Fatigue crack propagation in fine-grained magnesium under low temperature tension-tension cyclic loading

Fine-grained magnesium was tested under stress-controlled tension-tension cyclic loading at -30 ℃ and the tested sample was observed using scanning electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction to explore the fatigue behavior and crack propagation. The fatigue data showed that the material experienced cyclic softening followed by cyclic hardening before the final fracture failure. The microscopic observations demonstrated that the cracks were almost perpendicular to the loading direction with some zigzags and the cracks progressed along both small angle grain boundaries and large angle grain boundaries. Although the cracks were mainly propagated along large angle grain boundaries, the value of grain boundary angle was not the primary factor to determine the crack propagation direction. The local residual strain from the rolling process was released due to the crack propagation and there was more strain relaxation at regions closer to the cracks.

Seismic dynamic stability of double-slider rock slopes containing tension cracks

Earthquakes have significant impact on rock slopes,thus studying the seismic stability of double-slider rock slopes containing tension cracks is crucial.We proposed an analysis method on the seismic dynamic slope stability.This method utilizes discrete Fourier transform to decompose real earthquake waves into a combination of harmonic waves.These waves are then used in conjunction with the pseudo-dynamic method and safety factor calculation formula to compute the safety factor.This approach accurately captures the influence of seismic time history characteristics on the dynamic stability of double-slider rock slopes containing tension cracks.The minimum safety factor in the obtained time history curves of the safety factor reflects the most unfavorable state of the slopes under seismic effects.Quantitative analysis is conducted using six sets of actual earthquake ground motion data obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s NGAWest2 ground-shaking record database.The conclusions are as follows:(1)There is an inverse correlation between the average seismic acceleration amplitude and the minimum safety factor.Conversely,the seismic acceleration amplitude standard deviation shows a positive correlation with the minimum safety factor.The global sensitivity of geometric parameters in the slope model is higher than other influencing factors.(2)The proposed dynamic stability analysis method can capture the dynamic characteristics of earthquakes,emphasizing the minimum safety factor of the slope in the seismic time history as a stability indicator.In contrast,the pseudo-static method may yield unsafe results.(3)A safety factor expression considering hydrostatic pressure is proposed.A negative correlation was observed between the height of the water level line and the minimum safety factor.

Effect of Inclined Tension Crack on Rock Slope Stability by SSR Technique

The tension cracks and joints in rock or soil slopes affect their failure stability.Prediction of rock or soil slope failure is one of the most challenging tasks in the earth sciences.The actual slopes consist of inhomogeneous materials,complex morphology,and erratic joints.Most studies concerning the failure of rock slopes primarily focused on determining Factor of Safety(FoS)and Critical Slip Surface(CSS).In this article,the effect of inclined tension crack on a rock slope failure is studied numerically with Shear Strength Reduction Factor(SRF)method.An inclined Tension Crack(TC)influences the magnitude and location of the rock slope’s Critical Shear Strength Reduction Factor(CSRF).Certainly,inclined cracks are more prone to cause the failure of the slope than the vertical TC.Yet,all tension cracks do not lead to failure of the slope mass.The effect of the crest distance of the tension crack is also investigated.The numerical results do not show any significant change in the magnitude of CSRF unless the tip of the TC is very near to the crest of the slope.ATC is also replaced with a joint,and the results differ from the corresponding TC.These results are discussed regarding shear stress and Critical Slip Surface(CSS).

Prediction of Flexural Deformation of Reinforcement Concrete Beams with Polynomial Tension Stiffening Model

Based on an assumption of parabolic bond stress distribution,a simplified model with quartic polynomial function of the relative slip of steel bar and surrounding concrete for reinforced concrete (RC)tensile member was proposed. The post-cracking behavior as well as tension stiffening effect was considered in the new model. The relative slip of bending member could also be determined through the extension of the new model,which could be applied to obtaining the concentrated rotations at certain sections in order to predict the flexural deformation of RC beam. Several examples of four-point bending RC beams were approached to verify the new model,and the predictions of the flexural deflections of RC beams agreed well with experimental results. The new model can be extended to the application of partially corroded RC beam.

Effect of pre-deformation on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of aluminum alloy 2519

The effects of pre-deformation and strain rate on the stress corrosion cracking （SCC） behavior of aluminum alloy 2519 in air and in 3.5% NaCI water solution were investigated by means of slow strain rate tension （SSRT）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results indicate that the alloy is susceptible to SCC in 3.5% NaCI water solution and not in air. At the same pre-deformation, the alloy is more susceptible to SCC at 1.33 × 10^-5 s^-1 than at 6.66 × 10^-5 s^-1. Moreover, it is more susceptible to SCC at free pre-deformation than at 10% pre-deformation at the same strain rate. The number of 0 precipitated along the grain boundaries is reduced and distributed discontinuously, at the same time, the precipitate-free zones （PFZ） become narrow and the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is reduced after 10% pre-deformation.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TENSILE CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN RC SHEAR WALLS AFTER CRACKING

Through the test of 8 RC shear wall specimens and computer analysis ofstrains of steel bars with keyways in the specimens,the authors have studied the remains oftensile stress of concrete between cracks after concrete cracking and put forward a formulato calculate coefficient Ψ,the ununiform distribution factor of steel strain.This coefficientcan be used to modify the calculated steel strain in cracked zone,so as to make the resultsof using finite clement method to analyze shear walls more accurate.

高温后混凝土单轴拉伸和压缩破坏规律及力学性能研究

本文对常温及高温作用后的混凝土进行单轴拉伸和压缩试验,同时使用数字图像相关方法(DIC)观测混凝土试件表面的变形演化过程,探究高温后混凝土拉伸和压缩过程中裂缝的变形演化及力学性能衰减规律。结果表明,随着温度升高,混凝土表面裂缝的萌生和扩展时间逐渐提前,破坏时表面应变集中区的宽度及相应的应变数值逐渐增大,裂缝扩展程度更加显著,当温度达到800℃时,甚至呈多裂缝扩展形态。裂缝的显著扩展增加了混凝土的耗能,使高温损伤后混凝土的延性增加。比较高温后混凝土拉伸和压缩应变云图可知,裂缝开裂引起的应变集中区宽度相近,但压缩试件的应变数值略高于拉伸试件。裂缝的萌生和扩展影响混凝土的力学性能,随着温度升高,混凝土抗拉强度、抗压强度及弹性模量不断下降,峰值应力处的应变逐渐增加;拉伸应力应变曲线由双阶段逐渐转变为三阶段,破坏特征由脆性转变为延性;而压缩应力应变曲线始终为三阶段,与单轴拉伸相比,压缩破坏的延性特征更加明显。

平面拉伸下聚氨酯裂纹板的裂纹扩展研究

聚氨酯(PU)因具有优异的物理化学性能,常用于一般工业与民用建筑中的屋面、地下室、浴室、卫生间地面等防水工程,但在长期服役过程中,难免会产生裂纹或微孔等缺陷,裂纹地萌生与扩展将劣化材料的使用性能,降低材料构件的承载力,甚至导致结构失效或安全事故。本文通过平面拉伸试验,探究了不同拉伸速率下聚氨酯裂纹板的力学性能及其裂纹扩展规律,研究结果表明,拉伸速率对裂纹板的应力应变关系、断裂失效时间以及裂纹扩展规律均有一定影响。

Effect of High-Performance Steel on the Tension Stiffening and Cracking Behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Tension Ties

In construction industry, the application of high-performance reinforcement bar is required strongly. Unfortunately, not nearly enough research has been conducted on high-performance steel in comparison with high strength concrete. This paper describes the effect of high-performance steel as reinforcement steel bar on the tension response and cracking behavior of concrete and fiber-reinforced strain-hardening cement-based composite (SHCC) tension members. High-performance steel is characterized by higher strength in comparison to ASTM A615-06 Grade 60 steel. The tension stiffening effect on high-performance reinforcing bars embedded in cement-based composite prism is investigated experimentally. The variables in the study are types of cement-based composite (conventional concrete, synthetic fiber-reinforced cement composite), yielding strength of steel bars (400MPa and 600MPa), and types of loading (monotonic and repeated tension loading).

裂纹-孔洞缺陷下PVC涂层织物类膜材的撕裂行为

膜结构节点和边界处往往需要通过膜面开孔来实现关键部位的连接,孔洞边缘的应力集中会影响膜面的撕裂行为。为探究聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)涂层织物类膜材中孔洞对裂纹扩展行为的影响,开展了含有裂纹-孔洞缺陷的PVC涂层织物类膜材的单轴拉伸试验,分析了裂纹扩展全过程和撕裂机理,提出了适用于含裂纹-孔洞多缺陷PVC涂层织物类膜材撕裂强度的预测模型,并验证了模型的适用性。研究结果表明:含裂纹-孔洞缺陷的PVC涂层织物类膜材在中心撕裂过程中存在裂纹端扩展和孔端再扩展两阶段;定义了裂纹端临界撕裂荷载、裂纹端峰值撕裂荷载、孔端临界撕裂荷载和孔端峰值撕裂荷载4项撕裂特征指标,以衡量含裂纹-孔洞缺陷膜材的抗撕裂性能;孔洞的存在导致试样在孔端再扩展阶段的承载力提升,但随着孔洞尺寸增大,孔端的承载力提升效应减弱,裂纹端峰值撕裂荷载逐渐变为控制试样破坏的极限荷载;所提出的二次函数-指数函数应力场模型能有效地预测膜材的裂纹端临界撕裂应力和孔端临界撕裂应力。

低碳钢及其不锈钢复合钢材低周疲劳行为的对比研究

不锈钢复合钢材在土木工程结构中得到了越来越多的关注和应用,但是其在循环荷载作用下的力学行为还缺乏足够的认识。通过单轴拉伸试验和不同应变幅条件下的对称应变控制加载低周疲劳试验,对比研究了2 mm+10 mm热轧304+Q235B不锈钢复合钢材及其基层Q235B碳钢钢材的循环弹-塑性特性和低周疲劳寿命;结合数值模拟得到的疲劳试件截面应力分布,分析了复合钢材低周疲劳失效模式的力学机理。结果表明,在拉伸和循环荷载下,复层304不锈钢与基层Q235B碳钢之间均没有出现界面剥离现象;复合钢材及Q235B碳钢均表现出与加载应变幅正相关的循环硬化行为,且前者的循环应力响应大于后者;复合钢材的低周疲劳初始裂纹均出现在Q235B碳钢侧,这是由于复层不锈钢和基层碳钢不同的拉应力状态和塑性变形能力共同造成的,但是复合钢材与Q235B碳钢的低周疲劳寿命未表现出明显的区别。该批次304+Q235B不锈钢复合钢材具有良好的低周疲劳性能,可代替Q235B碳钢用于对腐蚀防护性能具有较高要求的工程构件中。

土坡张拉缝滑面稳定性评价的若干基本问题

围绕张拉缝滑面稳定性评价中存在的若干基础性问题,通过上千个算例,系统分析了两种易混淆的“忽略”方法的可行性和适应性,以及它们在不同张拉缝深度,不同几何形状滑面、不同安全系数方法等条件下对滑面稳定性的影响,主要结论为:①张拉缝未充水时,方法一仅对简化Janbu、简化Bishop法适用,而对通用条分法GLE、不平衡推力法不适用。张拉缝考虑水压力时,方法一不适用,方法二适用。②张拉缝滑面安全系数的变化趋势曲线,与张拉缝开裂前的条间力是拉力还是压力有关,这又与黏聚力、张拉缝深度、安全系数方法相关。如果黏聚力低,则条间力大概率是压力,如黏聚力高,则条间力大概率为拉力。③张拉缝有利于迭代收敛,对于严格法GLE而言,张拉缝促进收敛的效果更明显。本文成果为科学评估张拉缝滑面的稳定性提供了坚实的理论依据和分析方法。

Free Vibration of Stiffened Plate with Cracked Stiffeners

In this paper,a new cracked stiffener model for the stiffener with a partthrough and open crack is proposed,considering the compatibility condition of displacements between the plate and the stiffener.Based on the first-order shear deformation theory,the free vibration of stiffened isotropic plates with cracked stiffeners are investigated for the first time.The description of the crack parameters is based on the continuous equivalent bending stiffness and equivalent depth of the cracked beam,and it takes into consideration of shear deformation,bending-extensional coupling vibration,and eccentricity between the stiffeners and the plate.The stiffened plates with single or multiple cracked stiffeners are formulated and discussed.The Ritz method with the modified characteristic functions is applied to demonstrate the effects of crack parameters(crack depth and location)coupling with the position and number of the cracked stiffeners on the vibration frequencies and modes of the stiffened plate.The validity and accuracy of the present solutions are verified through convergence studies and compared with the finite element results.

氢气压缩机出口缓冲罐小接管裂纹失效分析

某氢气压缩机出口缓冲罐小接管与加强筋板焊缝处存在疑似埋藏裂纹缺陷,通过化学成分分析、常温拉伸试验、宏观分析、金相分析、显微硬度测试、扫描电镜和能谱分析确定开裂原因。结果表明:小接管与加强筋板焊缝的熔敷金属和热影响区存在明显的夹渣、空穴和未熔合,属于制造缺陷,为清根不良和焊接操作不当造成的。建议调整筋板焊接工艺,适当增加焊接电流并降低焊速,加强清根,从而保证焊接质量。

裂纹加筋和缺口加筋对钢加筋板极限强度的影响

This paper numerically evaluates the effect of the crack position on the ultimate strength of stiffened panels.Imperfections such as notches and cracks in aged marine stiffened panels can reduce their ultimate strength.To investigate the effect of crack length and position,a series of nonlinear finite element analyses were carried out and two cases were considered,i.e.,case 1 with thin stiffeners and case 2 with thick stiffeners.In both cases,the stiffeners have the same cross-section area.To have a basis for comparison,the intact panels were modeled as well.The cracks and notches were in the longitudinal and transverse direction and were assumed to be in the middle part of the panel.The cracks and notches were assumed to be through the thickness and there is neither crack propagation nor contact between crack faces.Based on the numerical results,longitudinal cracks affect the behavior of the stiffened panels in the postbuckling region.When the stiffeners are thinner,they buckle first and provide no reserved strength after plate buckling.Thus,cracks in the stiffeners do not affect the ultimate strength in the case of the thinner stiffeners.Generally,when stiffeners are thicker,they affect the postbuckling behavior more.In that case,cracks in the stiffeners affect the buckling and failure modes of the stiffened panels.The effect of notch was also studied.In contrast to the longitudinal crack in stiffeners,a notch in the stiffeners reduces the ultimate strength of the stiffened panel for both slender and thick stiffeners.

采用后张预制板技术的组合梁负弯矩段长期抗裂性能研究

组合梁负弯矩区在受拉的不利作用下容易出现混凝土开裂、挠度过大等病害,混凝土长期收缩徐变作用会进一步加重这些病害,严重影响组合梁桥的受力性能。该文提出一种后张预制板抗裂技术,在考虑收缩徐变作用的情况下,基于依托案例进行有限元数值模拟分析,验证该技术的有效性。为考虑收缩徐变作用,该文基于AAEM法的收缩徐变计算原理,编写了适用于ABAQUS显/隐式的时变效应程序,并基于组合梁长期试验验证时变效应程序及有限元建模方法的可行性。研究结果表明:基于AAEM法编写的收缩徐变预测模型及有限元建模方法有较好的适用性,与试验结果较为吻合,误差较小;后张预制板抗裂技术有效降低了因收缩徐变引起的挠度增加、预应力损失,提高了桥梁受力性能。该文可为组合梁负弯矩区开裂问题提供技术参考,也为有限元模拟考虑收缩徐变效应提供一定理论基础。

孔隙率对煤样力学性质及变形破坏特征的影响机制

为揭示孔隙对煤样力学性质及变形破坏特征的影响,采用UDEC-Trigon开展了不同孔隙率煤样单轴压缩数值模拟试验,分析了不同孔隙率煤样的力学性质和变形破坏特征,研究了孔隙对其宏观变形破坏、微裂隙及声发射演化的影响,阐明了孔隙尖端拉应力集中驱动尖端裂隙产生扩展并贯通导致煤样力学性质及变形破坏变化的影响机制,探讨了孔隙特征对其宏微观力学表现的影响。研究结果表明:(1)随孔隙率的增大,煤样UCS和残余强度呈指数规律递减,弹性模量和变形模量逐渐减小,但泊松比逐渐增大;(2)孔隙影响下煤样内部微观张拉裂隙更易起裂、扩展,随孔隙率的增大,煤样失稳由拉剪脆性破坏向张拉延性破坏转变;(3)孔隙影响下煤样声发射信号由突然急剧增加向缓慢增加演化转变;(4)孔隙尖端拉应力驱动微观张拉裂隙产生并扩展延伸,孔隙率越高拉应力分布范围越广、量值越大,微观裂隙大量起裂扩展并更易贯通,宏观裂纹分布范围越广、数量越多;(5)煤样内部拉应力分布及演化受孔隙结构特征影响显著,影响孔隙尖端微裂隙产生、扩展及贯通,导致煤样力学性质和变形破坏特征产生明显变化。研究成果可为煤矿巷道钻孔卸压防治冲击地压提供参考。

某锚拉式桩板挡墙裂缝原因分析与治理

某锚拉式桩板挡墙裂缝水平起伏,与桩横截面平行,横截面处未贯通;裂缝在桩临空面较宽,向桩临土面逐渐消失,裂缝形态表现为受弯开裂。挡墙墙背因岩溶角砾岩力学性质较差、墙底超挖、锚头破坏钢筋接头连接失效等原因,桩临空面弯矩超过桩的抗弯能力,桩出现平行于横截面的水平拉裂缝。采用“新增锚索与腰梁+裂缝修补+泄水孔修复”的方式进行加固治理,效果良好,可为类似工程提供参考。

基于ANSYS的拦污栅应力配筋研究

为获得更精确、科学的配筋方法,提高钢筋混凝土结构的抗拉强度,节省工程造价,提出一种基于ANSYS的弹性正应力配筋方法,选取某地进出水口的拦污栅框架结构为例,提取其连系梁截面上的应力,分别利用基于规范的小偏心受拉配筋法和基于ANSYS的弹性正应力配筋法进行配筋计算,发现基于ANSYS的弹性正应力配筋法根据结构截面应力分布情况进行钢筋分配,总配筋量相同的情况下,主要受拉区配筋量更多。为进一步验证基于ANSYS的弹性正应力配筋方法的合理性,对采用两种配筋方法的钢筋混凝土结构裂缝开展宽度进行验算,并结合ANSYS观测了其裂纹分布情况,发现相同工况下基于ANSYS的弹性正应力配筋法裂缝开展宽度更小,主要受拉区裂纹更少,相比基于规范的小偏心受拉配筋方法可使混凝土承受更大的拉应力。研究结果可为同样工况的钢筋混凝土结构的精确配筋计算提供参考。

W火焰炉水冷壁管拉裂原因多物理场耦合数值模拟研究

自参与深度调峰以来,贵州省内某发电企业超临界W火焰直流炉水冷壁拉裂故障频发,使机组非计划停机数大幅增加。本文基于数值模拟的方法,建立前述锅炉易发生拉裂部位的局部管屏三维模型,开展多物理场耦合数值模拟研究,求解该模型的管屏在BMCR和40%BMCR两种工况下的最大温度、热应力及最大剪切应力分布和最大变形量,并对比分析模拟结果与现场情况,得出管屏第423管背火侧焊缝处易产生拉裂的原因主要是热应力集中在该部位导致纵向裂纹扩展到焊缝处,以及该部位水冷壁管垂直方向相反的剪切应力最大且对管材具有撕扯作用,在多次深调运行中累加致使焊缝处发生拉裂故障。形成的结论可为机组运行调整和预防性检修策略提供参考。