmonic.Our results provide theoretical evidence for deep understanding of the ground sate phase transition and the nonlinear collective dynamics of the system.

Mode coupling with Fabry-Perot modes in photonic crystal slabs

Fabry–Perot(FP)modes are a class of fundamental resonances in photonic crystal(PhC)slabs.Owing to their low quality factors,FP modes are frequently considered as background fields with their resonance nature being neglected.Nevertheless,FP modes can play important roles in some phenomena,as exemplified by their coupling with guided resonance(GR)modes to achieve bound states in the continuum(BIC).Here,we further demonstrate the genuine resonance mode capability of FP modes PhC slabs.Firstly,we utilize temporal coupled-mode theory to obtain the transmittance of a PhC slab based on the FP modes.Secondly,we construct exceptional points(EPs)in both momentum and parameter spaces through the coupling of FP and GR modes.Furthermore,we identify a Fermi arc connecting two EPs and discuss the far-field polarization topology.This work elucidates that the widespread FPs in PhC slabs can serve as genuine resonant modes,facilitating the realization of desired functionalities through mode coupling.

Comparison of heating mechanisms of argon helicon plasma in different wave modes with and without blue core

In this work,we investigated the discharge characteristics and heating mechanisms of argon helicon plasma in different wave coupled modes with and without blue core.Spatially resolved spectroscopy and emission intensity of argon atom and ion lines were measured via local optical emission spectroscopy,and electron density was measured experimentally by an RFcompensated Langmuir probe.The relation between the emission intensity and the electron density was obtained and the wavenumbers of helicon and’Trivelpiece-Gould’(TG)waves were calculated by solving the dispersion relation in wave modes.The results show that at least two distinct wave coupled modes appear in argon helicon plasma at increasing RF power,i.e.blue core(or BC)mode with a significant bright core of blue lights and a normal wave(NW)mode without blue core.The emission intensity of atom line 750.5 nm(lArⅠ750.5nm)is related to the electron density and tends to be saturated in wave coupled modes due to the neutral depletion,while the intensity of ion line 480.6 nm(IArⅡ480.6nm)is a function of the electron density and temperature,and increases dramatically as the RF power is increased.Theoretical analysis shows that TG waves are strongly damped at the plasma edge in NW and/or BC modes,while helicon waves are the dominant mechanism of power deposition or central heating of electrons in both modes.The formation of BC column mainly depends on the enhanced central electron heating by helicon waves rather than TG waves since the excitation of TG waves would be suppressed in this special anti-resonance region.

Adjacent mode resonance of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of parallel pipes coupled at middle points

The coupling vibration of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of two pipes is studied.The pipes are installed in parallel and fixed at their ends,and are restrained by clips to one bracket at their middle points.The pipe subjected to the basement excitation at the left end is named as the active pipe,while the pipe without excitation is called the passive pipe.The clips between the two pipes are the bridge for the vibration energy.The adjacent natural frequencies will enhance the vibration coupling.The governing equation of the coupled system is deduced by the generalized Hamilton principle,and is discretized to the modal space.The modal correction is used during the discretization.The investigation on the natural characters indicates that the adjacent natural frequencies can be adjusted by the stiffness of the two clips and bracket.The harmonic balance method(HBM)is used to study the responses in the adjacent natural frequency region.The results show that the vibration energy transmits from the active pipe to the passive pipe swimmingly via the clips together with a flexible bracket,while the locations of them are not node points.The adjacent natural frequencies may arouse wide resonance curves with two peaks for both pipes.The stiffness of the clip and bracket can release the vibration coupling.It is suggested that the stiffness of the clip on the passive pipe should be weak and the bracket should be strong enough.In this way,the vibration energy is reflected by the almost rigid bracket,and is hard to transfer to the passive pipe via a soft clip.The best choice is to set the clips at the pipe node points.The current work gives some suggestions for weakening the coupled vibration during the dynamic design of a coupled hydraulic pipe system.

Coupled Perturbed Modes over Sloping Penetrable Bottom

In environments with water depth variations, one-way modal solutions involve mode coupling. Higham and Tindle developed an accurate and fast approach using perturbation theory to locally determine the change in mode functions at steps. The method of Higham and Tindle is limited to low frequency （≤250 Hz）. We extend the coupled perturbation method, thus it can be applied to higher frequencies. The approach is described and some examples are given.

An Improved Coupled Dynamic Modelling for Exploring Gearbox Vibrations Considering Local Defects

Gearbox is a key part in machinery,in which gear,shaft and bearing operate together to transmit motion and power.The wide usage and high failure rate of gearbox make it attract much attention on its health monitoring and fault diagnosis.Dynamic modelling can study the mechanism under different faults and provide theoretical foundation for fault detection.However,current commonly used gear dynamic model usually neglects the influence of bearing and shaft,resulting in incomplete understanding of gearbox fault diagnosis especially under the effect of local defects on gear and shaft.To address this problem,an improved gear-shaft-bearing-housing dynamic model is proposed to reveal the vibration mechanism and responses considering shaft whirling and gear local defects.Firstly,an eighteen degree-of-freedom gearbox dynamic model is proposed,taking into account the interaction among gear,bearing and shaft.Secondly,the dynamic model is iteratively solved.Then,vibration responses are expounded and analysed considering gear spalling and shaft crack.Numerical results show that the gear mesh frequency and its harmonics have higher amplitude through the spectrum.Vibration RMS and the shaft rotating frequency increase with the spalling size and shaft crack angle in general.An experiment is designed to verify the rationality of the proposed gearbox model.Lastly,comprehensive analysis under different spalling size and shaft crack angle are analysed.Results show that when spalling size and crack angle are larger,RMS and the amplitude of shaft rotating frequency will not increase linearly.The dynamic model can accurately simulate the vibration of gear transmission system,which is helpful for gearbox fault diagnosis.

Studies of Variational Assimilation for the Inversion of the Coupled Air-sea Model

For the prediction of ENSO, the accuracy of the model including the parameters, initial value and others of the model is important, which can be retrieved by the variational data assimilation methods developed in recent years. However, when the nonlinearity of the model is quite strong, the effect of the improvement made by the 4-D variational data assimilation may be poor due to the bad approximation of the tangent linear model to the original model. So in the paper the ideas in the optimal control is introduced to improve the effect of 4-DVAR in the inversion of the parameters of a nonlinear dynamic ENSO model. The results indicate that when the terminal controlling term is added to the cost functional of 4DVAR, which originated from the optimal control, the effect of the inversion may be largely improved comparing to the traditional 4DVAR, as can be especially obvious from the phase orbit of the model variables. The results in the paper also suggest that the method of 4DVAR in combination with optimal control cannot only reduce the error resulting from the inaccuracy of the model parameters but also can correct the parameters itself. This gives a good method in modifying the model and improving the quality of prediction of ENSO.

Effect of toroidal mode coupling on explosive dynamics of m/n=3/1 double tearing mode

The CLT code was used to quantitatively study the impact of toroidal mode coupling on the explosive dynamics of the m/n=3/1 double tearing mode.The focus of this study was on explosive reconnection processes,in which the energy bursts and the main mode no longer dominates when the separation between two rational surfaces is relatively large in the medium range.The development of higher m and n modes is facilitated by a relatively large separation between two rational surfaces,a small q_(min)(the minimum value of the safety factor),or low resistivity.The relationships between the higher m and n mode development,explosive reconnection rate,and position exchange of 3/1 islands are summarized for the first time.Separation plays a more important role than q_(min)in enhancing the development of higher m and n modes.At a relatively large separation,the good development of higher m and n modes greatly reduces the reconnection rate and suppresses the development of the main mode,resulting in the main mode not being able to develop sufficiently large to generate the position changes of 3/1 islands.

THE COUPLED MODE BETWEEN THE KUROSHIO REGION MARINE HEATING ANOMALY AND THE NORTH PACIFIC ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN WINTERTIME

Using monthly reanalysis data of the National Center for Environmental Research/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) and Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Flux(OAFlux) gathered during the winter,singular vector decomposition(SVD) analysis was conducted to reveal the coupled mode between the Kuroshio marine heating anomaly and the geopotential height at 500 hPa(Z500) over the North Pacific.The first SVD mode showed that when the northern Kuroshio marine heating anomaly was positive,the Z500 in the central and western sections of the North Pacific was anomalously low.By composing the meteorological field anomalies in the positive(or negative) years,it has been revealed that while the Aleutian Low deepens(or shallows),the northwesterly wind overlying the Kuroshio strengthens(or weakens) and induces the near-surface air to be cool(or warm).Furthermore,this increases(or decreases) the upward heat flux anomaly and cools(or warms) the sea surface temperature(SST) accordingly.In the vicinity of Kuroshio and its downstream region,the vertical structure of the air temperature along the latitude is baroclinic;however,the geopotential height is equivalently barotropic,which presents a cool trough(or warm ridge) spatial structure.The divergent wind and vertical velocities are introduced to show the anomalous zonal circulation cell.These are characterized by the rising(or descending) air in the central North Pacific,which flows westward and eastward toward the upper troposphere,descends(or rises) in the Kuroshio and in the western section of North America,and then strengthens(or weakens) the mid-latitude zonal cell(MZC).

Effects of high modes on the wind-induced response of super high-rise buildings

For super high-rise buildings, the vibration period of the basic mode is several seconds, and it is very close to the period of the fluctuating wind. The damping of super high-rise buildings is low, so super high-rise buildings are very sensitive to fluctuating wind. The wind load is one of the key loads in the design of super high-rise buildings. It is known that only the basic mode is needed in the wind-response analysis of tall buildings. However, for super high-rise buildings, especially for the acceleration response, because of the frequency amplification of the high modes, the high modes and the mode coupling may need to be considered. Three typical super high-rise projects with the SMPSS in wind tunnel tests and the random vibration theory method were used to analyze the effect of high modes on the wind-induced response. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. First, for the displacement response, the basic mode is dominant, and the high modes can be neglected. Second, for the acceleration response, the high modes and the mode coupling should be considered. Lastly, the strain energy of modes can only give the vibration energy distribution of the high-rise building, and it cannot describe the local wind-induced vibration of high-rise buildings, especially for the top acceleration response.

Mechanisms of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)Variability in a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM

The mechanisms involved in the variability of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation （AMOC） are studied using a 2000-yr control simulation of the coupled Fast Ocean-Atmosphere Model （FOAM）.This study identifies a coupled mode between SST and surface heat flux in the North Atlantic at the decadal timescale,as well as a forcing mode of surface heat flux at the interannual timescale.The coupled mode is regulated by AMOC through meridional heat transport.The increase in surface heating in the North Atlantic weakens the AMOC approximately 10 yr later,and the weakened AMOC in turn decreases SST and sea surface salinity.The decreased SST results in an increase in surface heating in the North Atlantic,thus forming a positive feedback loop.Meanwhile,the weakened AMOC weakens northward heat transport and therefore lowers subsurface temperature approximately 19 yr later,which prevents the AMOC from weakening.In the forcing mode,the surface heat flux leads AMOC by approximately 4 yr.

SINGULAR ANALYSIS OF BIFURCATION OF NONLINEAR NORMAL MODES FOR A CLASS OF SYSTEMS WITH DUAL INTERNAL RESONANCES

The nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) associated with integrnal resonance can be classified into two kinds: uncoupled and coupled. The bifurcation problem of the coupled NNM of system with 1 : 2 : 5 dual internal resonance is in two variables. The singular analysis of it is presented after separating the two variables by taking advantage of Maple algebra, and some new bifurcation patterns are found. Different from the NNMs of systems with single internal resonance, the number of the NNMs of systems with dual internal resonance may be more or less than the number of the degrees of freedom. At last, it is pointed out that bifurcation problems in two variables can be conveniently solved by separating variables as well as using coupling equations.

An Efficient Three-Dimensional Coupled Normal Mode Model and Its Application to Internal Solitary Wave Problems

We present an efficient three-dimensional coupled-mode model based on the Fourier synthesis technique. In principle, this model is a one-way model, and hence provides satisfactory accuracy for problems where the forward scattering dominates. At the same time, this model provides an efficiency gain of an order of magnitude or more over two-way coupled-mode models. This model can be applied to three-dimensional range-dependent problems with a slowly varying bathymetry or internal waves. A numerical example of the latter is demonstrated in this work. Comparisons of both accuracy and efficiency between the present model and a benchmark model are also provided.

Coupling of Cutoff Modes in a Chain of Nonlinear Metallic Nanorods

We study the coupling of cutoff modes in a chain of metallic nanorods embedded in a Kerr nonlinear optical medium with strong near-field interactions analytically. Based on a quasidiscreteness approach, we derive a system of two coupled nonlinear Schrbdinger equations governing the evolution of the envelopes of these modes. It is shown that this system supports a variety of subwavelength plasmonic lattice vector solitons of the bright- bright, bright-dark, dark-bright, and dark-dark type through a cross-phase modulation. It is also shown that the existence of different solitons depends strongly on the gap width scaled for the rod radius and the type of nonlinearity of the embedded medium.

Researching in Execution Modes for Concurrent Active Rules

It is known as Coupling Modes that how the rule in active database system is triggered to ex-ecute by rule monitor when some special events occurs. In general, the Coupling Modes may be divided into immediate, deferred and detached modes in active database systems. This paper clas-sifies the coupling modes into syn-coupling and asyn-coupling modes, according to the key issue, synchrony/asynchrony, in parallel programming language. Rule execution semantics for various coupling modes is distinctly defined. It is beneficial to implementation and usage of the active rule system. After graph-based rule system (E-RG) and its execution modei, which have been re-searched in their previous works, are chiefly described, the authors show the various strategies to construct the syn-coupling and asyn-coupling modes in E-RG rule system, based on semantics for coupling modes.

Nonlinear excitation of a geodesic acoustic mode by reversed shear Alfvén eignemodes

The parametric decay process of a reversed shear Alfvén eigenmeode(RSAE)into a geodesic acoustic mode and a kinetic RSAE is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory.The excitation conditions mainly require the pump RSAE amplitude to exceed a certain threshold,which could be readily satisfied in burning plasmas operated in steady-state advanced scenario.This decay process can contribute to thermal plasma heating and confinement improvement.

Complete leaky mode coupling in dual-core photonic crystal fibre based on the coupled-mode theory

This paper theoretically investigates the dependence of leaky mode coupling between inner core fundamental mode and outer core defect mode on phase and loss matching in pure silica dual-core photonic crystal fibres with the multi-pole method. The complete mode coupling can take place when both the phase and loss matching conditions are satisfied at the avoided anti-crossing wavelength. It shows the influences of cladding structure parameters including the diameters of cladding air holes d1, diameters of outer core holes d2 and hole to hole pitch A on the characteristics of leaky modes coupling. The coupled-mode theory is used to analyse the mode transition characteristics and the complete coupling can be clearly indicated by comparing the real and imaginary parts of propagation constant of the leaky modes.

Research on the Low-carbon-high-value Agriculture Technology in the Comprehensive Improvement of Intra-county Environment Pollution——Taking the Development of Cultivation and Breeding Industry in the Ecological Cyclic Agricultural Garden in Shaoshan Irri

The comprehensive improvement strategy of intra-county environment pollution in the city and countryside was searched.By the research method which combined the microscopic view,the macroscopic view with the dynamic perspective,the seriousness of rural water quality,soil and atmospheric pollution in Xiangxiang,Xiangtan and the surrounding areas in Shaoshan irrigated area was revealed.The control measure which was 'four-dimensional pollution in the city and countryside'—— low-carbon-high-value agriculture and the technology innovation was proposed.The low-carbon-high-value technology innovation industrialization demonstration in three parts which included the pre-production,mid-production and post-production deep-processing of cultivation and breeding industry in the ecological cyclic agricultural garden in Shaoshan irrigated area was the driving force.We tried to propel the low-carbon ecological cultivation and breeding industry which included the paddy rice,grass,tree,medicinal herbs and pig,cow,chick,duck,fish.We wanted to relieve the structural unbalance of previous cultivation and breeding industry,'cheap grain hurting the farmers' and the short-leg problem of social-economic-ecological benefit.The results showed that the low-carbon-high-value agricultural system was a poly-generation technology system which promoted the multi-level and grading utilization,saved the energy,reduced the consumption and cleaned the production based on the ecology.