Study of hydro-mechanical behaviours of rough rock fracture with shear dilatancy and asperities using shear-flow model

The geometric properties of fracture surfaces significantly influence shear-seepage in rock fractures,introducing complexities to fracture modelling.The present study focuses on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rough rock fractures during shear-seepage processes to reveal how dilatancy and fracture asperities affect these phenomena.To achieve this,an improved shear-flow model(SFM)is proposed with the incorporation of dilatancy effect and asperities.In particular,shear dilatancy is accounted for in both the elastic and plastic stages,in contrast to some existing models that only consider it in the elastic stage.Depending on the computation approaches for the peak dilatancy angle,three different versions of the SFM are derived based on Mohr-Coulomb,joint roughness coefficient-joint compressive strength(JRC-JCS),and Grasselli’s theories.Notably,this is a new attempt that utilizes Grasselli’s model in shearseepage analysis.An advanced parameter optimization method is introduced to accurately determine model parameters,addressing the issue of local optima inherent in some conventional methods.Then,model performance is evaluated against existing experimental results.The findings demonstrate that the SFM effectively reproduces the shear-seepage characteristics of rock fracture across a wide range of stress levels.Further sensitivity analysis reveals how dilatancy and asperity affect hydraulic properties.The relation between hydro-mechanical properties(dilatancy displacement and hydraulic conductivity)and asperity parameters is analysed.Several profound understandings of the shear-seepage process are obtained by exploring the phenomenon under various conditions.

Groundwater flow through fractured rocks and seepage control in geotechnical engineering: Theories and practices

Groundwater flow through fractured rocks has been recognized as an important issue in many geotechnical engineering practices.Several key aspects of fundamental mechanisms,numerical modeling and engineering applications of flow in fractured rocks are discussed.First,the microscopic mechanisms of fluid flow in fractured rocks,especially under the complex conditions of non-Darcian flow,multiphase flow,rock dissolution,and particle transport,have been revealed through a com-bined effort of visualized experiments and theoretical analysis.Then,laboratory and field methods of characterizing hydraulic properties(e.g.intrinsic permeability,inertial permeability,and unsaturated flow parameters)of fractured rocks in different flow regimes have been proposed.Subsequently,high-performance numerical simulation approaches for large-scale modeling of groundwater flow in frac-tured rocks and aquifers have been developed.Numerical procedures for optimization design of seepage control systems in various settings have also been proposed.Mechanisms of coupled hydro-mechanical processes and control of flow-induced deformation have been discussed.Finally,three case studies are presented to illustrate the applications of the improved theoretical understanding,characterization methods,modeling approaches,and seepage and deformation control strategies to geotechnical engi-neering projects.

SIMULATION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING A COUPLING MODEL BASED ON FINITE VOLUME METHOD IN FRACTURED ROCKS

The discrete version of solute transport equation for porous matrix depicted with the continuum model and the discrete fractured-network model are derived for fractured rocks with the Finite Volume Method （FVM）. The two models are coupled according to the continuity condition of hydraulic head and concentration and the conservation of flow flux and mass flux in the contact plane between porous matrix and fractures. Numerical results show that the simulated concentration of the coupling model based on the FVM agrees well with that from analytical solution, which demonstrates that the coupling model can effectively be applied to the simulation of solute transport in fractured rocks.

Thermo-mechanical coupled particle model for rock

A thermo-mechanical coupled particle model for simulation of thermally-induced rock damage based on the particle simulation method was proposed.The simulation results of three verification examples,for which the analytical solutions are available,demonstrate the correctness and usefulness of the thermo-mechanical coupled particle model.This model is applied to simulating an application example with two cases：one is temperature-independent elastic modulus and strength,while the other is temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength.The related simulation results demonstrate that microscopic crack initiation and propagation process with consideration of temperature-independent and temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength are different and therefore,the corresponding macroscopic failure patterns of rock are also different.On the contrary,considering the temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength has no or little effect on the heating conduction behavior.Numerical results,which are obtained by using the proposed model with temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength,agree well with the experimental results.This also reveals that the rock subjected to heating experiences much more cracking than the rock subjected to cooling.

Theory and application of rock burst prevention using deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing

In order to analyze the mechanism of deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing, nonlinear dynamic theory, damage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics are used, and the law of crack propagation and stress transfer under two deep hole hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas is studied using seepage-stress coupling models with RFPA simulation software. In addition, the effects of rock burst control are tested using multiple methods, either in the stress field or in the energy field. The research findings show that with two deep holes hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas, the direction of the main crack propagation under shear-tensile stress is parallel to the greatest principal stress direction. High-pressure hydraulic fracturing water seepage can result in the destruction of the coal structure, while also weakening the physical and mechanical properties of coal and rock. Therefore the impact of high stress concentration in hazardous areas will level off, which has an effect on rock burst prevention and control in the region.

COUPLING DISTINCT AND CONTINUOUS MEDIUM MODEL FOR FLOW ANALYSIS IN A FRACTURED ROCK MASS AND ITS APPLICATION

Method for analyzing a three-dimensional ground water flow in fractured rock mass was presented, in which flow in dominant fracture system was described by a distinct medium model, while flow in network fracture system plus rock matrices was described by a continuous medium model. Two models were coupled by using hydraulic head and flux. The method can be applied to a large sized domain. In addition, a method by using network geometry data to calculate its equivalent porous permeability was also discussed. The results of a theoretical calculation show that the coupled method can effectively analyze ground water flow in fractured rock mass.

水力耦合裂隙岩体变形破坏机制研究进展

为深入了解水力耦合作用下裂隙岩体变形破坏机制,正确评价岩体工程的安全性和稳定性,通过收集整理国内外文献,系统综述了水力耦合完整岩体和裂隙岩体变形破坏方面研究的进展与成果.简述了水力耦合下完整岩体和裂隙岩体的力学特性,侧重总结了水力耦合单一裂隙岩体渗流公式,包括流量与隙宽指数n之间关系、渗透(导水)系数与正应力之间关系以及渗透特性与剪应力之间关系的数学公式.重点分析了水力耦合裂隙岩体变形破坏机制的最新研究进展,介绍了声发射(AE)、超声波(UT)、偏光显微镜(PM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及计算机断层摄影(CT)等先进的辅助试验技术在变形破坏分析中的应用.归纳了数学耦合模型、数值分析方法的优缺点及适用条件.最后,指出了当前水力耦合裂隙岩体研究中存在的一些问题,提出了一些指导性意见,并从几方面展望了未来的发展趋势,即机理研究从宏细观转向微观、数值模拟从粗糙转向精细、工程应用从水力耦合转向多场耦合.

岩石水压致裂过程的耦合分析

岩石的水压致裂过程是典型的渗流与应力耦合作用的破坏过程。在经典Biot渗流力学基本方程的基础上,基于弹性损伤理论,建立了岩石损伤演化过程的渗流-应力耦合模型,运用岩石损伤破裂过程渗流-应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA^(2D) ,对水压致裂过程中裂纹的萌生、扩展、渗透率演化规律及渗流-应力耦合机制进行模拟分析,初步揭示了岩石水压致裂过程的失稳力学行为。

裂隙岩体流-热耦合传热的三维数值模拟分析

通过对潘西煤矿水文地质条件的分析,基于裂隙岩体的流-热耦合数学模型,描述了裂隙岩体渗流场分布和水流及岩体的温度场分布,并结合边界条件及计算参数对裂隙岩体的流-热耦合传热进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟结果表明,岩体内裂隙水流所引发的热量迁移,对裂隙岩体的温度场分布有重要影响。断裂带及地下水流的存在改变了岩体的原有温度场分布。在渗流初期,温度梯度矢量沿渗流方向向两侧岩体方向流动,由于两侧岩体的渗透性系数低于断裂带处的渗透性系数,右侧等温线及温度梯度矢量方向逐渐向渗流方向移动,改变了两侧岩体的温度场分布。通过对断裂带内裂隙水流渗透性系数的折减,分析渗透性系数发生变化时对岩体温度场分布的影响,渗透性系数越大,伴随的热量迁移增大,对岩体的温度场分布的影响也越大。

沉积盆地异常超压与岩石破裂耦合动力学模型综述

在回顾沉积盆地异常超压成因机制模型基础之上，讨论了构筑其模型的基本要素：封盖（层）的渗透率和化学增压的耦合，并通过动力学分析给出了异常超压与岩石破裂的耦合过程引起压力封存箱内破裂－泄压－愈合－增压作用的动力学状态判据。

重复压裂气井诱导应力场模拟研究

重复压裂是低渗透油气田开发中后期增产挖潜和稳产的重要技术措施。重复压裂新裂缝的重新定向分析是具有相当难度和应用价值的核心问题,也是制约重复压裂优化设计的关键。重复压裂产生的裂缝方向取决于地应力状态,因此,垂直裂缝气井重复压裂前储层中的应力分布,尤其是水平主应力方向控制着重复压裂裂缝的起裂方位和延伸方向。系统研究了垂直裂缝井重复压裂前应力场的分布特征及其影响重复压裂气井应力大小和方向变化的主要因素。应用弹性力学和流-固耦合等理论建立了重复压裂气井的诱导应力场的数学模型,开发了相应的计算模拟程序,实现了垂直裂缝气井重复压裂前应力场的定量分析与模拟。研究表明,垂直裂缝气井中初始水力裂缝产生的诱导应力和气井生产过程中孔隙压力变化产生的诱导应力能够改变气井周围的应力场分布,并导致气井中的应力场发生重新定向。新场气田的实际运用结果也表明,重复压裂气井中的初始应力差和生产时间是决定应力重新定向的关键因素。

块裂介质岩体变形与气体渗流的耦合数学模型及其应用

在详细论述岩体基质岩块与裂缝变形、气体渗流及相互作用物理机制的基础上 ,提出了块裂介质岩体变形与气体渗流的耦合数学模型及其数值解法 ,这是岩体介质固气耦合数学模型的重要发展 .以含裂缝煤层瓦斯抽放为例 ,通过数值分析 ,揭示了含裂缝煤层瓦斯在基质岩块和裂缝中运移、传递和交换 ,伴随的岩体裂缝和基质岩块变形和应力分布 ,及其对瓦斯气体运移的相互作用影响规律 .

裂隙岩体渗流模型研究现状与展望

裂隙岩体渗流对于边坡、地下工程及基础岩土体的承载能力有显著的制约作用。本文简要地介绍了多种裂隙岩体渗流模型研究现状,评述了几类比较有代表性的渗流模型特点以及存在的不足,为选取合理的数学模型用于求解具体的裂隙岩体渗流问题提供了参考依据,并在上述基础上提出了一些需要进一步研究的问题。指出就目前应用最为广泛的等效连续介质模型而言,裂隙岩体几何参数、有效孔隙度以及等效渗透张量的确定仍有待于更深入的研究,而从细观力学结构入手研究渗流耦合模型将具有重大的理论意义和实用价值。

基于细观结构表征的岩石破裂热-力耦合模型及应用

岩石热破裂的研究只有考虑各种矿物组分造成的岩石的非均匀性,才能更客观地反映岩石热破裂的本质。利用数字图像处理技术数字化表征岩石内部矿物颗粒的几何形态,充分考虑岩石真实的细观结构,结合细观损伤力学和热弹性理论,建立能更客观的分析岩石热-力耦合作用下破裂过程的数值模型。以花岗岩为例,运用数值模型研究花岗岩在温度和压缩荷载共同作用下的力学行为和破裂过程。研究结果表明,温度对岩石的力学性质和破裂演化过程影响显著,热破裂裂纹多发生在矿物颗粒边界处,并沿颗粒边界扩展,局部会形成闭合多边形,其热破裂演化过程与试验结果基本相符,从而验证了数值模型的合理性和有效性,该数值模型为细观尺度定量研究岩石热破裂提供一种新的方法。

水力压裂三维数学模型研究

根据渗流力学、岩石力学、传热学、断裂力学知识,建立了油水井三维水力压裂模拟计算的数学模型。模型考虑了压裂液的流变性、支撑剂在压裂缝中的运移、压裂液与储层岩石的热交换以及压裂过程中的流固耦合作用,给出了裂纹扩展和流固耦合计算的数值解法,通过算例验证了所提出数学模型的合理性。

渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下岩石单裂隙渗透特性研究

为揭示在渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下单裂隙渗透特性的变化规律,建立了描述二维渗流-化学溶解耦合作用的偏微分方程组,并利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件成功地求解该方程组。首先,模拟了文献[1]中的盐岩渗流-溶解耦合渗流试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,验证了数学模型的正确性和有效性。然后,利用分形理论生成了一个粗糙的裂隙面数字模型,着重分析了二维石灰岩粗糙裂隙面在水流、矿物溶解和输运过程中其渗透特性的变化规律。数值分析显示,(1)溶质浓度对裂隙面的溶解具有非常重要的作用,从而水流进口端的溶解厚度比出口端大得多。(2)裂隙的整体渗透性在初始时刻增加较慢,随着裂隙开度的增大和贯通,溶解速度会逐渐增大,是一个加速的过程。

裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合模型及其应用

从岩体结构力学和细观损伤力学的角度出发,根据裂隙发育与工程尺度的关系,建立合理且适用的裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合数学模型,该模型能真实反映渗流场与应力场耦合作用下裂隙岩体的损伤演化特性,并能模拟由于渗透压的存在和变化引起的拟连续岩体内翼形裂纹的开裂、扩展和贯通等损伤演化特性和高序次贯通裂隙的张开、闭合。建立考虑渗透压力的三维含水裂隙岩体弹塑性断裂损伤本构方程和损伤应力状态作用下流体渗流方程,给出该数学模型的求解策略与方法,开发裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合分析的的三维有限元计算程序DSDFC.for。该计算程序能模拟岩体分步开挖、应力和渗流边界的动态变化,对裂隙岸坡蓄水加载过程进行渗流–损伤–断裂耦合分析,发现水库蓄水后岸坡山体的竖向抬升,随水位上升岸坡破损区增大,断层塑性区向岸坡深部扩展,与裂隙渗流比较,拟连续岩体渗流滞后。

裂隙岩体渗流场与损伤场的耦合分析

通过引入渗透压力附加柔度张量的概念以及考虑渗透张量的演化行为,详细研究了裂隙岩体渗流与损伤变形的相互作用机理。在此基础上建立了基于两场耦合的裂隙岩体渗流损伤模型。工程算例结果表明,当存在地下流体流动时,渗流对岩体变形破坏以及损伤变形对岩体渗流场的影响是不可忽略的。

水力压裂动态造缝的有限元模拟

基于多孔介质流固耦合理论,建立了水力压裂动态造缝有限元模型,对不同裂缝形态的动态造缝进行了有限元模拟。研究结果表明:动态造缝会在井眼周围形成类似于椭圆形分布的致密带。对于楔形缝及椭圆缝来说,随着靠近裂缝尖端造缝宽度的增加,造缝影响区域有所扩大,但总体分布仍类似于椭圆形。在井眼周围5m以内区域,渗透率受动态造缝影响明显,且距井眼越近,渗透率变化越剧烈;在近井致密带内渗流速度明显降低,且造缝长度越小动态造缝对压裂井产能的影响相对越明显。动态造缝形成的致密带是降低压裂井产能的一个重要因素。

基于格构模型的岩石类材料开裂数值模拟

采用二维格构模型模拟岩石类材料的开裂过程。格构模型将连续介质离散为由弹性杆或梁单元组成的二维格构网格,单元采用简单的本构关系和破坏准则,单元之间的参数可互有差异,以引入材料的非均质性。在外载作用下对整体网格进行线弹性分析,计算出格构中各单元的局部应力,超过断裂阈值的单元将破坏,材料的破坏过程通过单元的依次破坏来模拟。使用格构模型分析了单轴拉伸破坏和单边切口梁的剪切破坏。数值模拟结果表明,格构模型可作为岩石、混凝土类材料开裂分析的一种有效方法。