Experimental Behavior of Partially Prestressed High Strength Concrete Beams

In the last few decades, prestressed concrete has been rapidly used in bridge engineering due to the enormous development in the construction techniques and the increasing need for long span bridges. High strength concrete has been also more widely spread than the past. It currently becomes more desirable as it has better mechanical properties and durability performance. Major defect of fully prestressed concrete is its low ductility;it may produce less alarming signs than ordinary reinforced concrete via smaller deflection and limited cracking. Therefore, partially prestressing is considered an intermediate design between the two extremes. So, combining high strength concrete with partial prestressing will result in a considerable development in the use of prestressed concrete structures regarding the economical and durability view points. This study presents the results of seven partially prestressed high strength concrete beams in flexure. The tested beams are used to investigate the influence of concrete compressive strength, prestressing steel ratio and flange width on the behavior of partially prestressed beams. The experimentally observed behaviors of all beams were presented in terms of the cracking load, ultimate load, deflection, cracking behavior and failure modes.

Fatigue Behavior of Unbonded Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams with Flexure

A study on fatigue behavior of unbonded partially prestressed concrete beams is presented. Model tests have been carried out in static loading and cyclic compressive loading on 15 beams with flexure. The ratios of the lower limit to the upper limit of fatigue load are 0.5 and 0.3 respectively, and the frequencies of cyclic loading are 8 Hz and 4.5 Hz respectively. The experimental results of the strains of the concrete and steel bars, the deflection of test beams, and the crack width of normal section are analyzed. According to statistics and analysis of test results, the corresponding calculation models are developed and presented.

Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Post-Tensioning Bonded Partially Prestressed Ultra-High Strength Concrete Beams

This paper presents the results of four partially prestressed ultra-high strength concrete beams in flexure. The test results are used to evaluate the effects of prestressing tendon depth and area on flexure behavior of specimen beams. The test results indicate that: the cracking load,yielding load,peak load and stiffness postcracking of specimen beams are enhanced by reducing prestressing tendon depth or increasing prestressing tendon area, and the flexural ductility is improved by increasing prestressing tendon depth or reducing prestressing tendon area. The effect of complex reinforcement index considering the strength of the equivalence principle and the reinforcement position on loading levels under serviceability limit state,flexural strength and displacement ductility factor are studied. The influence coefficient of prestressing tendon kpis introduced in the complex reinforcement index. As the complex reinforcement index increases, the loading levels under serviceability limit state and flexural strength increases linearly,and the displacement ductility factor decreases linearly. The test results also verify the conventional beam flexural theory based on the plane cross-section assumption for predicting ultimate flexural strength of partially prestressed ultra-high strength concrete beams is valid. After the introduction of the coefficient kp,the calculation method of cracks in code for design of concrete structure in china are appropriated for the specimen beams.

Relationship between Moment and Curvature of Partially Prestressed Concrete Members

T he ductility of partially prestressed concrete structure can take the full advan tage of material's largest potential energy, and make people design structures all the better. An important consideration of ductility analysis is to find out the moment-curvature relationship of partially prestressed concrete member sect ion, which has been derived in this paper.

Ductility Analysis of Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams

According to the experimental results of model beams, the curvature of a partially prestressed concrete beam is defined, then the influence of PPR(partial prestressing ratio), net reinforcement index, concrete strength and fatigue on ductility of partially prestressed concrete beam are discussed respectively.

Lifetime Reliability Analysis of Flexural Cracking for Prestressed Concrete Bridge

Time-dependant reliability is analyzed for the flexural cracking of prestressed concrete bridges under service limit state. The limit state function and random variables are derived from Chinese highway bridge design specifications. For deterioration of structural performances, chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion is emphasized. Through integrating first order reliability method （FORM） and time discretized approach, the time-variant reliability is evaluated. For illustrative propose, the reliability of a typical simply supported prestressed concrete beam is exemplified.

Probabilistic Assessment of Pitting Corrosion Effect on Flexural Strength of Partial Prestressed Concrete Structures in a Chloride Environment

Like reinforced concrete （RC） structure, Prestressed concrete （PC） structures cannot escape from corrosion related problems, especially when they are subjected to very aggressive environment, such as chloride environment. The corrosion of PC and RC structures can take place if the concrete quality is not adequate, the concrete cover is less than that specified in the design, poor detailing during design and construction. For RC structures, corrosion in the reinforcing steel generally leads to serviceability problems （staining, cracking and spalling of concrete）. By contrast, for PC structures, corrosion of prestressing strands may initiate structural collapse due to higher stress levels in the steel and smaller diameter of the prestressing steel. Research on corrosion effect on concrete structure has mainly considered the effect of corrosion have on reinforced and full prestressed concrete structure. In this study, a structural framework will be developed to predict the flexural strength of partial prestressed concrete structures in a chloride environment. The corrosion model previously developed for reinforced and prestressed concrete structures will be combined to predict the effect of corrosion has on partial prestressed concrete structures. Note that in partial prestressed concrete structures, both non prestressing steel （passive） and prestressing （active） reinforcement are utilized to carry the load. The framework developed will be combined with probability analysis to take into account the variability of parameters influencing the corrosion process. This approach allows more accurate prediction of service life of partial prestressed concrete structures in a chloride environment.

Study on the Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Pavements

With a concrete pavement slab prestressed, its load carrying capacity can be significantly increased; thus a thinner slab may be used for the same loading. Prestressing modify the structural behavior of the pavement slab and there is a greater resistance to impact, vibration and overloading. This paper discusses the major design considerations necessary in the successful construction of prestressed concrete pavements and presents a design procedure developed to predict the compressive stress due to prestressing in the pavements at early stage, during service and after cracking. Variation in the approach for repetitive and nonrepetitive loads is clearly distinguished. Check on the recovery after cracking for overloading in prestressed pavements is also needed. Finally, a design example is illustrated the application of the approach developed.

Temperature and Stress Analysis of An Experimental Model of Prestressed Lightweight Concrete Platform

This paper presents an experimental study of a prestressed lightweight concrete platform model with a tank and for five steel-columns. This platform can be used not only for extraction but also for storage of oil and is suitable for the Bohai Sea and other shallow seas of China. The platform is subjected to temperature. load, or both. The corresponding temperature distribution. strains, cracks. and vulnerable parts of the platform are analyzed respectively. By use of the finite element method and empirical formulas, the temperature field of the model is analyzed. The results agree with the experimental results, thereby verifying! the reliability of these two calculating methods. The paper provides an experimental basis for the des sign of the bearing capacity and normal service state of prestressed concrete platforms.

Experimental research on mechanical properties of prestressed truss concrete composite beam encased with circular steel tube

Tests of 4 simply supported unbonded prestressed truss concrete composite beams encased with circular steel tube were carried out. It is found that the ratio of the stress increment of the unbonded tendon to that of the tensile steel tube is 0.252 during the using stage,and the average crack space of beams depends on the ratio of the sum of the bottom chord steel tube's outside diameter and the secondary bottom chord steel tube's section area to the effective tensile concrete area. The coefficient of uneven crack distribution is 1.68 and the formula for the calculation of crack width is established. Test results indicate that the ultimate stress increment of unbonded tendon in the beams decreases in linearity with the increase of the composite reinforcement index β0. The pure bending region of beams accords with the plane section assumption from loading to failure. The calculation formula of ultimate stress increment of the unbonded tendon and the method to calculate the bearing capacity of normal section of beams have been presented. Besides,the method to calculate the stiffness of this sort of beams is brought forward as well.

Test analysis on prestressed concrete composite beams with steel boxes subjected to torsion and combined flexure and torsion

While modem prestressed techniques have improved the torsion properties of high-strength concrete （HSC） composite beams with prestressed steel （PS） boxes, no research has been reported in either the national or international literature on the an- ti-torque and composite torque properties of this type of beam. With the aim of understanding the torque properties of these beams, this paper presents results of ten comprehensive tests; three of these were based on stirrup spacings and prestressing levels as the main parameters, while the other seven were based on torsional rates. The torsion tests were conducted on the re- sults which established several key parameters, including curves of constant torsion, strain curves of steel torsion, strain distri- bution of steel beams and concrete, curves of bending-moment and mid-span deflection, as well as cross strain distribution.The prestressing impact-factor method was adopted to deduce semiempirical equations for cracking torque in such composite beams. Furthermore, this involves the use of the equation of ultimate torque based on tress-model-theory of the distortion an- gle, the calculated results show good agreement with the measured values. In summary, this paper offers theoretical analysis for future applications of HSC composite beams with PS boxes, and provides both validation of the methods employed and a reference point for on-going research on composite beams and related anti-torque studies.

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳及疲劳后静力性能试验研究

为研究大跨径部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁的抗疲劳性能,进一步探究混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计的可行性及合理性,制作了斜拉桥缩尺节段模型,并对主梁采用部分预应力设计,开展4轮共4×250万次主梁具有不同初始损伤及带裂缝工作状态下的疲劳试验;疲劳试验结束后,以4种不同主梁裂缝宽度(0.1mm、0.2mm、0.3mm和0.5mm)为控制工序,反复加载一定倍数的等效活载至主梁裂缝宽度逐步达到0.5mm,以全面研究PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳后的受力性能。试验结果表明:在等效设计疲劳荷载作用下,主梁无初始损伤时,体系刚度基本无退化,主梁最大裂缝宽度预损伤分别为0.1mm、0.2mm时,跨中截面体系刚度下降量仅为3.35%、4.44%,且未发现裂缝张开;主梁带裂缝工作状态下,跨中截面体系刚度平缓下降7.46%,上峰值静载下,裂缝数量及高度略有增加,但卸载后裂缝均闭合,说明PPC斜拉桥具有良好的抗疲劳性能;疲劳后主梁大损伤静载试验中,主梁裂缝平稳发展,各工序反复加载过程中,主梁挠度、裂缝状态及斜拉索索力均具有较好的恢复能力,当主梁最大裂缝宽度为0.5mm时,荷载达到了7.49倍活载,斜拉桥体系仍然具有较大的剩余承载力。该文试验研究结果表明混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计具有工程应用的可行性。

部分预制预应力型钢混凝土梁受力性能试验与设计方法研究

为简化现场施工工序,创新将预应力技术与装配式技术集成应用于型钢混凝土结构中,提出部分预制预应力型钢混凝土(PPPSRC)梁。通过5个梁试件的受弯性能试验及5个梁试件的受剪性能试验,研究了预应力施加顺序、预应力度、预应力筋高度及预制混凝土种类对PPPSRC梁的破坏形态和截面应力发展的影响,并结合试验结果对各试件的裂缝发展规律、承载及变形能力进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:预应力施加于梁预制部分或施加于整个梁对PPPSRC梁受力性能影响较小,不同预应力施加顺序的试件开裂荷载与峰值荷载差值均在5%以内;预应力度和预制部分混凝土种类对PPPSRC梁的抗裂性能影响显著,其中PPPSRC梁的开裂荷载相较于普通型钢混凝土梁最高可提高166%,而预制部分采用超高性能混凝土相比预制部分采用普通混凝土的试件开裂荷载可提高33%。基于试验结果建立了适用于PPPSRC梁的受弯、受剪承载力以及开裂荷载的计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。

局部受热锈蚀预应力混凝土梁力学性能试验研究

随着我国基础建设的发展,大量混凝土桥梁在恶劣环境影响下发生腐蚀和老化,腐蚀桥梁结构的灾害破坏机理研究对桥梁结构的运营安全具有重要意义。为研究已经锈蚀受损的桥梁在局部受热状态下的高温力学性能,设计10根预应力混凝土梁试件。其中对照组的2根试件在常温下加载,试验变量为预应力筋初始应力,试验组的8根试件在高温下加载,试验变量分别为钢筋锈蚀、预应力筋初始应力、初始荷载。首先,基于电化学原理对4根预应力混凝土梁进行钢筋加速锈蚀处理,然后利用复合高温试验炉对8根预应力混凝土梁(4根锈蚀、4根未锈蚀)在跨中进行三面受火试验。最后,采用数值方法对局部受热预应力混凝土梁进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:局部受热条件下,预应力混凝土梁的承载能力会发生明显降低,下降幅度约为11.3%~14.9%;钢筋锈蚀导致的混凝土开裂会对预应力混凝土梁的抗火性能产生不利影响,主要表现为2个方面,1)相同试验条件下,锈蚀后的试件预应力增量更大;2)锈蚀试件在局部受热条件下承载能力下降幅度更大,约为19.4%~21.9%;增大预应力筋的初始应力可以减小预应力混凝土梁在局部受热时的高温蠕变变形;局部高温作用下预应力混凝土梁对初始荷载较为敏感,当试件初始荷载值提升20%时,三分点位移量约增大60%。研究成果可以为实际锈蚀桥梁的防火设计和灾后应急提供理论依据。

横向静载作用下轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁裂缝开展研究

为探究轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁结构在腹板横向受力情况下的裂缝开展状况,通过回顾总结其裂缝开展成因,并以实际工程中的某标准梁段为例,进行了横向静载破坏试验,分析了U型梁结构在横向受力下的应变、挠度变化规律以及裂缝发育和损伤状况。研究结果表明,在横向对称荷载作用下,随着加载级的增大,U型梁展现出良好的整体性能和横向抗裂性能;该梁的裂缝损伤首先出现在腹板和底板处,随后逐步扩展到底板与腹板的连接部位;在破坏加载级下,腹板与翼缘发生破坏性裂缝损伤和明显的外扩变形;在高于规范撞击力建议值2倍的横向静载作用范围内,试验梁能够保持弹性工作状态,验证了采用美国ACI规范中对于列车脱轨撞击力的建议值进行U型梁横向抗撞设计的合理性。该研究成果可为轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁的力学性能研究和结构优化设计提供更多参考。

基于基坑支护工程的区段复式配筋预应力管桩抗弯试验及数值模拟

复式配筋预应力混凝土管桩(PRC管桩)作为基坑支护桩使用时,为提高非预应力钢筋的利用效率,提出将区段配置非预应力钢筋的管桩作为基坑支护桩。通过对天津地区80个基坑工程中的支护桩弯矩分布情况统计分析,并对区段复式配筋预应力混凝土管桩(PR-PHC管桩)进行足尺抗弯试验及有限元分析,研究区段配筋的可行性和PR-PHC管桩的抗弯性能。研究表明,单支撑排桩、倾斜桩及悬臂桩的桩身弯矩区间分布具有规律性。PR-PHC管桩区段配置的非预应力筋,可以提高其抗弯极限承载力及其抗弯刚度,并有效改善桩身裂缝的展开情况,构建的数值模型可以较好地反映试验的实际情况。并对PR-PHC管桩在实际应用中可能遇到的不利工况做了影响分析。研究结果表明可以在基坑工程中使用PR-PHC管桩替代PRC管桩,减少钢筋使用量,促进碳减排。

PCCP管芯混凝土防裂控裂技术研究进展

预应力钢筒混凝土管(PCCP)在我国引调水工程中发挥着重要作用,PCCP运行的安全性对水资源的配置至关重要,关系国计民生。当管芯混凝土内表面产生有害裂缝后,在水压力的作用下会引起内管芯混凝土破坏,导致钢筒被锈蚀,形成安全隐患,因此,针对管芯内壁混凝土裂缝预防和控制的研究对水资源的合理利用具有重大意义。为了预防和减少PCCP内壁出现有害裂缝,根据国内外学者的研究成果,概述了PCCP管芯内壁混凝土裂缝的种类和形式,即纵向裂缝、螺旋裂缝和插口端裂缝;总结了干燥收缩、沉降收缩、温度收缩、焊缝、缠丝应力、吊装运输等因素与PCCP内壁混凝土裂缝的关系;分别从PCCP设计、原材料、配合比、养护制度、焊缝、钢筒、插口和裂缝自愈合、纤维增强材料等方面总结了PCCP管芯内壁裂缝的预防和控制方法。最后,对PCCP管芯混凝土内壁裂缝的控制和预防进行了展望,为继续研究提供思路。

受损PPC斜拉桥主梁灌缝加固后疲劳性能试验研究

为进一步研究受损部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁裂缝灌浆加固后的疲劳性能,对受较大疲劳及静力损伤的PPC斜拉桥节段缩尺模型主梁进行裂缝灌浆加固,并开展疲劳及疲劳后静载试验研究。研究结果表明:在疲劳荷载作用下,灌浆裂缝未重新开裂,在疲劳加载初期(约20万次),结构体系刚度下降较快,后期下降较平缓;250万次疲劳加载后,主梁L/4、L/2和3L/4截面处的结构体系刚度分别降低12.83%、9.48%、13.62%,较原主梁第4轮疲劳加载下结构体系刚度下降幅度大,但疲劳结束时结构体系刚度仍然比原主梁第4轮疲劳加载初始结构体系刚度大;对裂缝进行灌浆处置能有效恢复PPC斜拉桥主梁的抗裂强度及结构体系刚度;随着荷载增大,灌浆裂缝逐步张开,但最大裂缝宽度对应位置发生转移,同时不断有新裂缝产生,且裂缝分布区域范围增大,环氧树脂胶的作用极大地延缓了裂缝宽度的增大,提高了主梁的抗裂性能;环氧树脂胶不仅能修复混凝土裂缝界面,同时能有效恢复钢筋与混凝土间的黏结滑移损伤;对受严重损伤的PPC斜拉桥主梁仅进行裂缝灌浆处置后,主梁仍然具有良好的抗疲劳性能,同时,其疲劳后的抗裂性能及刚度也得到较大恢复。

冻融循环作用下锈蚀预应力混凝土梁受弯性能数值分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立预应力混凝土梁三维有限元模型,对冻融循环以及锈蚀后的预应力混凝土梁分别进行了受弯性能非线性数值模拟分析和试验研究,模拟分析所得荷载⁃跨中挠度曲线与试验研究所得吻合良好,验证了模拟分析结果的合理性。在此基础上,建立冻融循环与锈蚀共同作用下的预应力混凝土梁有限元模型,分析不同参数下预应力混凝土梁的受弯性能。结果表明,冻融循环与锈蚀共同作用下预应力混凝土梁的抗裂能力与抗弯承载力相对于单一环境作用下明显减小;冻融循环与锈蚀共同作用下预应力混凝土梁出现了两种典型的破坏方式:混凝土压碎与预应力筋拉断;随着混凝土强度降低、冻融循环次数增多、锈蚀率增大,预应力混凝土梁的极限承载力与对应下的跨中极限挠度呈现不同程度衰减趋势;冻融循环次数和预应力水平对构件刚度影响较大。