Effects of alloy elements on microstructure and crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer

Effects of alloy elements on the microstructure and crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer were investigated. The results show that microstructures of the layer mainly consist of carbides and austenite matrix. Increasing C and Cr contents impair the crack resistance of the layer due to increased amount of brittle carbides. The addition of Ni, Nb or Mo improves the crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer by increasing the amount of austenite and forming fine NbC or M 7C 3 carbides in the layer. But, the excessive Nb (>2.50wt%) or Mo (>1.88wt%) impairs the crack resistance of the layer, which has relation with increased carbides or carbide coarsening and austenite matrix solid solution strengthening. The proper combination of C, Cr, Ni, Nb and Mo can further improve not only the crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer but also the erosion resistance as a result of fine NbC and M 7C 3 carbides distributing uniformly in austenite matrix. The optimal layer compositions are 3.05wt%C, 20.58wt%Cr, 1.75wt%Ni, 2.00wt%Nb and 1.88wt%Mo.

A PENNY-SHAPED CRACK IN A MAGNETOELECTROELASTIC LAYER UNDER RADIAL SHEAR IMPACT LOADING

This paper analyzes the dynamic magnetoelectroelastic behavior induced by a pennyshaped crack in a magnetoelectroelastic layer. The crack surfaces are subjected to only radial shear impact loading. The Laplace and Hankel transform techniques are employed to reduce the problem to solving a Fredholm integral equation. The dynamic stress intensity factor is obtained and numerically calculated for different layer heights. And the corresponding static solution is given by simple analysis. It is seen that the dynamic stress intensity factor for cracks in a magnetoelectroelastic layer has the same expression as that in a purely elastic material. And the influences of layer height on both the dynamic and static stress intensity factors are insignificant as h/a 〉 2.

HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR PERIODIC ARRAYS OF PLANAR CRACKS IN A PERIODICALLY-LAYERED ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC SPACE UNDER ANTIPLANE SHEAR STRESS

Hypersingular integral equations are derived for the problem of determining the antiplane shear stress around periodic arrays of planar cracks in a periodically-layered anisotropic elastic space. The unknown functions are directly related to the jump in the displacements across opposite crack faces. Once the integral equations are solved, crack parameters of interest, such as the clack tip stress intensity factors, may be readily computed.For some specific examples of the problem, the integral equations are solved numerically by using a collocation technique, in order to compute the relevant stress intensity factors.

Investigation on Cracking in the Surfacing Welding Layer of Ni_3Al Based Alloy

Investigation has been made into the causes of cracking in the Surfacing welding layer of Ni3Al based alloy by analysing both the liqu id-to-solid transformation in the molten pool and the distribution of thermal stress within the surfacing welding layer. The results show that cracking in the surfacing welding layer is directly related to the producing of eutectic phase β' (NiAl) in the interdendritic region and high thermal stress within the surfacing welding layer. When the process of electric arc surfacing welding is changed from along straight line to along' Z' pattern, cracking in the surfacing welding layer of Ni3Al based alloy is prevented due to being reduced of both the cooling rate of liquid in the molten pool and the moving speed of the heat source. Reducing the melting volume of the substrate material by lowering the output power of electric arc welding would make the content of iron atoms in the molten pool decrease. and this also can reduce the trend of the eutectic reaction in the interdendfitic region and is helpful to Suppress cracking in the surfacing welding layer.

Hydrogen-increased dezincification layer-induced stress and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of brass

Dezincification layer formed during corrosion or stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution could induce an additive stress. The effect of hydrogen on the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC were studied. The dezincification layer induced stress was measured using the deflection method and the flowing stress differential method, respectively. The latter measures the difference between the flowing stress of a specimen before unloading and the yield stress of the same specimen after unloading and forming a dezincification layer. The susceptibility to SCC was measured using slow strain rate test. Results show that both the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC increase with increasing hydrogen concentration in a specimen. This implies that hydrogen enhanced dezincification layer induced stress is consistence with the hydrogen increased susceptibility to SCC of brass in the ammonia solution.

Analytical solution for a strained reinforcement layer bonded to lip-shaped crack under remote modeⅢuniform load and concentrated load

In this paper, the analytical solution of stress field for a strained reinforcement layer bonded to a lip-shaped crack under a remote mode III uniform load and a concentrated load is obtained explicitly in the series form by using the technical of conformal mapping and the method of analytic continuation. The effects of material combinations, bond of interface and geometric configurations on interfaciai stresses generated by eigenstrain, remote load and concentrated load are studied. The results show that the stress concentration and interfaciai stresses can be reduced by rational material combinations and geometric configurations designs for different load forms.

Penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers

A penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers subjected to magnetoelectromechanical loads is investigated,where the magnetoelectrically impermeable crack surface condition is adopted. By using Hankel transform technique,the mixed boundary value problem is firstly reduced to a system of singular integral equations,which are further reduced to a system of algebraic equations. The field intensity factors and energy release rate are finally derived. Numerical results elucidate the eects of crack configuration,electric and/or magnetic loads,and material parameters of the magnetoelectroelastic layers on crack propagation and growth. This work should be useful for the design of magnetoelectroelastic composite structures.

飞机结构X射线裂纹图像智能评定

飞机结构X射线图像评定过程存在复杂背景下裂纹分割不准确、检出难等问题。基于高效层聚合网络提出一种飞机结构X射线裂纹图像智能评定模型(ELAN-Seg),将ELAN-Seg模型和DeepLabv3+模型的射线图像裂纹分割能力进行对比,结合图像处理技术对模型分割的裂纹长度进行评估,利用飞机强度试验及外场维护过程采集的X射线图像对模型进行验证。结果表明:分割的最小裂纹长度约为3 mm,ELAN-Seg模型对复杂背景射线图像裂纹分割更加准确,裂纹漏检率小于3.8%,该模型具有工程适用性。

激光熔覆铁基复合熔覆层的裂纹形成机理

激光熔覆是绿色再制造重点发展的工业技术。用高能密度的二氧化碳(CO_(2))激光束,在工件表面进行激光熔覆改性处理,形成成分和性能完全不同于母材的铁基复合熔覆层。激光熔覆层组织由马氏体α-Fe和细小弥散分布的碳氮化钛Ti(C,N)陶瓷颗粒组成。若激光熔覆工艺不当,会形成纵向或横向裂纹。熔合线附近的气孔和微空洞是复合熔覆层开裂的裂纹源,裂纹最初起裂于熔覆层与母材交界处,裂纹扩展为沿晶或穿晶断裂,属于脆性断裂。

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥中塔下横梁施工关键技术

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥Z4号中塔采用空间四肢A形钢-混组合塔,横向两塔肢间设下横梁,下横梁间设3道系梁,纵向两塔肢间不设置横梁。下横梁采用支架法分层浇筑施工。下横梁施工支架采用落地式钢管支架配套模板体系,受力性能满足要求;通过有限元计算比选下横梁混凝土分层浇筑方案并进行优化,采取(5.5+2.5)m分层方案,上、下层混凝土分别分为2块、3块分层分块浇筑;通过低温升、易泵送、高抗裂的C60混凝土研制、下横梁与塔柱倒弧结合面抗裂措施优化、分块间接缝构造形式及施工工艺优化、下横梁与系梁混凝土浇筑施工组织优化、混凝土温度智能化监控、预应力束张拉时机控制等混凝土防裂措施,有效解决了下横梁大体积混凝土易开裂的难题。

航空多层铆接结构内层裂纹的远场涡流检测

多层铆接结构是飞机机身蒙皮与型材的主要结构。由于周期性载荷作用,其内部型材等承力部位易产生疲劳裂纹,该位置隐蔽性强,采用目视或常规无损检测技术难以检测出这些缺陷。而远场涡流检测技术可检测埋藏深度大的缺陷,采用该技术对飞机多层铆接结构的内层裂纹进行检测。结果表明:选择合适的检测频率时,检测信号阻抗的幅值与裂纹深度、检测信号阻抗的相位角与裂纹埋藏深度均呈良好的线性关系,对于确定的被检材料和检测传感器,得出的拟合公式可为裂纹损伤的定位、定量检测提供理论参考依据,从而获得裂纹的准确信息,实现裂纹损伤的准确定位和定量检测。

长期运行引水隧洞开裂衬砌受力影响规律与承载特性

衬砌裂缝是引水隧洞中常见的病害之一,衬砌开裂会对隧洞衬砌承载力和安全性造成不同程度的影响。以长期服役的东江水源工程引水隧洞衬砌为研究对象,通过现场检测确定了全洞段裂缝的产状、分布规律和开裂特征。利用ANSYS软件中的软弱薄层单元,建立了开裂衬砌的三维数值模型,得出贯穿型纵向裂缝的位置变化对衬砌结构安全性的影响,系统分析了衬砌的承载特性。结果表明,衬砌开裂条件下,衬砌结构局部开裂区的安全系数降低最为显著,尤其是拱肩位置的裂缝对结构的危害程度远大于边墙、拱顶裂缝;另外,裂缝的产生会对其他未开裂部位的受力特性及稳定性产生影响。数值模拟结果良好地体现了裂损衬砌对隧洞结构的影响规律,与现场检测结果一致,为长期服役下隧洞结构病害防治提供了参考。

气化炉激冷室堆焊层开裂原因

在对某气化炉进行定期检验过程中,发现气化炉激冷室内壁堆焊层存在大量树枝状裂纹,激冷水进口接管处出现穿透性裂纹。采用宏观观察、水质分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对气化炉开裂原因进行分析。结果表明:气化炉底部黑水中含有大量氯离子,激冷室不锈钢堆焊层中镍元素含量较少,且气化炉长期在高温及应力条件下服役,最终导致堆焊层发生应力腐蚀开裂。

锌基镀层热成形钢裂纹的产生、扩展机理及高温力学性能研究

本文通过锌基镀层热成形钢的Gleeble试验和实际零件热冲压试验,在材料高温性能分析的基础上,建立了材料模型,用于高精度地拟合真应力和真应变之间的关系,进而研究成形温度、铁素体形成和弯曲变形对液态锌致基板脆裂(LMIE)的影响。结果表明,真应力随着变形温度的下降而增加。当变形温度为820℃时,LMIE导致真应变较低,约为0.13。根据Gleeble热模拟测试和实际零件试验结果,建议成形温度为720℃,可以避免LMIE并保证材料的力学性能。在实际应用中,拉应力容易导致微裂纹的产生,而压应力可以抑制微裂纹的产生。随着成形温度的降低,镀层中微裂纹的数量和宽度降低,同时镀层厚度增加。镀层主要为固态α-Fe(Zn)相。通过减少在加热保温和成形过程中的液态相可以减少甚至避免LMIE裂纹的产生。

探讨路面水泥稳定层裂缝产生的原因及预防措施

路面水泥稳定层常常也因为一些因素而引发裂缝,如荷载、温度、收缩、地基变形、施工材料质量等,一旦发生裂缝就会破坏路面,进而影响路面的使用,严重时还会引发人们的生命财产安全。基于此,着重对路面水泥稳定层裂缝进行研究。并通过对路面水泥稳定层裂缝产生原因的分析,查找裂缝产生的规律,从而根据其规律进行有效的防治和处理,以此来为相关部门提供参考。

公路路面“白改黑”复式抗裂封层罩面施工技术探讨

文中以某农村公路路面修复工程为例,阐述了复式抗裂封层罩面技术在二级及二级以下公路路面“白改黑”工程的应用特点及优势;总结了复式抗裂封层罩面技术施工过程中的质量控制要点,保证了工程质量,提升了经济效益。

65Si2CrV汽车尾门弹簧钢丝表面龟裂原因分析

3.90 mm 65Si2CrV汽车尾门弹簧钢丝生产过程中出现表面龟裂。对表面龟裂产生的主要原因进行分析,6.50 mm钢丝剥皮过程中表面产生厚度约3~4μm白亮层,在韧化转变不充分时遗传下来,后续拉拔时在钢丝表面重新生成白亮层,形成微裂纹,随着拉拔道次增加,表面白亮层厚度和裂纹深度不断增大,形成裂纹。通过调整剥皮钢丝的韧化工艺,在原韧化温度基础上提高50℃处理后,钢丝表面龟裂未再发生。

化学镀镍/金PCB焊点失效分析

以印制电路板(PCB)焊点焊接不良为例,通过外观检查、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散谱(EDS)分析及切片分析等方法,分析其失效机理与原因。通过SEM发现焊盘表面镀层有严重龟裂的现象,镍层裂纹暴露于空气中后发生氧化反应而出现连续镍层腐蚀现象,这是最终导致焊盘表面上锡不良的主要诱因。

预制箱梁质量通病及预防要点探讨

为保证施工质量,节约工期,在桥梁上部结构施工中,往往采用预制的形式进行施工。但在实际施工中,往往会有多方面的原因,导致出现多种通病,为减少预制箱梁施工中一系列质量通病,展开了相关质量通病的研究。

薄煤层开采裂缝与瓦斯抽采技术研究

针对山西某矿薄煤层瓦斯涌出情况,采用理论分析与数值模拟的方法来分析瓦斯抽采方案。结果表明该薄煤层工作面顶板环形裂缝圈很小,不能突破上亚关键层,裂缝产生的瓦斯浓度不能在亚关键层和上岩层中发展。煤层下部煤体是防止煤层上部瓦斯超限最有效的方法之一,但也存在钻井深度不够的缺点。在实际应用中,抽采工程应位于亚关键层以下的裂缝区。