Effect of austempering parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of horizontal continuous casting ductile iron dense bars

In the present research, the orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of different austempering process parameters （i.e. austenitizing temperature and time, and austempering temperature and time） on microstructure and mechanical properties of LZQT500-7 ductile iron dense bars with 172 mm in diameter which were produced by horizontal continuous casting （HCC）. The results show that the major factors influencing the hardness of austempered ductile iron （ADI） are austenitizing temperature and austempering temperature. The fraction of retained austenite increases as the austenitizing and austempering temperatures increase. When austenitizing temperature is low, acicular ferrite and retained austenite can be efifciently obtained by appropriately extending the austenitizing time. The proper austmepering time could ensure enough stability of retained austenite and prevent high carbon austenite decomposition. The optimal mechanical properties of ADI can be achieved with the fol owing process parameters： austenitizing temperature and time are 866 ＆#176;C and 135 min, and austempering temperature and time are 279 ＆#176;C and 135 min, respectively. The microstructure of ADI under the optimal austempering process consists of ifne acicular ferrite and a smal amount of retained austenite, and the hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and impact toughness of the bars are HBW 476, 1670 MPa, 1428 MPa, 2.93%and 25.7 J, respectively.

Mechanical Characteristics Test of Concrete Steel Bars Available in Côte d’Ivoire

Buildings collapse has now become a recurrent phenomenon in Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the reasons for these disasters, and check in particular to the extent, and concrete steel bars produced in Côte d’Ivoire and used in buildings’ structures are involved. Samples having 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm in diameter steel taken from the five (5) major manufacturers or suppliers of the Ivorian market were subjected to physical, chemical and mechanical tests to determine their performance. A comparison of these results with the NF EN 10080 and NF A35 080-1 standards made it possible to calculate the probability to have out-of-standard products in a structure. Pieces having 60 cm were cut from three bars of the same thickness and then subjected to tests. These are the chemical test by optical emission spectrometer, physical tests by caliper measurements of diameter, height of bolts and ribs and calculation of linear mass, and tensile tests with the help of hydraulic press. These tests made it possible to determine the characteristics of the steel bars. Then, these characteristics were compared with standards NF EN 10080 and NF A35 080-1, in order to judge their conformity for construction. Finally, the likelihood of having non-standard steel bars in a structure is calculated. These tests indicate that the relative surfaces of the bolts of the various bars HA6, HA8, HA10 and HA12 vary from 0.146 to 0.323 respectively;0.120 to 0.312;0.101 to 0, 297 and 0.142 to 0.482. Likewise, their calculated linear masses of these bars are respectively between 28.3 mm2 and 222 g/m;50.3 mm2 and 395 g/m;78.5 mm2 and 617 g/m;and 113 mm2 and 888 g/m. In addition, their yield strengths and elongations at break vary from 344 MPa to 582 MPa and from 0.2% to 15% respectively. According to analysis of these results, 100% of steel bars would lead to a steel-concrete adhesion that complies with standard requirements and 100% have a linear mass or density lower than the standard. Similarly, on the mechanical aspect, 70% of steel bars have a yield strength lower than 400 MPa and 95% have an inappropriate ductility. Non-compliance with cross-sections, inadequate performance and non-compliance with the chemical composition of steel bars expose buildings to low durability and even sudden collapse of their structural elements. Concrete steel bars contribute a great deal to failures found in buildings.

Effect of Run - in Ratios on the Mechanical Properties of Two - Guide Bars Warp - Knitted Fabrics

Warp knitting technology gets rapid development at present and becomes one of the most important parts of the textiles.But it is less known how the parameters of warp knitting technology affect the mechanical properties of warp-knitted fabrics.This paper presents discuss a research on the relationships between run-in ratio and mechanical properties of the two-bar warp-knittedfabrics through the measurement and analysis of the mechanical properties of various samples with different run-in ratios.The optimal run一in ratios for the reasonable mechanical properties are obtained from above dis-

Kinematic Solution of Spherical Stephenson-Ⅲ Six-bar Mechanism

A closed-form solution can be obtained for kinematic analysis of spatial mechanisms by using analytical method.However,extra solutions would occur when solving the constraint equations of mechanism kinematics unless the constraint equations are established with a proper method and the solving approach is appropriate.In order to obtain a kinematic solution of the spherical Stephenson-III six-bar mechanism,spherical analytical theory is employed to construct the constraint equations.Firstly,the mechanism is divided into a four-bar loop and a two-bar unit.On the basis of the decomposition,vectors of the mechanism nodes are derived according to spherical analytical theory and the principle of coordinate transformation.Secondly,the structural constraint equations are constructed by applying cosine formula of spherical triangles to the top platform of the mechanism.Thirdly,the constraint equations are solved by using Bezout’ s elimination method for forward analysis and Sylvester’ s resultant elimination method for inverse kinematics respectively.By the aid of computer symbolic systems,Mathematica and Maple,symbolic closed-form solution of forward and inverse displacement analysis of spherical Stephenson-III six-bar mechanism are obtained.Finally,numerical examples of forward and inverse analysis are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.The results indicate that the constraint equations established with the proposed method are much simpler than those reported by previous literature,and can be readily eliminated and solved.

Biped 4R2C Six-bar Mechanism with Inner and Outer Feet

Most current biped robots are equipped with two feet arranged in the right and left which inspired by the human body system. Different from the existing configurations, a novel biped robot with inner and outer feet based on a spatial six-bar 4R2C（R and C denote revolute and cylindric joints, respectively） mechanism is proposed. It can move along a line or a curve by three walking modes that are dwell adjustment mode, limit position adjustment mode and any position adjustment mode. Kinematic, gait planning and stability analyses are performed respectively, and a prototype is developed. Lastly, a potential application is considered and two manipulating modes（sphere and cylinder manipulating modes） are carried out. This interesting mechanism feathering its single dosed-chain structure and unique work performance is expected to motivate the configuration creation of biped robots.

Influence of Coupled Chemo-Mechanical Process on Corrosion Characteristics in Reinforcing Bars

We studied the corrosion characteristics of reinforcing bars in concrete under different corrosion conditions. The area-box （AB） value was used to classify the shape of pitting corrosion morphology in meso-scale, and fractographs of reinforcing bars with different corrosion morphology were discussed in micro- and macro-scales. The results show that the existence of the tensile stress affects the corrosion characteristics of reinforcing bars. The pitting morphology and fractograph of reinforcing bars exhibit a statistical fractal feature. The linear regression model fits the relationship between fractal dimensions of corrosion morphology and fractal dimension of fractograph fairly well. Using fractal dimension as the characterization parameter can not only reflect the characteristics of pitting corrosion morphology in reinforcing bars, but also reveal the fracture feature of corroded reinforcing bars.

Design and Kinematics Analysis of a Parallel Mechanism to be Utilized as a Luggage Door by an Analogy to a Four – Bar Mechanism

In this study, a luggage door mechanism to be used in commercial vehicles such as midibuses and buses is designed and analyzed. The mechanism is designed as a parallel hinged system. Velocities, rotational veloci- ties and rotational accelerations of selected points on the design are calculated. Furthermore, the experiment- tal model of the design is established and it is seen that the data taken from the model are compatible with the calculated results. The aim of this study is to design a mechanism with the minimal workspace so that the door can be utilized in narrow areas and the ergonomics of the luggage door is improved. Considering both commercial and passenger vehicle sales, vehicle interior and exterior trim features have an exceptionally important role in automotive industry, in addition to vehicle performance characteristics. In today’s compete- tive environment, parts used in a vehicle’s internal and external trim have to meet user demands in terms of ergonomics as well as aesthetics. Due to its similarity to a four-bar mechanism, kinematics analysis of the design was carried out based on a four-bar mechanism, which is used extensively in industry.

A New Design Method for Realizing Accurate Track of Hybrid-driven Five-bar Mechanism

The concept of virtual slider crank mechanism is proposed and decoupled to obtain parameters of controllable five bar mechanism without any principle error for any given trajectory. The model is simple and easy to solve. This method has no convergence,flexible workspace and singularity of the mechanism problem. Through this method,we don’ t need any curve to fit the trajectory point. Using MATLAB program to calculate,the computation time can be reduced to less than 3% of the original. Finally,an example is given to illustrate the method which is meanwhile compared with the traditional five bar design method.

基于Pro/Mechanism的仿生膝关节优化设计与运动仿真研究

设计了用于数字化三维人体模型或假肢的四连杆膝关节,为了达到理想的运动效果,以膝机构瞬心坐标实际值与理想值之差最小,即膝机构的实际瞬心曲线与理想的膝关节瞬心轨迹相一致为目标函数,在五维设计空间中求得一组最优解,利用Pro/E具有几何约束和尺寸驱动等参数化设计功能,无需进行烦琐复杂的公式推导即可建立满足约束要求的数学模型,并应用Pro/E的多目标设计研究功能求得满足运动要求的杆件参数,在此基础上进行膝关节机构的三维造型及装配,进而在Pro/Mechanism环境下对仿生膝关节杆机构进行运动仿真。

Temporal and spatial variations of the Huanghe River mouth bars

On the basis of the bathymetric records of 371 survey sections in the present Huanghe mouth area from 1996 to 2001, the temporal and spatial variations of the Huanghe mouth bars were studied by using GIS technology. The variation of the mouth bars is closely related to the water and sediment discharges from the Huanghe River to the sea that has been decreasing drastically in recent years, and to coastal hydrodynamic regimes. The characteristics of the mouth bars are unique in contrast with those of other estuaries in the world. (1) The mouth bars of the Huanghe River consist of many small sandbars. Usually the sandbars are of ellipse-shape with the long axis of about 1~6 km, and short axis of about 1~4 km. The long axis is parallel to the principal direction of tidal current, and the short axis is variable, depending on the local dynamics. The crest of the sandbars is only about 0.4 m below the water surface at low tide. They are distributed within an area of 20 km2, not far from the river mouth area. The present mouth bars are in small-medium size, quite different from the large one formed during the 1970s and 1980s, when the river sediment discharge was several times larger than that after 1996. (2) The scale of a river mouth bar is related to the river discharge of that year. In 1997 sediment discharge from the Huanghe River was 42 Mt, and the mouth bar consisted of several small scattered sandbars. In 1998 the size of mouth bars was much larger than that in 1997, as the sediment discharge from the Huanghe River increased to 363 Mt. Variation of the mouth bars largely depends on the sediment discharge with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. The calculation of the volume of the mouth bar area shows that about 30%~40% of the river's into-sea sediment is deposited in the mouth bar area. (3) Compared with other large estuaries in the world, the Huanghe mouth bars have three unique features in responding to its high sediment concentration: small size, steep slope gradient and shallow crest depth.

Relationship among forging technology, structure and properties of TC21 alloy bars

As candidate of structural material for advanced domestic aircraft, a new high strength and toughness titanium alloy TC21 was studied focusing on forging technology and microstructure as well as mechanical properties. Two specification ingots and bars were adopted. The results show that basket-weave microstructure is obtained in bars produced by beta finish-forging method; while duplex or tri-modal microstructure appears in bars manufactured by near-beta forging technology. Essential reason affecting structure characteristics is the difference in forging temperature and deformation amount. Variation in lamellar spacing results in fluctuation of properties corresponding to basket-weave microstructure; however, ideal matching of properties can be reached by near-beta forging.

Simulation and Analysis of Spatial Weft Insertion Mechanism Considering Flexibility and Clearance

A 3D model of the spatial four-bar weft insertion mechanism was built with unigraphics NX(UG) according to the actual requirement,and dynamics simulation was carried out by importing the model into ADAMS.Without considering the clearance,the motion characteristic curve of the sword belt was generated through ADAMS combined with MATLAB.In this paper the hinge between the rod and the sector gear was selected as an example with different values of clearance,outputting the motion characteristic curve of the sword belt.Finite element analysis(FEA)was conducted,the flexible body was generated by importing the forked frame into ANSYS,and flexible dynamics simulation was carried out by importing the flexible body into ADAMS to replace the rigid rod.A comprehensive comparison of the output characteristics of the sword belt was conducted in the consideration of the clearance or flexible.Analysis of the force on the left hinge of the rod was carried out with the ADAMS post processing module.With the same clearance,considering the flexibility,amplitude of fluctuation of the force on the hinge increased obviously.

A DCPD TECHNIQUE FOR LOCALIZED CREEP DAMAGE IN NOTCHED BARS

Localized creep damage in a notched round specimen has been investigated in this paper based on the creep damage mechanics and the DCPD technique. Expressions of creep damage equivalent stress under multi-axial state are given to describe the validity for localized damage in ductile materials. A DCPD method is introduced into the measurement of local creep damage near the tip of V-type notch of round bar. The technique with instrument configuration, selection of probe position and measuring calibration is also presented in the paper. Some results of creep damage estimation are shown on 2.25Cr-1Mo at 550℃.

A Hand Prosthesis with an Under-Actuated and Self-Adaptive Finger Mechanism

One of the major problems faced by hand amputees is the unavailability of a lightweight and powered multi-functional hand prosthesis. Under-actuated finger designs play a key role to make the hand prosthesis lightweight. In this paper, a hand prosthesis with an under-actuated and self-adaptive finger mechanism is proposed. The proposed finger is capable to generate passively different flexion/extension angles for a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint for each flexion angle of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. In addition, DIP joint is capable to generate different angles for the same angle of PIP joint. Hand prosthesis is built on the proposed finger mechanism. The hand prosthesis enables user to grasp objects with various geometries by performing five grasping patterns. Thumb of the hand prosthesis includes opposition/apposition in addition to flexion/extension of MCP and interphalangeal (IP) joint. Kinematic analysis of the proposed finger has been carried out to verify the movable range of the joints. Simulations and experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed finger mechanism and the hand prosthesis.

Compressive Behaviour and Failure Mechanisms of GFRP Composite at High Strain Rates

Experimental investigations into the compressive behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)composite at high strain rates were carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)setup.The GFRP laminates were made from E-glass fibers and epoxy resins by vacuum assisted compression molding machine.The results of the compressive tests indicated that the mechanical behavior of the GFRP composite depends highly on the strain rate.The compressive peak stress,toughness and Young's modulus of the GFRP composite increased with the increase of strain rate,while the strain level at the initial stages of damage was shortened with the increase of strain rate.In addition,the dynamic deformation behavior and failure process of the specimens were observed directly by using a high-speed camera.Following the experiments,the fracture morphologies and damage modes were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)to explore the possible failure mechanisms of the specimens.The results showed that multiple failure mechanisms appeared,such as matrix crack,fiber-matrix debonding,fiber failure and shear fracture.

基于SimMechanics的平面四杆机构运动分析与仿真

简要介绍了 Sim Mechanics动态仿真工具 ,提出了运用仿真技术对平面四杆机构进行运动分析的方法。通过实例得出 :它具有系统建模方便直观 ,仿真功能强大 ,自动模型分析等强大优势 ,可很好地对机械系统的各种运动进行分析 ,从而可为机械系统的建模仿真提供一个强大而方便的工具。

Barre花岗岩动态压缩破坏特性研究

利用修正的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)系统,对Barre花岗岩(Barregranite,BG)圆柱形试样进行高应变率单轴压缩试验。根据各向异性BG试样3个主轴方向将试样分为X向(P波速度中等),Y向(P波速度最低)和Z向(P波速度最高)。试验过程中,采用组合型整形器(黄铜+橡皮)保证加载中的应力平衡,实现对试样的常应变率加载;利用单脉冲加载技术确保试样在试验过程中只受到1次动态载荷。得到试样3种破坏状态形态:未破坏、表面开裂以及完全破碎。对回收试样切片后的微观裂纹分布研究发现,裂纹随着加载应变率的提高而增多。试验测得BG三个方向不同加载应变率(70,100,130s-1)下的应力–应变关系,分析不同破坏状态下的应力–应变曲线形式。3个方向的试样均表现出应变率相关,最大承受应力随着应变率的增加。在较低和较高的加载应变率下,试样的最大承受应力与初始裂纹方向无关,呈现出各向同性。而在中间加载应变率下Y试样承受应力最大,这是因为BG初始裂纹面平行与XZ平面,在临界加载条件下裂纹扩张比较困难。

基于SimMechanics的经编机平面十杆机构运动学建模及仿真研究

运用SimMechanics建立了经编机传动舌针的仿真模型,并对其进行了运动学仿真,得到了该重要机构中某一关键点的瞬时位置、速度和加速度仿真曲线.仿真结果表明:该方法对机械系统进行建模分析,具有便捷高效、功能强大等优点,为复杂多杆机构的设计分析提供了一定的理论依据和较好的仿真分析方法.

基于SimMechanics的牛头刨式平面六连杆机构运动学仿真

为研究牛头刨式平面六连杆机构的运动学特性,利用SimMechanics搭建了运动学模型并对其仿真,得到了该机构中关键点滑块在驱动力作用下的瞬时位移、速度、加速度的运动曲线。仿真结果表明:运用该方法既无需数学建模与编程又能够快捷、准确、直观地显示机构的运动轨迹,是复杂平面连杆机构仿真分析较好的方法,能够为平面连杆机构的设计、优化和开发提供重要参考依据。

基于SimMechanics的四杆机构仿真技术研究

本文在分析了连杆机构设计的基本问题基础上,利用编程方法和SimMechanics工具箱分别对某工程实例进行了运动学分析和仿真,在对四连杆机构设计进行分析比较的基础上,取得了良好的应用设计效果。仿真研究结果表明:SimMe-chanics动态仿真工具具有系统建模方便直观,仿真功能强大,自动模型分析等强大优势,可很好地对机械系统的各种运动进行分析,从而可为机械系统的建模仿真提供一个强大而方便的工具。