Optimal Operation Strategy of Electricity-Hydrogen Regional Energy System under Carbon-Electricity Market Trading

Given the“double carbon”objective and the drive toward low-carbon power,investigating the integration and interaction within the carbon-electricity market can enhance renewable energy utilization and facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction endeavors.However,further research is necessary to explore operational optimization methods for establishing a regional energy system using Power-to-Hydrogen(P2H)technology,focusing on participating in combined carbon-electricity market transactions.This study introduces an innovative Electro-Hydrogen Regional Energy System(EHRES)in this context.This system integrates renewable energy sources,a P2H system,cogeneration units,and energy storage devices.The core purpose of this integration is to optimize renewable energy utilization and minimize carbon emissions.This study aims to formulate an optimal operational strategy for EHRES,enabling its dynamic engagement in carbon-electricity market transactions.The initial phase entails establishing the technological framework of the electricity-hydrogen coupling system integrated with P2H.Subsequently,an analysis is conducted to examine the operational mode of EHRES as it participates in carbon-electricity market transactions.Additionally,the system scheduling model includes a stepped carbon trading price mechanism,considering the combined heat and power generation characteristics of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell(HFC).This facilitates the establishment of an optimal operational model for EHRES,aiming to minimize the overall operating cost.The simulation example illustrates that the coordinated operation of EHRES in carbon-electricity market transactions holds the potential to improve renewable energy utilization and reduce the overall system cost.This result carries significant implications for attaining advantages in both low-carbon and economic aspects.

Daily rolling estimation of carbon emission cost of coal-fired units considering long-cycle interactive operation simulation of carbon-electricity market

The high overlap of participants in the carbon emissions trading and electricity markets couples the operations of the two markets.The carbon emission cost(CEC)of coal-fired units becomes part of the power generation cost through market coupling.The accuracy of CEC calculation affects the clearing capacity of coal-fired units in the electric power market.Study of carbon–electricity market interaction and CEC calculations is still in its initial stages.This study analyzes the impact of carbon emissions trading and compliance on the operation of the electric power market and defines the cost transmission mode between the carbon emissions trading and electric power markets.A long-period interactive operation simulation mechanism for the carbon–electricity market is established,and operation and trading models of the carbon emissions trading market and electric power market are established.A daily rolling estimation method for the CEC of coal-fired units is proposed,along with the CEC per unit electric quantity of the coal-fired units.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through an example simulation,and the factors influencing the CEC are analyzed.

Evolutionary game-based optimization of green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity joint market for thermal-wind-photovoltaic power system

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the power market,the demands on government financial subsidies are gradually increasing.Thus,a joint green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity multi-market trading process is proposed to study the market-based strategy for renewable energy.Considering the commodity characteristics of green certificates and carbon emission rights,the dynamic cost models of green certificates and carbon rights are constructed based on the Rubinstein game and ladder pricing models.Furthermore,considering the irrational bidding behavior of energy suppliers in the actual electricity market,an evolutionary game based multi-market bidding optimization model is presented.Subsequently,it is solved using a composite differential evolutionary algorithm.Finally,the case study results reveal that the proposed model can increase profits and the consumption rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon emission.

Inter-Provincial Transaction Model in Two-Level ElectricityMarket Considering Carbon Emission and Consumption Responsibility Weights

In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key problem.The combined operation of intra-provincial and inter-provincial markets provides a new way for provincial power companies to optimize and clear the intra-provincial power market,complete the intra-provincial consumption responsibility weight index,and consume renewable energy across provinces and regions.This paper combines power generation and consumption within the province,uses inter-provincial renewable energy trading tomeet the load demand within the province and completes the index of intra-provincial consumption responsibility weights.The intra-provincial market trading and inter-provincial market clearing are respectively taken as the upper and lower levels of the model.Under the two-level electricity market operation framework,the upper-level model aims to minimize the expected total operating cost within the province considering the carbon emission cost and the weight of the consumption responsibility,while the lower-level model aims to minimize the inter-provincial renewable energy purchasing cost.Finally,the influence of inter-provincial transaction mechanism,risk aversion coefficient,voucher price,and responsibility weight on operating cost is analyzed.Simulation is used to verify that the proposed model can meet the requirements of the provincial load power consumption and the consumption responsibility weight index,and promote the consumption of renewable energy.

Joint electricity and carbon market for Northeast Asia energy interconnection

Decarbonization of the electricity sector is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change and global warming over the coming decades.The key challenges for achieving this goal are carbon emission trading and electricity sector regulation,which are also the major components of the carbon and electricity markets,respectively.In this paper,a joint electricity and carbon market model is proposed to investigate the relationships between electricity price,carbon price,and electricity generation capacity,thereby identifying pathways toward a renewable energy transition under the transactional energy interconnection framework.The proposed model is a dynamically iterative optimization model consisting of upper-level and lower-level models.The upper-level model optimizes power generation and obtains the electricity price,which drives the lower-level model to update the carbon price and electricity generation capacity.The proposed model is verified using the Northeast Asia power grid.The results show that increasing carbon price will result in increased electricity price,along with further increases in renewable energy generation capacity in the following period.This increase in renewable energy generation will reduce reliance on carbon-emitting energy sources,and hence the carbon price will decline.Moreover,the interconnection among zones in the Northeast Asia power grid will enable reasonable allocation of zonal power generation.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be an effective technology to reduce the carbon emissions and further realize the emission reduction targets in 2030-2050.It eases the stress of realizing the energy transition because of the less urgency to install additional renewable energy capacity.

Forecasting the Impact of CCGT-CCS on the UK’s Electricity Market by LCOE

To achieve the target for building a low-carbon economy, the UK will have to build more low-carbon power plants to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation. However, renewable energy is difficult to meet the increasing energy demand and keep lights on. This limitation of renewable could be solved by coal and gas-fired power station fitted with carbon capture storage (CCS) technology. CCS technology could capture up to 90% of carbon dioxide from emissions and allow fossil fuel power station to provide continuous low-carbon electricity power. This paper presents the levelised cost of electricity of CCGT with CCS and compared with renewable technology to forecast the impact of CCGT with CCS on the UK’s electricity market.

考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型研究

近年来,随着我国电力现货市场和碳市场的逐步完善,如何更好地实现电力现货市场和碳市场深度耦合,推进电碳市场向竞争市场发展已经成为一个新的研究重点。该文提出了一个考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型,并对该模型下的电力现货市场均衡问题进行了分析。在模型的第一阶段,建立了市场机组碳配额分配模型;在第二阶段引入阶梯碳交易机制,结合各机组的碳配额,建立考虑电能量成本最小和阶梯碳交易成本最小的电力现货市场出清模型;在第三阶段,结合前两个阶段确定的各机组碳配额和中标信息,建立以电能量成本最小为目标的电价追踪模型和机组碳成本计算模型。最后将该文模型在改进的PJM5节点系统(Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland 5-bus power grid)上实现,并从出清结果和市场均衡结果两个方面验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,该文所提模型能够实现市场出清经济目标与低碳目标之间的平衡,能够在不增加电碳耦合总成本的基础上实现最大的碳减排量,同时通过增强发电机组参与市场竞争的主观能动性,降低了用户侧用电成本。

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

“双碳”目标下基于系统动力学的发电行业碳减排政策研究

能源结构转型和碳减排政策是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措。本研究旨在探讨“双碳”背景下发电行业碳减排政策与市场交易机制的耦合作用。通过研究绿色证书市场交易机制、碳排放市场交易机制与电力市场机制间的耦合协同效应,考虑了价格影响市场间机制、能源结构分析和技术创新等因素,建立系统动力学模型并进行多情景仿真,研究不同政策组合对市场均衡及电力行业碳减排的影响。通过对模型的敏感性分析,评估了各种政策措施对系统行为的潜在影响,对政策体系的作用机理及其协同机制进行分析,明确不同政策间可能存在的冗余激励和效应冲抵等现象。研究得出:有效的碳减排政策组合使得未来十年火电装机占比下降至45%,可再生能源占比突破50%与传统能源持平甚至超过传统能源。建议碳减排政策的成功实施需要综合考虑市场监管、激励机制、技术创新等多方面因素。

山西电力备用辅助服务市场机制设计与实践

电力备用辅助服务市场是反映备用服务价值、引导传统火电和新型主体积极提供备用服务、支撑新型电力系统构建的重要机制。山西在电力现货市场和调频辅助服务市场正式运行的基础上,针对新能源高占比下电网备用灵活调节资源不足的问题,研究提出了主辅协调的正备用辅助服务市场交易机制。在市场机制设计上,山西采用现货电能量市场和正备用市场的总费用最低为目标确定机组组合、再顺次出清备用和电能量市场的半耦合出清协调模式,并给予备用服务供应商除中标容量补偿以外的富余发电容量补偿费用,以充分反映备用服务保供应和促消纳的双重价值。算例分析及山西正备用市场模拟试运行结果表明,备用服务市场建设有利于发现备用调节价值,优化系统调节资源配置,相关成果可为国内备用市场建设提供参考。

考虑多重不确定性与电碳耦合交易的多微网合作博弈优化调度

双碳背景下,构建低碳运行的能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的重要方向与实施路径。为了促进多微网系统内部能源的本地消纳以及低碳经济运行,该文对不确定性环境下多微网系统的合作运行及电碳耦合交易展开研究。首先,对于每个微网,构建了电转气碳捕集系统相耦合的热电联产运行模式,基于地方碳交易市场和阶梯碳交易机制,提出了多能源微网的低碳运行模型;其次,考虑到新能源发电和电力市场电价都存在不确定性的实际情况,采用机会约束和鲁棒优化的方法,以降低不确定性影响;再次,基于纳什谈判理论,建立了多个微网电碳耦合的合作博弈模型,各微网主体可同时参与到上级能源市场和地方能源市场中进行电能和碳排放配额的交易;最后,将非凸的合作博弈问题分解为两个线性可求解的子问题,进一步采用交替方向乘子法对问题进行求解。通过算例验证,该文所提方法可以有效提升各微网经济效益并减少碳排放。

能源系统低碳转型背景下的混合电力市场体系结构与设计

能源系统低碳转型的背景下,各国电力市场的运行面临多方面的政策边界,为解决政府如何干预市场以实现多维目标的问题,在以两阶段市场竞争理论为核心的混合电力市场的基础上,结合电力市场体系中政府与市场的驱动关系,对混合电力市场展开进一步研究。首先,对传统电力市场的均衡原理和面临的挑战进行了深入分析,并对电力市场中政府干预市场的原因进行分类讨论,包括外部性、市场体系不完善、市场机制不完善、市场竞争不完美等。然后,结合两阶段市场竞争理论对混合电力市场基本结构的意义和面临的挑战进行讨论。在此基础上,提出了包括短期和长期、市场和政府的两维四模块的混合电力市场扩展结构,并对其设计的关键步骤和内容进行了分析。最后,结合中国电力市场建设存在的问题,对混合电力市场中政府干预方式的设计进行了讨论。

电力市场化改革与全国统一碳市场建设关联协调发展的研究探索——基于交叉补贴和价格传导的双重视角

“电—碳”市场协同发展在推动能源清洁发展、应对气候治理方面具有重要作用,然而当前我国电力市场和碳市场运行相对独立,二者发展协调性亟待提高。鉴于此,基于交叉补贴和价格传导的双重视角,对电力市场中不同类型用户间的电价交叉补贴、电碳市场关联的价格传导效应以及碳市场的价格设计进行细致探讨具有重要理论意义,并且通过探讨设计电碳市场关联协调发展机制如何推动实现碳达峰、碳中和目标具有重要现实意义。具体来讲,电力市场化改革与全国统一碳市场建设关联协调发展可以从三个方面进行研究:第一,基于交叉补贴视角,明晰交叉补贴如何引致能源效率损失并降低社会福利;第二,围绕电力市场化改革和“双碳”目标,探讨电力市场价格扭曲导致的无谓损失如何影响碳排放,进而通过电力价格机制优化实现碳约束目标;第三,聚焦价格传导,在评估电力市场效率基础上考察电碳关联条件下碳价对电价的传导率,对不同场景下碳市场的碳价进行优化设计。深入探讨上述三方面问题将对驱动电力市场和碳市场协同发展,统筹推进碳达峰、碳中和具有重要的理论和现实意义。

双碳目标约束下电力行业低碳转型的制度门槛效应研究

电力行业低碳转型不仅关系本行业碳达峰、碳中和目标的达成,也影响着中国总体碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现,对于促进经济社会低碳转型具有十分重要的现实意义。本文采用中国省级面板数据实证检验了碳排放规制对电力行业低碳转型的影响效果。研究发现,碳排放规制促进了电力行业低碳转型,并且通过了稳健性检验。受财政分权程度与市场化程度影响,碳排放规制对中国电力行业低碳转型具有门槛效应。随着财政分权程度的提升,碳排放规制对电力行业低碳转型促进作用呈现边际递减趋势。而随着市场化程度的提升,碳排放规制对电力行业低碳转型促进作用呈现边际递增趋势。本文为“双碳目标”约束下,加快推进电力行业低碳转型提供了经验证据和政策启示。

考虑碳-绿证耦合机制的电-气-热综合能源系统分布式鲁棒低碳经济调度

为了保护综合能源系统中不同运营主体的信息隐私,权衡系统运行低碳性和经济性,解决天然气网络鲁棒模型难以求解的问题,提出了考虑碳-绿证耦合机制的电-气-热综合能源系统分布式鲁棒低碳经济调度方法。考虑天然气网络和热力网络的动态特性、碳-绿证耦合机制,构建综合能源系统动态低碳经济调度模型;为了保护各网络运营商的数据隐私,根据能量耦合关系对综合能源系统解耦,建立电-气-热网络的分布式协同优化模型;在此基础上,考虑风电出力和多能负荷的不确定性,提出基于一致性交替方向乘子法的分布式鲁棒优化框架,并利用二阶锥对偶理论与交替优化方法实现含二阶锥约束和二元变量的鲁棒子问题求解。以修改的IEEE 39节点电力网络、比利时20节点天然气网络和15节点热力网络为算例进行仿真分析,验证所提方法能够在源荷不确定性条件下实现综合能源系统各网络分散自治运行,同时兼顾系统运行的低碳性和经济性。

考虑阶梯式碳交易机制的电化学储能与抽水蓄能协同调度优化

为了验证电化学储能与抽水蓄能协同调度下参与电力市场与碳市场的可行性,构建了包含火力发电、风力发电、光伏发电、抽水蓄能以及电化学储能的多能互补系统。考虑平准化度电成本(LCOE)和碳排放成本,以购能成本、LCOE、碳排放成本及弃风弃光成本之和最小为目标函数,调用MATLAB的Cplex求解器,进行调度优化求解。以西北某区域电网夏季典型日的数据为例,引入分时上网电价及阶梯碳交易机制,设置不同储能系统参与、不同碳交易机制等6种场景。结果表明:抽水蓄能与电化学储能协同调度下的电力市场收益和碳市场收益最高,系统碳排放量最低,验证了所提出的储能协同配置方案及调度优化方案的可行性。

绿色电力消费与碳交易市场的链接机制研究

区别于国际碳市场仅纳入直接排放(范围1)的普遍设计,中国依据自身的国情除纳入直接排放(范围1),还纳入因外购电力、热力产生的间接排放(范围2)。随着绿证全覆盖制度的推进,企业绿色电力消费如何与碳市场链接成为争论的焦点。为避免重复计算、交叉补贴与“漂绿”风险,提出绿电在间接排放核算时直接扣减对应电量,剩余电量按火电处理。同时,依据绿证的成本额外性与效应额外性提出,不同类型绿电项目产生的绿证应设置不同的时间限制,存量项目6年内的绿证可用于碳市场链接,新增项目签发的绿证使用21个月原则。且需碳市场纳排企业绿电消纳比例超过所在省份可再生能源电力考核权重比例才可以进行链接。该方法较其他方法在简便性、公平性与避免重复计算方面都更优。该机制的提出可为中国电-碳市场耦合的高质量发展提供决策参考。

全国统一电力市场演进过程下省间-省内市场出清及定价模型

为了促进电力资源在省间的余缺互济和在全国范围内的优化配置,我国正有序推进电力市场改革,逐步实现省间-省内市场的耦合和全国统一市场的演进。根据省间-省内市场耦合程度的不同,该文将演进过程划分为三个阶段:分层阶段、松耦合阶段和紧耦合阶段。进一步考虑跨区、跨省以及省内输电的输电费回收问题,跨区直流输电线路与区域内交流输电线路按照传输电量收费,省内线路按照用户负荷用电量收费。构建了面向不同输电费收取方式的出清模型与定价机制,分层阶段采用顺序出清,松耦合阶段采用双层迭代出清,紧耦合阶段采用统一出清,定价机制均采用节点电价定价机制。最后,利用IEEE 39节点和118节点系统进行仿真计算,验证了出清模型和定价机制的有效性,并分析了输电费对出清和定价结果的影响。

计及电量交易信息的用电碳计量方法

充分挖掘电碳耦合价值,构建电碳协同市场是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要抓手。电碳信息的耦合依赖一套合理、有效的用电碳计量体系,但我国现行用电碳计量体系中尚未考虑电量交易信息的影响,不能完全厘清每个电量交易行为背后蕴含的碳排放责任。针对此问题,该文从碳排放流理论出发,提出一套计及电量交易行为的用电碳计量新方法。首先,根据碳排放流理论的计算特性,针对有损网络建立其无损等效网络模型;之后,将交易电量和非交易流电量拆解开来,并分别根据其电量来源独立核算其产生的对应碳排放责任。该文方法严格遵守直接和间接碳排放的总量守恒原则,能够厘清电量交易行为背后蕴含的碳排放责任转移,且能够兼顾碳排放因子的时空差异性量化需求,进而具备引导用户开展低碳需求响应的能力。基于PJM-5节点系统和我国某地市实际数据开展仿真分析,仿真结果验证该文方法的有效性。

耦合碳-绿证-消纳量市场的日前电量市场交易交互式优化

随着“双碳”目标的提出,电力行业减碳步伐加快,碳交易、绿证交易与超额消纳量交易成为减少碳排放与促进新型电力系统发展的重要市场手段。首先,基于双边集中竞价模式,构建火电、风电、光伏企业与电力用户共同参与的耦合碳-绿证-消纳量的日前电量市场交易机制。其次,兼顾市场成员收益与电量市场社会福利最优目标,建立了上下层迭代交互式交易优化模型。最后,采用交替方向乘子法进行迭代求解,并在IEEE-30节点系统上分析碳配额基准、绿证比例及消纳量交易价格对电量市场出清结果、发电商收益及用户成本的影响。算例结果表明,与单一电能量市场交易机制相比,耦合碳-绿证-消纳量的电量市场交易机制能够显著降低火电企业的碳排放量,同时提高风电、光伏企业的中标电量,激励用户跟踪系统新能源出力,减轻系统弃风、弃光现象。