Hydrological modeling,leveraging mathematical formulations to represent the hydrological cycle,is a pivotal tool in representing the spatiotemporal dynamics and distribution patterns inherent in hydrology.These models...Hydrological modeling,leveraging mathematical formulations to represent the hydrological cycle,is a pivotal tool in representing the spatiotemporal dynamics and distribution patterns inherent in hydrology.These models serve a dual purpose:they validate theoretical robustness and applicability via observational data and project future trends,thereby bridging the understanding and prediction of natural processes.In rapid advancements in computational methodologies and the continuous evolution of observational and experimental techniques,the development of numerical hydrological models based on physicallybased surface-subsurface process coupling have accelerated.Anchored in micro-scale conservation principles and physical equations,these models employ numerical techniques to integrate surface and subsurface hydrodynamics,thus replicating the macro-scale hydrological responses of watersheds.Numerical hydrological models have emerged as a leading and predominant trend in hydrological modeling due to their explicit representation of physical processes,heightened by their spatiotemporal resolution and reliance on interdisciplinary integration.This article focuses on the theoretical foundation of surface-subsurface numerical hydrological models.It includes a comparative and analytical discussion of leading numerical hydrological models,encompassing model architecture,numerical solution strategies,spatial representation,and coupling algorithms.Additionally,this paper contrasts these models with traditional hydrological models,thereby delineating the relative merits,drawbacks,and future directions of numerical hydrological modeling.展开更多
By means of SSiB/TOPMODEL model which was the coupled model of simplified simple biosphere model(SSiB)and TOPMODEL,the sensitivity experiment of basin water balance was carried out in Suomo River basin covered by five...By means of SSiB/TOPMODEL model which was the coupled model of simplified simple biosphere model(SSiB)and TOPMODEL,the sensitivity experiment of basin water balance was carried out in Suomo River basin covered by five vegetations,and the effects of vegetation on water balance were analyzed.The results showed that vegetation cover increased canopy transpiration and interception but decreased soil evaporation.The two contrary net effects determined the basin runoff affected by the hydrological effect of vegetation.For the five simulated vegetations,basin evaporation went down but basin runoff went up compared with bare land.When basin was covered by grass,total basin evaporation was highest(1.220 5 mm/d),and total basin runoff was the lowest(0.658 7 mm/d).When deciduous needle-leaf forest covered the basin,total basin evaporation was minimum(1.025 mm/d),while total basin runoff was maximum(0.854 4 mm/d).Transpiration and canopy interception reached maximum values of 0.383 and 0.489 mm/d when covering evergreen coniferous forest.For soil evaporation,it was highest with grass(0.799 mm/d)and lowest with evergreen coniferous forest(0.243 mm/d).展开更多
限矩型液力偶合器始终工作在部分充液状态下,工作腔内部的工作液体做复杂的气-液两相螺旋环流运动。在不同的载荷工况下,工作液体气-液两相的具体分布形式和环流形态很大程度上决定了偶合器的限矩特性。为了掌握限矩型偶合器内部的气-...限矩型液力偶合器始终工作在部分充液状态下,工作腔内部的工作液体做复杂的气-液两相螺旋环流运动。在不同的载荷工况下,工作液体气-液两相的具体分布形式和环流形态很大程度上决定了偶合器的限矩特性。为了掌握限矩型偶合器内部的气-液两相环流特性,该文以YOXD200偶合器为分析模型,在建立全流道模型的基础上,应用滑移网格瞬态算法,两相流模型采用流体体积法VOF(volume of fluid)模型,对3种典型充液率下的环流形态进行CFD数值模拟分析。数值模拟结果很好地预测了在不同充液率下,随载荷的增加,内部气-液两相流体由小环流向大环流运动的转化过程。该文为实现限矩型液力偶合器转矩跌落工况点的预测及过载能力的估算提供了数值计算的方法和依据。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41930759,42325502)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.xbzg-zdsys-202215)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy Sciences Talents Program,National Cryosphere Desert Data Centerthe Qinghai Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention(Grant No.QFZ-2021-Z02)2023 First Batch of Science and Technology Plan Projects of Lanzhou City(Grant No.2023-1-49)。
文摘Hydrological modeling,leveraging mathematical formulations to represent the hydrological cycle,is a pivotal tool in representing the spatiotemporal dynamics and distribution patterns inherent in hydrology.These models serve a dual purpose:they validate theoretical robustness and applicability via observational data and project future trends,thereby bridging the understanding and prediction of natural processes.In rapid advancements in computational methodologies and the continuous evolution of observational and experimental techniques,the development of numerical hydrological models based on physicallybased surface-subsurface process coupling have accelerated.Anchored in micro-scale conservation principles and physical equations,these models employ numerical techniques to integrate surface and subsurface hydrodynamics,thus replicating the macro-scale hydrological responses of watersheds.Numerical hydrological models have emerged as a leading and predominant trend in hydrological modeling due to their explicit representation of physical processes,heightened by their spatiotemporal resolution and reliance on interdisciplinary integration.This article focuses on the theoretical foundation of surface-subsurface numerical hydrological models.It includes a comparative and analytical discussion of leading numerical hydrological models,encompassing model architecture,numerical solution strategies,spatial representation,and coupling algorithms.Additionally,this paper contrasts these models with traditional hydrological models,thereby delineating the relative merits,drawbacks,and future directions of numerical hydrological modeling.
文摘By means of SSiB/TOPMODEL model which was the coupled model of simplified simple biosphere model(SSiB)and TOPMODEL,the sensitivity experiment of basin water balance was carried out in Suomo River basin covered by five vegetations,and the effects of vegetation on water balance were analyzed.The results showed that vegetation cover increased canopy transpiration and interception but decreased soil evaporation.The two contrary net effects determined the basin runoff affected by the hydrological effect of vegetation.For the five simulated vegetations,basin evaporation went down but basin runoff went up compared with bare land.When basin was covered by grass,total basin evaporation was highest(1.220 5 mm/d),and total basin runoff was the lowest(0.658 7 mm/d).When deciduous needle-leaf forest covered the basin,total basin evaporation was minimum(1.025 mm/d),while total basin runoff was maximum(0.854 4 mm/d).Transpiration and canopy interception reached maximum values of 0.383 and 0.489 mm/d when covering evergreen coniferous forest.For soil evaporation,it was highest with grass(0.799 mm/d)and lowest with evergreen coniferous forest(0.243 mm/d).
文摘限矩型液力偶合器始终工作在部分充液状态下,工作腔内部的工作液体做复杂的气-液两相螺旋环流运动。在不同的载荷工况下,工作液体气-液两相的具体分布形式和环流形态很大程度上决定了偶合器的限矩特性。为了掌握限矩型偶合器内部的气-液两相环流特性,该文以YOXD200偶合器为分析模型,在建立全流道模型的基础上,应用滑移网格瞬态算法,两相流模型采用流体体积法VOF(volume of fluid)模型,对3种典型充液率下的环流形态进行CFD数值模拟分析。数值模拟结果很好地预测了在不同充液率下,随载荷的增加,内部气-液两相流体由小环流向大环流运动的转化过程。该文为实现限矩型液力偶合器转矩跌落工况点的预测及过载能力的估算提供了数值计算的方法和依据。
