Effect of Inclined Tension Crack on Rock Slope Stability by SSR Technique

The tension cracks and joints in rock or soil slopes affect their failure stability.Prediction of rock or soil slope failure is one of the most challenging tasks in the earth sciences.The actual slopes consist of inhomogeneous materials,complex morphology,and erratic joints.Most studies concerning the failure of rock slopes primarily focused on determining Factor of Safety(FoS)and Critical Slip Surface(CSS).In this article,the effect of inclined tension crack on a rock slope failure is studied numerically with Shear Strength Reduction Factor(SRF)method.An inclined Tension Crack(TC)influences the magnitude and location of the rock slope’s Critical Shear Strength Reduction Factor(CSRF).Certainly,inclined cracks are more prone to cause the failure of the slope than the vertical TC.Yet,all tension cracks do not lead to failure of the slope mass.The effect of the crest distance of the tension crack is also investigated.The numerical results do not show any significant change in the magnitude of CSRF unless the tip of the TC is very near to the crest of the slope.ATC is also replaced with a joint,and the results differ from the corresponding TC.These results are discussed regarding shear stress and Critical Slip Surface(CSS).

Improvement of Bending Strength of Carbon Fiber/Thermoplastic Epoxy Composites <br/>—Effects of Molecular Weight of Epoxy on Carbon Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Strength and Connection of Cracks in Matrix

The bending strength of carbon?fiber/thermoplastic epoxy composites?(CF/TP-EP Compo.)?had?bi-linear increasewith increase of weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of matrix. The transition in the bending strength appeared at around 55k of Mw (“k”?means 103). SEM observation of fractured surface of CF/TP-EP Compo. showed that the fracture mode changed from interfacial failure to fiber breakage dominated failure. The smooth surface of carbon fibers appeared at lower Mw than 55k while some resin remained on the fibers indicating good adhesion between carbon fiber and matrix at higher Mw than 55k. The interfacial shear strength between carbon fiber and matrix bi-linearly increased with an increase of Mw similarly to the bending strength of the composite, measured by the micro droplet test. The dynamic loss tanδ?of the matrix measured at 2?Hz also showed a bi-linear relationship with respect to Mw having a knee point at Mw = 55k. The connection probability of two cracks introduced on?each side of specimens also confirmed that the interfacial strength between carbon fiber and matrix is the key for the mechanical performance of CF/TP-EP Compo. in bending.

Crack initiation,propagation and saturation of TiO_2 nanotube film

Vertically orientated TiO2 nanotube array with diameters ranging from 60 up to 80 nm and length of 4 μm was grown on titanium by anodization.Crack initiation,propagation and saturation were studied using the substrate straining test.The results show that annealing obviously modifies the interfaces.With the increase of tensile strain,cracks in TiO2 nanotube films propagate rapidly and reach the saturation within a narrow strain gap.Interfacial shear strengths of TiO2 nanotube films without annealing,with 250 ℃ annealing and with 400 ℃ annealing can be estimated as 163.3,370.2 and 684.5 MPa,respectively.The critical energy release rates of TiO2 nanotube films are calculated as 49.6,102.6 and 392.7 J/m2,respectively.The fracture toughnesses of TiO2 nanotube films are estimated as 0.996,1.433 and 2.803 MPa-m1/2,respectively.The interfacial bonding mechanism of TiO2 nanotube film is chemical bonding.

裂隙灰岩拉剪破坏裂纹扩展规律与断裂机制

为了探究裂隙灰岩体发生拉剪破坏后的裂纹扩展规律与断裂机制,以裂隙灰岩为研究对象,开展拉剪断裂试验,并基于ABAQUS软件建立相对应模型。通过分析得到不同加载位置下裂隙尖端发生断裂破坏过程的应力云图变化,利用J积分与位移外推法计算得到Ⅰ、Ⅱ型应力强度因子。结果表明:随着加载步数的增加,加载点正下方、裂纹尖端处与底部临空区易形成应力集中区并相互贯通,数值模型与物理试验裂纹扩展路径基本一致,加载距离的增加使得裂纹起裂角与水平方向最远扩展距离变小。利用J积分法与位移外推法计算不同加载距离下应力强度因子K_(Ⅰ)、K_(Ⅱ)值,相对误差在5%以内,计算结果准确度较高。所建立的模型能够较好地反映试验真实断裂情况,其分析结果可为危岩崩塌预报防治提供重要的理论参考。

裂隙水作用下岩质边坡平面滑动力学模型

在降雨等水力条件作用下沿岩层层面的平面滑动是顺层岩质边坡最常见的一种破坏模式,而目前关于该类边坡的稳定性计算方法几乎很少考虑裂隙面粗糙度对地下水渗流力及滑面抗剪强度的影响,进而导致其稳定性计算结果误差较大。为此,首先对地下水作用下的顺层岩质边坡受力特征进行分析,认为地下水将对滑动岩体产生3个方面的力学作用:张裂隙中的静水压力、滑面上的扬压力和渗流力,由此建立了相应的边坡稳定性计算模型。其次,通过引入裂隙面粗糙度对裂隙抗剪强度及地下水渗流力的影响,提出了考虑裂隙粗糙及地下水渗流力的顺层岩质边坡稳定性计算模型。而后,通过对含一条贯通粗糙裂隙的岩质边坡稳定性为例,验证了该模型计算结果的合理性,同时计算结果表明裂隙面粗糙度系数JRC对边坡稳定性有重要影响,必须予以考虑。最后,基于参数敏感性分析研究了主要参数如裂隙面粗糙度系数、裂隙基本摩擦角、裂隙宽度、裂隙壁面岩石抗压强度及地下水位高度等对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明:仅裂隙宽度对边坡稳定性影响很小,而其他参数对边坡稳定性影响则相对较大,不容忽视。且裂隙面粗糙度对边坡稳定性的影响与裂隙壁面岩石抗压强度密切相关,随着其增加,裂隙面粗糙度对边坡稳定性的影响程度逐渐变大。

某大跨度异形板的结构设计与分析

以广州某住宅楼大跨度异形板为例,针对大跨度异形板及周边剪力墙容易出现裂缝的问题,通过强度设计、挠度裂缝分析、温度应力分析、舒适度分析、剪力墙平面外强度分析等设计方法,提出防止出现裂缝问题的措施在于大跨度异形板不仅要加强构造,还应在计算中同时满足强度计、裂缝计算、温度应力计算、舒适度计算、剪力墙平面外强度计算,以此满足结构安全和使用舒适度要求。

裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响研究

胀缩性、裂隙性是膨胀土的基本特性,膨胀土内部裂隙对边坡破坏有着巨大的影响,常引起工程事故.为研究裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响,以南阳膨胀土作为研究对象,分别研究裂隙倾角、裂隙条数、裂隙形状等因素对膨胀土力学性质产生的影响.采用CT扫描试验观测了原状土内部裂隙发育情况;通过对含有不同裂隙倾角、条数、形状以及不同裂隙间填充物情况的含裂隙土样进行直剪试验,分析裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响.结果表明:裂隙的产生会破坏土体整体性,降低膨胀土抗剪强度;裂隙条数增多,裂隙相互交汇会进一步降低土体强度;膨胀土抗剪强度指标(黏聚力、内摩擦角)随裂隙面倾角的减小先减小后增大;当裂隙面倾角为膨胀土破坏面倾角时其抗剪强度最低;裂隙面倾角越接近破坏面倾角其抗剪强度越低,反之越高;引入裂隙膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角的弱化度,建立了其抗剪强度指标随倾角变化的预测模型.

Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on Deformation in Micro-blanking Process with Copper Foil

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on deformation in micro-blanking was investigated with copper foils of different grain sizes using a developed device. It is found that maximum shearing strength is decreased by ultrasonic vibration, and this effect becomes bigger for coarse grain than that for fine grain, which can be attributed to acoustic softening effect considering the absorbed acoustic energy. Surface roughness R_a of smooth zone decreases for the polishing effect of vibration at the lateral contact surface. When ultrasonic vibration is applied, the sheared deformation area becomes relatively narrow, and it leads to the reduction of radius of rollover. The analysis of cross section in sheared deformation area shows that the crack initiation is inhabited for the existence of acoustic softening, and the proportion of smooth zone is increased. Also, angle of crack propagation becomes smaller because of periodic strain, and the angle of facture surface is decreased. As a result, the quality of micro-sheet parts is improved by applying ultrasonic vibration.

Torsional Behavior Design of UHPC Box Beams Based on Thin-Walled Tube Theory

This study proposed a prediction formula for the torsional strength enabling to reflect the tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) beams based upon the thin-walled tube theory. The remarkable ductile behavior of UHPC can also be attributed to the steel fiber reinforcement. This feature must be considered to provide rational explanation of the torsional behavior of UHPC structures. In this study, the proposed torsional design adopts a modified thin-walled tube theory so as to consider the tensile behavior of UHPC. And torsion test was conducted on thin-walled UHPC box beams to validate the proposed formula through comparison of the predicted torsional strength with the experimental results. The comparison of the predicted values of the cracking torque and torsional moment resistance with those observed in the torsional test of UHPC verified the validity of the design method. The contribution of the steel fibers to the torsional strength and cracking load was larger than that of the stirrups, but the stirrups appeared to contribute additionally to the torsional ductility. Accordingly, it is recommended that design should exploit effectively the contribution of the steel fiber rather than arrange a larger number of stirrups in UHPC structures subjected to torsion.

The Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Under Combined Torsion and Shear

- The behavior of the reinforced concrete members subjected to combined torsion and shear is studied in this paper. Based on the skew bending failure pattern observed in tests, and according to the gradual increase in strain on the concrete surface, a nonlinear full range analysis is performed for predicting the torque-twist relationship of members under combined torsion and shear for the ratio of torsion to shear is chosen bigger than 0.5 (T/ V b> 0.5). The test results are compared with the theoretical predictions.

Analysis of Shear Failure in Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups

This paper deals with flexural concrete members reinforced longitudinally but without transverse reinforcement. The conducted experimental investigations have shown that beams without web reinforcement may fail without attaining their full flexural capacity and then shear governs their failure. In the paper, there are presented recent results of the author＇s own experiments, which aimed at disclosing some aspects of the propagation of cracks in longitudinally reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. The experimental program has been designed especially to investigate the influence of the shear span-to-depth ratio on diagonal crack propagation and load carrying capacity of tested beams.

Shear-resistant behavior of light composite shear wall

Shear test results for a composite wall panel in a light composite structure system are compared with test results for shear walls in Japan.The analysis results show that this kind of composite wall panel works very well,and can be regarded as a solid panel.The composite wall panel with a hidden frame is essential for bringing its effect on shear resistance into full play.Comprehensive analysis of the shear-resistant behavior of the composite wall panel suggests that the shear of the composite shear wall panel can be controlled by the cracking strength of the web shearing diagonal crack.

黄原胶和瓜尔胶改良膨胀土力学特性试验研究

膨胀土地区铁路路基优质填料匮乏,可采用环保的生物聚合物对膨胀土进行改良。通过开展室内力学性能及微观分析试验,研究黄原胶和瓜尔胶2种生物聚合物对膨胀土力学性能的影响规律及微观机理。结果表明:黄原胶和瓜尔胶与土中矿物反应生成的胶结物能有效改善土颗粒之间的黏结强度、提高土体黏聚力,进而降低膨胀土胀缩性,提高抗剪强度和无侧限抗压强度;瓜尔胶改良土强度提升效果优于黄原胶改良土,综合考虑路基填料强度和变形,胶土比为1.0%时瓜尔胶的改良效果最优;掺入黄原胶和瓜尔胶可有效限制裂隙发展,干湿循环次数相同时,黄原胶和瓜尔胶改良土的裂隙数量和宽度显著低于膨胀土,且破坏类型从脆性破坏转化为塑性破坏;随着干湿循环次数的增加,改良土和膨胀土强度均呈衰减趋势,但相比于膨胀土,瓜尔胶改良土抗剪强度有较大提升,而黄原胶改良土稳定性更好。

基于可解释机器学习方法的RC深受弯构件开裂剪力预测

钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete,RC)深受弯构件易发生脆性剪切破坏,斜裂缝产生及发展伴随全过程,开裂剪力是关键指标之一.建立了276根含开裂荷载信息的RC深受弯构件受剪试验数据库,采用机器学习XGBoost集成算法预测其开裂剪力,并采用5项统计指标评估机器学习模型的预测性能.从无腹筋和双向腹筋两类工况,对比了所建机器学习模型与5个半经验半理论计算公式的预测结果,表明所建预测模型的预测精度较高且离散性小,其R2为91%,预测值与试验值比值的均值为0.99,标准差为0.27.此外,采用SHAP(SHapley Additive exPlanations)可解释性方法对机器学习模型预测结果进行全局解释和局部解释,特征重要性排序由重要到一般依次为:加载板宽度、截面高度、混凝土抗压强度,表明所建模型及可解释性方法是符合机理的.

基于不同锚固角度的倾斜节理岩体剪切破坏特征研究

针对倾斜节理岩体巷道锚固支护问题,为获得较好的锚固支护效果,以长城六矿1301工作面运输巷为工程背景,基于相似模拟试验和数值模拟分析,揭示了不同锚固角度倾斜节理岩体剪切破坏特征。研究结果表明:随着法向荷载的增加,锚固倾斜节理岩体峰值强度逐渐增加;法向荷载为4 MPa时,随着锚固角度的增大,倾斜节理岩体的峰值抗剪强度和残余强度均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在锚固角度为45°时均达到最大值;随着锚固角度的减小,锚杆两侧的压力链逐渐增加,并在锚杆内部产生拉力链,即随着锚固角度的减小,锚杆逐渐起到轴向拉伸抑滑的作用,倾斜节理岩体的锚固效果逐渐提升,当锚固角度为45°时抑滑效果较优。根据位移演化规律分析获得,在锚固角度较大时,大部分锚杆未起到抗剪作用,限制锚杆周围区域颗粒位移的能力较差,锚固效果不显著;在锚固角度较小时,限制锚杆周围区域颗粒位移的能力较强,锚固效果较好。根据倾斜节理岩体锚固支护剪切破坏特征,分析获得岩体抗剪强度演化规律、裂隙扩展规律、岩体内部位移演化规律以及岩体内部接触力及应力张量演化规律,综合确定当锚固角度为45°时倾斜节理岩体表现出较优的锚固支护效果。

预应力混凝土空心板梁抗剪试验及剪切斜裂缝评估研究

为了及时发现在役预应力混凝土空心板梁梁端腹板斜裂缝,评估其开裂后的剩余抗剪承载能力,做好预防性养护措施,以跨径16 m的预应力混凝土空心板梁为研究对象,进行了梁抗剪承载能力足尺试验研究。设计了3组不同剪跨比的试验工况,利用千斤顶加载至预应力混凝土空心板梁彻底失去抗剪承载能力,研究了梁体裂缝发展过程、裂缝分布特征、裂缝宽度、钢筋应变发展过程、开裂荷载、极限荷载等力学响应及试验现象,得到了梁端腹板斜裂缝、底板横向裂缝、剩余抗剪承载能力的对应关系。通过观测梁端底板横向裂缝特征,即可推断出梁端腹板是否存在斜裂缝以及斜裂缝的特征。结果表明:先张法预应力混凝土空心板梁受剪破坏具有一定的脆性特征,斜裂缝的出现和发展较为突然,斜裂缝附近的箍筋应变在裂缝出现后骤增,甚至箍筋直接屈服;剪跨比对空心板梁的破坏模式和抗剪承载力有着显著影响,剪跨比最大和最小的试验梁分别具有一定的斜拉和斜压特征,剪跨比越大的试验梁极限抗剪承载力和开裂承载力越小。将抗剪极限破坏试验中裂缝特征与结构受剪损伤程度之间建立了联系,对梁端腹板因为抗剪不足导致的斜裂缝病害进行了损伤评级,提出了评定预应力混凝土空心板梁梁端腹板斜裂缝病害的方法,可以用来指导在役预应力混凝土空心板梁抗剪裂缝的处治。

不同干燥温度条件下非饱和红黏土裂隙演化及抗剪强度变化规律研究

温度作为重要外界因素,对红黏土的强度特性和裂隙性具有重要影响。为研究干燥温度、含水率和干密度对非饱和红黏土强度特性和裂隙发育的影响,对不同蒸发温度条件下不同初始状态的非饱和红黏土进行直剪试验和干燥试验。分析了不同温度下红黏土的强度特性,结合图像处理技术对裂隙的发育规律进行了阐述,并对抗剪强度指标(黏聚力、内摩擦角)和裂隙形态参数(裂隙率)的关系进行了探讨。试验结果表明:裂隙几何参数(裂隙总长度、节点数和裂隙率)随着温度升高而增大。干密度越低,含水率越大,裂隙指标随温度的变化幅度越大,裂隙也越发育。张拉应力的存在是裂隙产生的主要力学原因。黏聚力随温度升高先增大后减小,衰减的幅度和干密度有关。随着温度升高,内摩擦角先缓慢增长,而后增速加快,含水率越低,变化越明显。随着裂隙率的增加,黏聚力先增多后减小,内摩擦角则不断增长。

基于纤维拔出研究木材胶合界面的断裂行为

【目的】借鉴复合材料中纤维拔出方法探究木材/酚醛树脂(PF)胶合试件真实的界面剪切强度,分析拔出木条的断裂形貌和细胞壁层的破坏模式,为揭示木材胶合界面的断裂机理提供理论支撑。【方法】根据前期试验条件探索,分别制备得到两种类型木材胶合试件:早材木条/PF树脂和早–晚材木条/PF树脂。利用万能力学试验机和超景深三维显微镜测得的数据计算出平均界面剪切强度,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)表征手段分析界面相内聚合物分子间作用形式、拔出木条的宏观断裂形貌、微观尺度细胞壁层破坏模式以及裂纹的萌生与扩散。【结果】载荷–位移曲线表明:拔出过程中木条/PF树脂界面相均发生脆性断裂,早材木条/PF树脂的界面剪切强度为(1.23±0.12)MPa,而早–晚材/木条/PF树脂的界面剪切强度为(3.66±0.11)MPa,约为早材木条的3倍。FTIR分析得出:木材与PF树脂聚合物分子间被证实发生化学交联反应,增强界面相黏结性能。SEM结果显示:拔出后埋入顶端早材木条试样的断裂类型为剪切破坏,而埋入底端早材木条的断裂类型为拉伸–剪切破坏共存;拔出后早–晚材木条试样的断裂类型以碎片化拉伸破坏为主。AFM图像表明:拔出后早材木条试样以跨壁层破坏为主,起始裂纹发生在厚度变化较大的相邻管胞壁的S_(2)层,随后沿着S_(1)/S_(2)界面扩展;拔出后早–晚材木条试样晚材细胞S_(2)层起始裂纹同时沿着CML/S_(1)和S_(1)/S_(2)界面扩展;此外,交叉场区域容易发生应力集中,外部拉力载荷使得射线细胞发生剥离或整体脱落。【结论】PF树脂在早材和晚材中渗透差异导致两种类型胶合界面的剪切强度差异,早材木条和早–晚材木条自身结构和性能的差异性是造成拔出后界面断裂形貌差异的主要原因。

带接缝面钢筋混凝土梁抗剪性能研究

装配式混凝土结构具有施工速度快,产品质量高、节能环保等多方面优势,因此近年来在我国得到了大力推广,特别是采用湿式连接的装配整体式框架结构更是应用广泛。进行预制梁的拼接连接时,会在混凝土梁内产生垂直于轴线方向的接缝面。当梁发生剪切破坏时,接缝面的存在有可能会改变斜裂缝的发展,影响梁的抗剪承载能力。为此,对3根整浇混凝土梁和9根带接缝面混凝土梁进行了加载试验,分析了试件的破坏模式,荷载-挠度曲线以及抗剪承载力。试验显示,带接缝面混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态与整浇梁的剪切破坏形态有较大差异,斜裂缝从接缝面上1/3截面高处向加载点发展,且梁的延性明显降低,抗剪承载能力低于整浇梁,剪跨比越小抗剪承载力下降越多,表明预制拼接梁接缝面的影响不能忽略。基于桁架-拱理论,提出了带接缝面钢筋混凝土梁抗剪承载力的计算式。通过与试验结果对比可以发现,该计算式计算精度高,且离散性较小。并且,该计算式还能在一定程度上预测带接缝面梁斜裂缝的形成位置。

CFRP条带加固RC梁斜裂缝投影长度的计算方法

开展18根CFRP条带加固RC梁的抗剪试验,分析剪跨比、CFRP条带间距和预裂度等对加固RC梁斜裂缝投影长度的影响。试验研究表明:CFRP条带间距的减小将延缓斜裂缝的发展,增加斜裂缝数量;随着预裂度的增大,斜裂缝发展加快,斜裂缝数量及投影长度增大;剪跨比是影响斜裂缝发展和投影长度的主要因素,斜裂缝投影长度随着剪跨比的增大而增大。在试验研究基础上,综合考虑剪跨比、CFRP条带间距和预裂度等因素影响,提出CFRP加固混凝土梁斜裂缝水平投影长度的计算公式。