A 2D Mathematical Model for Sediment Transport by Waves and Tidal Currents

In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.

Numerical simulation of sediment lifted by waves and transported by tidal currents

The analysis of the scabed processes of a muddy coast has been described in this paper. On the basisof the basic differential equation of tidal current and sediment movement influenced by waves, a numerical simulation system for sediment lifted by waves and transported by tidal currents and scabed processes has been established by using MADI method, and applied to the sea area of Tianjin Port with good results.

Wave-current interaction during Typhoon Nuri(2008)and Hagupit(2008):an application of the coupled ocean-wave modeling system in the northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the influence of wave-current interactions on storm surge, we used a coupled ocean-atmospherewave-sediment transport(COAWST) modeling system with radiation-stress and vortex-force formulations to simulate two typically intense tropical storms that invaded the SCS, namely Typhoons Nuri(2008) and Hagupit(2008), and compared results with observations from the Hong Kong Observatory. Both radiationstress and vortex-force formulations significantly improved the accuracy of the simulation. Depending on which typhoon and the topography encountered, the influence of surface waves on the oceanic circulation showed different characteristics, including the differences of range and intensity of storm surge between vortex-force and radiation-stress experiments. During typhoon landing, strong sea-surface elevation in concert with wave set-up/set-down caused the adjustment of the momentum balance. In the direction perpendicular to the current, but especially in the cross-shore direction, the pressure gradient and wave effects on the current dominated the momentum balance.

Effect of Distortion Ratio on Local Scour Under Tidal Currents and Waves

Five generalized physical models of different distortion ratios were built according to DOU Guo-ren's similarity theory of total sediment transport modeling for estuarine and coastal regions. Experiments on local scour in front of groins were made under the actions of tidal currents and waves with clear and sediment entraining water. The scour depths under different dynamic actions are compared. The effect of the distortion ratio on the depth of scour hole is discussed. A relationship between scour depths for distorted and undistorted models is given.

Computation of Wave, Tide and Wind Current for the South China Sea Under Tropical Cyclones

Based on the third-generation oceanic wave prediction model (WAVEWATCH (.) III) the third-generation nearshore wave calculation model (SWAN) and the mathematical tide, tidal current and cyclone current model, which have been improved, interconnected and expanded, a coupled model of offshore wave, tide and sea current under tropical cyclone surges in the South China Sea has been established. The coupled model is driven by the tropical cyclone field containing the background wind field. In order to test the hindcasting effect of the mathematical model, a comparison has been made between the calculated results and the observational results of waves of 15 cyclone cases, water levels and current velocities of the of 7 cyclones. The results of verification indicate that the calculated and observed results are basically identical.

The effect of Coriolis-Stokes forcing on upper ocean circulation in a two-way coupled wave-current model

We investigated the Stokes drift-driven ocean currents and Stokes drift-induced wind energy input into the upper ocean using a two-way coupled wave-current modeling system that consists of the Princeton Ocean Model generalized coordinate system (POMgcs), Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model, and the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT). The Coriolis-Stokes forcing (CSF) computed using the wave parameters from SWAN was incorporated with the momentum equation of POMgcs as the core coupling process. Experimental results in an idealized setting show that under the steady state, the scale of the speed of CSF-driven current was 0.001 m/s and the maximum reached 0.02 m/s. The Stokes drift-induced energy rate input into the model ocean was estimated to be 28.5 GW, taking 14% of the direct wind energy rate input. Considering the Stokes drift effects, the total mechanical energy rate input was increased by approximately 14%, which highlights the importance of CSF in modulating the upper ocean circulation. The actual run conducted in Taiwan Adjacent Sea (TAS) shows that: 1) CSF-based wave-current coupling has an impact on ocean surface currents, which is related to the activities of monsoon winds; 2) wave-current coupling plays a significant role in a place where strong eddies present and tends to intensify the eddy's vorticity; 3) wave-current coupling affects the volume transport of the Taiwan Strait (TS) throughflow in a nontrivial degree, 3.75% on average.

The summertime circulation of the Bohai Sea simulated from a high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model

The Bohai Sea is a shallow semi-enclosed inner sea with an average depth of 18 m and is located at the west of the northern Yellow Sea. The climatological circulation pattern in summer of the Bohai Sea is studied by using a wave-tide-circulation coupled model. The simulated temperature and the circulation agree with the observation well. The result shows that the circulation pattern of the Bohai Sea is jointly influenced by the tidal residual current, wind and baroclinic current. There exists an obvious density current along the temperature front from the west part of the Liaodong Bay to the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary. In the Liaodong Bay there exists a clockwise gyre in the area north to the 40°N. While in the area south to the 40°N the circulation shows a two-gyre structure, the flow from the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary to the Liaodong Bay splits into two branches in the area between 39°N and 40°N. The west branch turns into north-west and forms an anti-clockwise gyre with the south-westward density current off the west of the Liaodong Bay. The east branch turns to the east and forms a clockwise gyre with the flow along the east coast of the Liaodong Bay. The forming mechanism of the circulation is also discussed in this paper.

Simulation and analysis on seasonal variability of average salinity in the Yellow Sea

The CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) data collected by six China-Korea joint cruises during 1996-1998 and the climatological data suggest that the seasonal variability of average salinity in the Yellow Sea (Sa) presents a general sinusoid pattern. To study the mechanism of the variability, annual cycles of Sa were simulated and a theoretical analysis based on the governing equations was reported.Three main factors are responsible for the variability: the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the Changjiang (Yangtze) River diluted water (YRDW) and the evaporation minus precipitation (E-P). From December to the next May, the variability of Sa is mainly controlled by the salt transportation of the YSWC. But in early July,the YSWC is overtaken and replaced by the YRDW which then becomes the most important controller in summer. From late September to November, the E-P gradually took the lead. The mass exchange north of the37°N line is not significant.

On the role of wave breaking in ocean dynamics under typhoon Matsa in the Bohai Sea,China

The role of wave breaking(WB) in the ocean dynamics in the Bohai Sea,China under typhoon condition is systematically investigated utilizing a coupled wave-current model.The influences of WB on ocean dynamics and processes(mixing coefficient,temperature,mixed layer depth,and current) during the entire typhoon period(including the pre-typhoon,during-typhoon and after-typhoon stages) are comprehensively detected and discussed.Experimental results show that WB greatly enhances the turbulent mixing at about top 10 m depth under typhoon condition,the increase can be up to 10 times that of the normal weather.At the same time,WB generally strengthens the sea surface cooling by ~1.2°C at the during-typhoon stage,about 3 times that in normal weather.The mixed layer depth,is rapidly increased by ~1.6–3.6 m during typhoon due to WB,particularly,the deepening is stronger in the region from 120.5°E to 121.0°E on account of close to the typhoon eye.In addition,WB renders the current speed more uniformly within the entire depth in the Bohai Sea,the change in speed is ~0.2 m/s,whereas the alternation in current vector is generally opposite to the wind direction except for the typhoon eye region,reflecting that WB has an inhibitory effect on the typhoon-forced current change.The effects of WB on vertical mixing coefficient response to the typhoon rapidly,while the impacts of WB on temperature,and mixed layer depth present hysteretic responses to typhoon.Finally,the mechanisms and distribution characteristics of WB-induced mixing and tidal mixing are compared under typhoon condition.

钦州湾波流耦合作用泥沙输运特性研究

为定量评估钦州湾三墩公路东侧海域清淤对当地水动力环境以及泥沙输运特性的影响,基于平面二维数学模型开展波流耦合作用泥沙输运特性研究,在验证计算结果可信的条件下,探讨了工程海域疏浚对水流特性分布、纳潮量变化以及工程后年回淤量的影响。分析结果表明:清淤将导致工程海域的海流流速平均降低4~8 cm/s,局部流速降低达到30 cm/s,但是对该区域纳潮量增加贡献幅度有限,仅微幅增加0.065%;由于清淤导致流速降低,使得工程海域大部分区域呈淤积状态,平均回淤强度达2~4 cm/a,近岸区域回淤强度达8~10 cm/a,局部区域由于流速增大,冲刷强度达到每年1~2 cm。

Effect of Development of Caofeidian Harbor Area in Bohai Bay on Hydrodynamic Sediment Environment

Based on the characteristics of waves, tidal currents, sediment and seabed evolution in the Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay, a 2D sediment mathematical model of waves and tidal currents is employed to study the development schemes of the harbor. Verification of spring and neap tidal currents and sediment in the winter and summer of 2006 shows that the calculated values of tidal stages as well as flow velocities, flow directions and sediment concentration of 15 synchronous vertical lines are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, deposition and erosion of the sea area in front of Caofeidian ore terminal induced by suspended load under tidal currents and waves are verified; it shows that the calculated values of depth of deposition and erosion as well as their distribution are close to the measured data. Furthermore, effects of reclamation scheme of island in front of the land behind Caofeidian harbor on the hydrodynamic environment are studied, including changes of flow velocities in the deep channels at the south side of Caofeidian foreland and Laolonggou and in various harbor basins, as well as changes of deposition and erosion of seabed induced by the project.

Tidal effects on temperature iront in the Yellow Sea

Temperature front (TF) is one of the important features in the Yellow Sea, which forms in spring,thrives in summer, and fades in autumn as thermocline declines. TF intensity |ST| is defined to describe the distribution of TF. Based on the MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model, temperature distribution in the Yellow Sea was simulated with and without tidal effects. Along 36°N, distribution of TF from the simulated results are compared with the observations, and a quantitative analysis is introduced to evaluate the tidal effects on the forming and maintaining processes of the TF. Tidal mixing and the circulation structure adapting to it are the main causes of the TF.

EFFECTS OF WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTIONS ON BOTTOM STRESS AND CURRENTS

This paper presents a high-resolution (2′X2′) numerical model of coastalcoupled wave-current interaction with explicit consideration of the effects of wave-currentinteraction on bottom stress. For two selected storms with measured data in the Yellow River coastalarea of the Bohai Sea, it is shown that the bottom stress calculated by using a coupledwave-current model is increased, as one would expect, compared with the bottom stress computed withan uncoupled current model. Moreover, the current velocity field is also changed, but thecorresponding current directions show less influence in the two simulations. The extents of changesin bottom stress and current velocity vary with storm intensities. The results further imply thatthe coupled wave-current model should be used as the basis for simulating the current velocity andsea level in the near shore region.

强海况下波流相互作用对有效波高的影响研究

波流相互作用作为非线性科学的前沿课题,一直受到国内外广大学者的关注。本文以2016年第1号超强台风“尼伯特”为例,基于波流耦合模式研究了台风影响期间强海况下波流相互作用对有效波高的影响。研究表明:(1)波流耦合模式可有效提高强海况下海浪的模拟精度;(2)波流相互作用对有效波高的影响与波向和流向之间的夹角关系密切:当波向与流向大致相同时,波流相互作用使有效波高减小;当波向与流向大致相反时,波流相互作用使有效波高增大;当波向与流向之间的夹角越接近90°时,波流相互作用对有效波高的影响越小。波流相互作用对有效波高的影响最大可达1.5 m。

波流-碎冰耦合作用下平台动力定位辅助系泊模型试验研究

为评估某极区半潜平台的作业安全,开展波流-碎冰耦合作用下冰区半潜平台动力定位辅助系泊的模型试验,对比分析风浪流-碎冰载荷联合作用下平台动力定位系统在有、无加速度反馈工况下的运动及系泊响应,验证加速度反馈策略的有效性。提出切换定位点消冰策略消除半潜式平台立柱前浮冰积聚的现象,对比开启消除浮冰功能前,平台系泊系统张力大幅降低,进一步提高了平台的作业安全。

风浪流耦合作用下小型LNG船舶运动响应试验研究

小型LNG船尤其是小型多功能LNG加注船迎来了新的发展空间,在风浪流作用下其运动响应还需要深入研究。以曹妃甸港某LNG码头为例,采取物理模型试验,模拟了风、浪、流共同作用下4万m 3LNG船舶与1.2万m 3LNG加注船的运动响应过程,测量了系缆张力及护舷撞击力。同时针对4万m 3LNG船舶,开展系缆方式优化研究,提供2 a一遇波浪条件下满足规范要求的系泊方案,为工程设计提供依据。

渤海湾曹妃甸港区开发对水动力泥沙环境的影响

针对渤海湾曹妃甸海域波浪、潮流、泥沙及海床演变特点,应用波流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型研究港区开发方案。2006年冬季和夏季大、小潮潮流泥沙验证表明,该海域潮位及15条同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,并进行了矿石码头港池前沿海域在潮流与波浪共同作用下悬沙引起的冲淤验证,计算的冲淤厚度及其分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上,研究了曹妃甸前岛后陆的港区围垦方案对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的曹妃甸甸头以南深槽、老龙沟深槽及各港池的流速变化及底床的冲淤变形等。

波流共同作用下废黄河河口水下三角洲地形演变预测模式

通过对废黄河河口水下三角洲海域水文、泥沙、沉积和地形的调查分析 ,对组成水下三角洲 - 1 0— - 1 5m以深的平坦海床、- 5— - 1 0m间的水下斜坡、- 5m以浅的近岸浅滩三个地貌单元的水动力特征以及在波流和潮流作用下底部泥沙冲刷率的横向分布进行计算分析 ,并建立了水下三角洲地形横向剖面地形的演变预测模式。结果表明 ,在三角洲不同地貌单元内 ,由于所处不同的水动力条件和底部泥沙特性 ,出现了不同的侵蚀状态 ,其中在 - 1 0—- 1 5m以深的平坦海床 ,除了 3m以上的大浪外 ,水动力作用以强劲的潮流冲刷为主 ,目前已接近冲刷相对平衡的状态 ;在 - 5— - 1 0m间的水下斜坡 ,受波浪和潮流的共同作用 ,冲刷强度大 ,地形剖面呈继续平行后退状态 ;- 5m以浅的近岸浅滩 ,潮流作用相对较弱 ,以波浪对滩面的刷低为主 ,水深线不断向岸方向移动、滩宽变窄 ;0m以上的潮间带滩地 ,则波浪和潮流作用均较弱 ,近岸高滩接近相对稳定状态 ,有利于海岸线的工程防护。

波浪与潮流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型

针对河口海岸地区波浪与潮流运动的特点,将波浪过程概化为潮周期中具有平均意义的波浪流要素,叠加到潮流运动方程中,以模拟长时段的水流运动及泥沙场的变化,建立了波浪与潮流联合作用下二维泥沙数学模型,包括贴体正交曲线坐标系下水流运动方程、非均匀悬沙、底沙输移方程、初始条件、边界条件、动边界技术及数值计算格式,引进前期含沙量的概念,得到了潮流挟沙能力公式,波浪作用下的挟沙能力采用窦国仁公式,浮泥挟沙能力采用罗肇森公式。计算的瓯江口、温州湾潮位过程与原型吻合良好,8个断面的46条垂线同步流速、流向过程计算值与实测值吻合较好。在此基础上,探讨了多连通域复杂边界条件下瓯江口拦门沙航槽开挖后潮流与风浪作用下悬沙、底沙与浮泥引起航槽回淤的模拟问题。

模型变率对潮流波浪作用下局部冲刷深度的影响

根据窦国仁波浪潮流共同作用下的全沙模型相似理论,设计5个变率分别为2.5、4、6、8 33和12 8的长江口深水航道北槽概化物理模型,进行潮流和潮流波浪共同作用下的丁坝坝头清水和浑水冲刷试验,研究不同动力条件和不同工程布置下变率对冲刷坑发展过程及冲刷深度的影响,给出了变态模型与正态模型冲刷坑稳定冲刷深度的关系式。