Numerical analysis of deformation and failure characteristics of deep roadway surrounding rock under static-dynamic coupling stress

In actual production,deep coal mine roadways are often under typical static-dynamic coupling stress(SDCS)conditions with high ground stress and strong dynamic disturbances.With the increasing number of disasters and accidents induced by SDCS conditions,the safe and efficient production of coal mines is seriously threatened.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to study the deformation and failure characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock under SDCS.In this paper,the effects of different in-situ stress fields and dynamic load conditions on the surrounding rock are studied by numerical simulations,and the deformation and failure characteristics are obtained.According to the simulation results,the horizontal stress,vertical stress and dynamic disturbance have a positive correlation with the plastic failure of the surrounding rock.Among these factors,the influence of the dynamic disturbance is the most substantial.Under the same stress conditions,the extents of deformation and plastic failure of the roof and ribs are always greater than those of the floor.The effect of horizontal stresses on the roadway deformation is more notable than that of vertical stresses.The results indicate that for the roadway under high-stress conditions,the in-situ stress test must be strengthened first.After determining the magnitude of the in-situ stress,the location of the roadway should be reasonably arranged in the design to optimize the mining sequence.For roadways that are strongly disturbed by dynamic loads,rock supports(rebar/cable bolts,steel set etc.)that are capable of maintaining their effectiveness without failure after certain dynamic loads are required.The results of this study contribute to understanding the characteristics of the roadway deformation and failure under SDCS,and can be used to provide a basis for the support design and optimization under similar geological and geotechnical circumstances.

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.

A 2D stability analysis of the rock surrounding underground liquified natural gas storage cavern based on COMSOL Multiphysics

Underground liquified natural gas(LNG)storage is essential in guaranteeing national energy strategic reserves,and its construction is being accelerated.The stability of surrounding rock of underground LNG storage caverns under stress-low temperature coupling effect is the key factor determining the feasibility of LNG storage.First,a mathematical model used for controlling the stress-low temperature coupling and the processes of rock damage evolution is given,followed by a 2-D numerical execution process of the mathematical model mentioned above described based on Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab code.Finally,a series of 2-D simulations are performed to study the influence of LNG storage cavern layout,burial depth,temperature and internal pressure on the stability of surrounding rocks of these underground storage caverns.The results indicate that all the factors mentioned above affect the evolution of deformation and plastic zone of surrounding rocks.The research results contribute to the engineering design of underground LNG storage caverns.

Influence of underground water seepage flow on surrounding rock deformation of multi-arch tunnel

Based on a typical multi-arch tunnel in a freeway, the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions(FLAC3D) was used to calculate the surrounding rock deformation of the tunnel under which the effect of underground water seepage flow was taken into account or not. The distribution of displacement field around the multi-arch tunnel, which is influenced by the seepage field, was gained. The result indicates that the settlement values of the vault derived from coupling analysis are bigger when considering the seepage flow effect than that not considering. Through the contrast of arch subsidence quantities calculated by two kinds of computation situations, and the comparison between the calculated and measured value of tunnel vault settlement, it is found that the calculated value(5.7-6.0 mm) derived from considering the seepage effect is more close to the measured value(5.8-6.8 mm). Therefore, it is quite necessary to consider the seepage flow effect of the underground water in aquiferous stratum for multi-arch tunnel design.

Numerical simulation study on the relationship between mining heights and shield resistance in longwall panel

A numerical model based on a Continuum-based Distinct Element Method(CDEM) was used to carry out a dynamic simulation of the interaction between shield and rock strata movement in longwall mining. In Northern China, the Ordos coal field geological conditions and operational characteristics were used as a case example. The CDEM was constructed on Ordos coal field shield's operation characteristics and geological conditions. Numerical modelling was carried out to investigate the effects of different mining heights on the caving process, movement characteristics, equilibrium and stability conditions of overburden as the interaction between shield and surrounding rocks. With the numerical model, the internal factors for changes in shield resistance under different mining heights was found. The quantitative relationship between mining heights and shield resistance was also obtained by the numerical simulation.

Dynamic Mechanical Behavior and Numerical Simulation of an Ancient Underground Rock Mass under Impact Loading

To study the dynamic mechanical properties of tuff under different environmental conditions,the tuff from an ancient quarry in Shepan Island was prepared.The impact damage to the rock was tested using a triaxial dynamic impact mechanical testing system(TDIMTS)with different ground stresses,temperatures,and groundwater pressures.The time-strain relationship,dynamic stress-strain relationship,energy dissipation law,energy-peak strain relationship,and the impact damage pattern of the tuff specimens under impact air pressures were investigated.The TDIMTS experiment on ancient underground rock mass under impact loading was also simulated using the finite element analysis software LS-DYNA based on the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)material model.The dynamic failure process,failure pattern and peak stress of tuff specimen were calculated.The simulation results obtained using the above methods were in good agreement with the experimental results.The results of the dynamic experiment show that with the same local stress,groundwater pressure,and temperature,the damage to the tuff specimens caused by blasting and quarrying disturbances gradually increases as the impact pressure increases.Under the same local stress,groundwater pressure,and temperature,the energy required to rupture the tuffs in ancient underground caverns is relatively small if the impact pressure is low accordingly,but as the impact pressure increases,the damage to the tuff caused by quarrying disturbance gradually increases.The damage gradually increases and the degree of damage to the tuff and the strain energy exhibit asymptotic growth when the tuff specimens are subjected to the greater strain energy,increasing the degree of rupturing of the tuff.In addition,the average crushing size decreases with increasing strain energy.By comparing the simulation results with the experimental results,it was found that the HJC model reflected the dynamic impact performance of tuff specimen,and the simulation results showed an evident strain rate effect.These results of this study can offer some guidance and theoretical support for the stability evaluation,protection,and safe operation of the ancient underground caverns in future.

Shield Excavation Analysis: Ground Settlement & Mechanical Responses in Complex Strata

This study delves into the effects of shield tunneling in complex coastal strata, focusing on how this constructionmethod impacts surface settlement, the mechanical properties of adjacent rock, and the deformation of tunnelsegments. It investigates the impact of shield construction on surface settlement, mechanical characteristics ofnearby rock, and segment deformation in complex coastal strata susceptible to construction disturbances. Utilizingthe Fuzhou Binhai express line as a case study, we developed a comprehensive numerical model using theABAQUS finite element software. The model incorporates factors such as face force, grouting pressure, jack force,and cutterhead torque. Its accuracy is validated against field monitoring data from engineering projects. Simulationswere conducted to analyze ground settlement and mechanical changes in adjacent rock and segments acrossfive soil layers. The results indicate that disturbances are most significant near the excavation zone of the shieldmachine, with a prominent settlement trough forming and stabilizing around 2.0–3.0 D from the excavation. Theexcavation face compresses the soil, inducing lateral expansion. As grouting pressure decreases, the segmentexperiences upward buoyancy. In mixed strata, softer layers witness increased cutting, intensifying disturbancesbut reducing segment floatation. These findings offer valuable insights for predicting settlements, ensuring segmentand rock safety, and optimizing tunneling parameters.

黄土盾构隧道围岩强度指标结构性参数表征与荷载计算

为了考虑黄土地层特征,获取合理的围岩压力以指导黄土盾构隧道结构设计,通过对比盾构隧道与新奥法隧道围岩压力现场测试数据,结合黄土盾构施工实践,验证形变围岩压力计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载的合理性;考虑黄土地层的强度参数,通过芬纳公式构建黄土盾构隧道形变围岩压力的计算方法;采用三轴剪切实验,探究原状黄土的应力应变关系以及应力结构性参数的变化规律,构建应力结构性参数下黄土强度指标的计算方法;结合盾构隧道开挖支护下围岩的应力应变变化规律,建立深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩结构性参数场的计算框架,结合结构性参数修正的黄土强度准则,给出深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩压力的计算方法。研究发现,使用形变压力理论计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载具有合理性;原状黄土相比重塑黄土有明显的应力峰值及应变软化现象;黄土应力结构性参数与粘聚力存在较好的拟合关系,与内摩擦角相关性低;当仅考虑地层浸水造成黄土结构性演变引起的围岩压力变化时,当含水率由1%增加到25%,塑性圈半径由4.6 m增加为5 m,围岩压力由587 kPa增加到622 kPa。

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

黄土盾构隧道开挖围岩扰动特性模型试验研究

为了探究不同含水率和埋深等工况下的黄土盾构隧道开挖对围岩的扰动作用特征,采用相似模型试验,首先通过三轴试验测定了不同含水率下原状黄土物理参数及强度指标,通过大量试配得到了不同含水率下与原状黄土强度指标参数相似的试验用土。其后,考虑盾构隧道盾尾间隙特征,开展不同含水率及埋深等组合工况下盾构开挖模拟试验,通过微型土压力传感器、百分表等监测元件以及数字图像技术等手段,分析了不同工况下地层变形、地表沉降和围岩应力的变化规律。研究发现:含水率较低时,围岩的自稳能力强;含水率越高,埋深越大,开挖对地层的扰动作用也越大;地表最大沉降值与含水率呈正相关,与埋深呈负相关;围岩剩余应力随含水率和埋深的增大而增大,但当含水率增大至一定值(26.6%)时,围岩剩余应力骤减;基于不同含水率下的围岩应力及变形发展规律,可将黄土含水率分为自稳、形变以及松动含水率,基于含水率和埋深引起的围岩松动情况,可将不同工况下的黄土盾构隧道围岩压力作用模式按照形变压力和松动压力计算,以更加适应黄土地层的特性。

降雨入渗对防军隧道浅埋小净距段围岩稳定性的影响

为控制降雨入渗对浅埋小净距隧道围岩稳定性的影响,以义东高速公路防军隧道为依托,基于流固耦合理论和水土特征曲线,采用MIDAS GTS NX有限元软件建立浅埋小净距隧道数值模型,对雨季施工时的土体孔隙水压力、围岩变形特征和边仰坡安全系数展开分析。结果表明:随着降雨入渗的持续,围岩及边仰坡土体基质吸力逐渐减小,其土体抗剪强度也随之降低,稳定性变差。经过7 d累积降雨,孔隙水压力增大趋势逐渐放缓,围岩变形达到最大值,工况1的拱顶沉降增大了21.48%,且边仰坡安全系数小于1,处于失稳状态。洞口段采取加固和排水措施来控制围岩的稳定性,边仰坡的安全系数较加固前提升了17.27%,取得了良好的效果,保证了隧道后期的安全施工。

6~10 m厚煤层超大采高液压支架及其工作面系统自适应智能耦合控制

厚煤层储量及产量占我国原煤总储量及产量的一半,通过梳理厚煤层开采历史沿革,总结了我国厚煤层开采40年来的技术及装备研发实践,系统分析了以高端大采高液压支架及围岩智能耦合理论为代表的6~10 m大采高综采高效智能化综采技术及装备研究进展,提出了大采高支护理论及围岩智能耦合控制的突破是厚煤层一次开采高度突破的首要因素,完善的感知体系建立是液压支架自适应支护的前提,数字技术的应用为大采高工作面高效推进及装备智能协同控制提供了新的技术途径;阐明了大采高综放液压支架与围岩耦合关系,剖析了采高增加对硬煤层冒放性的有利影响,提出了基于煤矸识别、放煤机构控制的“纯煤段记忆放煤+煤岩分界模糊段人工反馈式干预放煤”的智能放煤控制策略;分析了大采高开采“采–运”协同智能耦合控制关键技术,构建了基于采煤机牵引速度与刮板输送机链速间联动调节的工作面装备间多机异构耦合自适应协同控制模型;研发了厚煤层开采中10 m超大采高液压支架,分析了厚煤层开采不断突破开采高度极限的新认识,从开采装备、控制系统等方面提出厚煤层一次开采高度的突破的研发方向。

基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究

针对有限差分法及有限元法等连续介质数值方法无法模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性的问题,基于块体离散元方法,建立离散元模型,模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层的掘进过程,研究盾构掘进过程中砂卵石地层中块体或颗粒间结构面的位移以及围岩与管片变形;将砂卵石地层等效为连续介质,建立有限差分模型模拟盾构掘进过程,并且对比离散元模型与有限差分模型计算结果之间的差异。结果表明:离散元模型中结构面正法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处,结构面负法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域位于两侧拱腰处,结构面切向位移超过0.4 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处;对于围岩和管片的变形,离散元法的计算结果均大于有限差分法,因此采用离散元方法对砂卵石地层中隧道及管片的设计方案进行验证相对更加安全、合理。

不同岩体条件下双护盾TBM施工性能分析

针对复杂地质条件下城市地铁隧道双护盾TBM的掘进性能评价,依托青岛地铁6号线创石区间左、右线TBM施工段,对全线施工数据进行收集与分析,研究不同围岩类别下双护盾TBM掘进参数与施工性能参数的变化规律。不同围岩类别下TBM利用率分析表明,双护盾TBM对岩体质量较差的围岩段具有良好适应性。分析了不同围岩类别下各掘进参数与工程破岩比能SE间关系,贯入度与SE的相关性最好,更适合作为评价TBM掘进过程中能量消耗的指标,且在不同围岩类别下,贯入度与工程破岩比能SE呈较好的负幂指数关系,在Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ类围岩类别下,当贯入度分别>2,5,8,10mm/r时,其对应的工程破岩比能SE在较低水平。

掩护式液压支架四连杆承载特性响应分析

四连杆作为液压支架的支撑部件,在冲击载荷下易发生失稳导致破坏。基于顶梁的承载特性,通过分析液压支架与围岩在不同情况下的耦合状态,进一步研究了液压支架四连杆的力学响应特性。基于Denavit-Hartenberg(D-H)理论,利用MATLAB软件,建立液压支架全姿态的动力学模型,分析液压支架的平衡缸和立柱的不同铰接位置对四连杆负载的影响。结果表明:立柱和平衡杠的安装位置越靠近顶梁前端,支架四连杆的负载越大,其对应的负载最大值也越大;前连杆最大值发生位置逐渐向煤壁方向移动,而后连杆则向采空区移动;立柱和平衡缸安装位置的前移增大了四连杆的负载,因此,合理的支架结构设计能在一定程度上优化支架的负载。

盾构隧道围岩特性实时获取技术研究进展

盾构法在隧道工程施工中广泛应用,实时获取盾构隧道围岩特性对于保障施工安全、提高施工效率及控制成本至关重要。本文从钻探技术、渣土分析、物探技术三个方面梳理了盾构隧道围岩特性实时获取技术的主要研究进展,归纳了现有技术并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。超前钻探虽能准确获取围岩信息,但受限于盾构设备和施工条件,其实施难度较大;基于掘进参数和渣土分析实时获取围岩特性的方法,准确性尚待验证;物探法则面临信号传输易受干扰、数据解译难度高以及物探设备与盾构设备适配性不足等挑战。为了实现盾构隧道围岩特性的实时获取,建议优化超前钻探设备与布局,结合多传感器数据和机器学习等技术提升掘进参数与渣土分析方法的准确性,同时提高物探设备的便携性和数据解译能力。在实际应用中,应综合考虑上述方法并根据工程的实际情况进行选择。

破碎软弱围岩巷道耦合支护技术研究

受开采扰动破碎围岩巷道容易发生变形破坏,是矿山深部开采面临的重要支护难题。以昆阳磷矿二矿破碎、极破碎地段巷道破坏为研究背景,采用有限元分析方法分析巷道开挖后围岩位移、应力分布特征、塑性区范围。研究发现巷道开挖后两帮出现拉伸破坏,拱肩部位产生大量的剪切塑性区,顶板区域发生贯通的变形破坏机理。因此,提出采用钢拱架、锁脚锚杆、钢筋网、连接筋、喷混凝土耦合支护形式防止巷道坍塌。通过现场应用表明:采用此耦合支护技术可有效控制破碎软弱巷道围岩的变形,支护效果良好。研究结果为类似工程地质条件下的巷道支护提供了借鉴。

护盾式TBM抱盾现象的形成机制与预测

主要针对护盾式TBM法施工隧洞掘进过程中发生的“洞抱盾”问题进行研究,分析了围岩变形等因素造成TBM抱盾的成生机制,提出了预测方法与风险评估思路,用于前期勘察设计阶段的TBM抱盾卡机预测和评价。

水力耦合作用下煤变形及渗透率响应规律研究

煤层注水过程中,应力与水压产生耦合作用使煤体形变,影响煤岩渗流。为探究注水渗流过程中煤岩体积应变和渗透特性演化规律,利用岩石力学试验机,对煤岩开展水力耦合渗流试验,得出应力对煤岩渗透率和体积应变特征的影响规律,从而探究水压影响下煤岩体积应变和渗透特性演化规律。试验结果表明:渗透率对于体积应变存在着明显的响应规律,通过数据拟合得到煤岩渗透率和体积应变存在指数函数关系;恒定水压试验中,煤岩渗透率呈现先减后增的趋势,此过程试件经历了由压缩到扩展的过程,在煤岩裂隙贯通后渗透率达到极大值;变水压试验过程中,煤岩裂隙在较少的水压循环次数下处于压密状态,渗透率波动下降,但随循环次数增加,裂隙扩张,煤岩渗透率在水力耦合作用下开始增加;相同应力条件下,高孔隙水压促进裂隙扩展,促进体积应变量的增加以及渗透率的增长。

基于大型隧道围岩相似材料的配制方法研究

【目的】通过分析国内研究成果调研公路隧道大型模型试验的相似材料配比,针对大型隧道围岩相似材料的配制方法展开研究。研究出一种由重晶石粉、石英砂、白水泥、铁粉、硅油和水组成的液固耦合相似材料。【方法】通过室内实验探究不同配比对材料各种物理性质和水理性的影响,并且确定了液固耦合相似材料的具体配比结果。【结果】实验结果表明,在材料成分含量不变的情况下,白水泥的含量增加会大幅度降低材料的渗透系数,胶结剂会明显地影响材料的弹性模量和抗压强度。此外,随着材料中重晶石粉与白水泥的比例逐渐增加,试验材料的抗压强度会逐渐提高,但是当材料中重晶石粉与白水泥的含量达到一定含量时,材料的抗压强度可能略微降低。在一定范围内增加重晶石粉与白水泥的比例可以提高材料的弹性模量。抗剪强度受硅油影响明显。【结论】液固耦合相似材料能够模拟不同强度具有不同渗透性的岩体材料,是一种理想的相似模拟材料。