Geochemistry and depositional environment of fuchsite quartzites from Sargur Group,western Dharwar Craton,India

Meso-Neoarchean fuchsite quartzites are present in different stratigraphic positions of Dharwar Craton including the oldest(~3.3 Ga)Sargur Group of western Dharwar Craton.The present study deals with the petro-graphic and geochemical characteristics of the fuchsite quartzites from the Ghattihosahalli belt to evaluate their genesis,depositional setting and the enigma involved in the ancient sedimentation history.Their major mineral assemblages include quartz,fuchsite,and feldspars along with accessory kyanite and rutile.The geochemical com-positions are characterized by high SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),low MgO,CaO,strongly enriched Cr(1326–6899 ppm),Ba(1165–3653 ppm),Sr(46–210 ppm),V(107–868 ppm)and Zn(11–158 ppm)contents compared to the upper continental crust(UCC).The UCC normalized rare earth element(REE)patterns are characterized by depleted light REE[(La/Sm)UCC=0.33–0.95]compared to heavy REE[(Gd/Yb)_(UCC)=0.42–1.65]with conspicuous positive Eu-anomalies(Eu/Eu^(*)=1.35–18.27)characteristic of hydrothermal solutions evidenced through the interlayered barites.The overall major and trace element systematics reflect a combined mafic-felsic provenance and suggest their deposition at a passive continental margin environ-ment.The comprehensivefield,petrographic,and geo-chemical studies indicate that these quartzites are infiltrated by Cr-richfluids released during high-grade metamorphism of associated ultramafic rocks.The Sargur and the subse-quent Dharwar orogeny amalgamated diverse lithounits from different tectonic settings,possibly leading to the release of Cr-richfluids and the formation of fuchsite quartzite during or after the orogeny.Thesefindings sug-gest a pre-existing stable crust prior to the Sargur Group and the link between orogenic events and various mineral deposits in the Dharwar Craton.

Magmatic-tectonic response of the South China Craton to the Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic:a new viewpoint based on Well NK-1

The Nansha Block(NB)is one of the blocks separated from the southern margin of the South China Craton(SCC)by the western Pacific subduction,which contains rich information of geodynamic and tectonic transformation.To reveal the essence of western Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic period,Well NK-1 in this block was selected for petrographic study,and published research data from other cooperative teams were compared.A double-cycle pattern of basic to neutral magmatic volcanism was established,and 36 lithological rhythmic layers and representative cryptoexplosive breccia facies and welded tuff bands were identified.Combined with a reanalysis of published geochronological data,geochemical elements,and isotope geochemistry,we found that the rock assemblages could be divided into an intermediate-acid dacite(DA)series(SiO_(2)>65%)and basaltic(BA)series(Co<40μg/g),which was formed during the early Late Triassic((218.6±3.2)–(217.9±3.5)Ma).BA exhibits obvious calc-alkaline island-arc magmatic properties:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio ranging 0.70377–0.71118(average:0.70645),^(147)Sm/^(144)Nd ratio ranging 0.119–0.193(average:0.168),and chondrite-normalized rare earth element(REE)curves being flat,while DA exhibits remarkable characteristics of subducted island-arc andesitic magma:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio(0.70939–0.71129;average:0.71035),εNd(t)value(-6.2–-4.8;average:-5.6)andε_(Hf)(t)value(-2.9–-1.7,average:-2.2)show obvious crust-mantle mixing characteristics.BA and DA reveal typical characteristics of island-arc magma systems and typeⅡenriched mantle(EM-Ⅱ)magma.BA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the continental crust frontal accretionary wedge was driven by the Paleo-Pacific slab subduction into the deep and began to melt,resulting in a large amount of melt(fluid)joined the asthenosphere on the side of the continental margin.In contrast,DA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the plate front was forced to bend with increasing subduction distance,which triggered the upwelling of the asthenosphere near the continent and subsequently led to the partial melting of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust due to continuous underplating.The lithospheric thinning environment in the study area at the end of Triassic created suitable conditions for the separation between the NB and SCC,which provided an opportunity for the formation of the early intracontinental rift during the later expansion of the South China Sea(SCS).

Characteristics and main controlling factors of helium resources in the main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton

At present, the main controlling factors of helium accumulation is one of the key scientific problems restricting the exploration and development of helium reservoir. In this paper, based on the calculation results of He generation rate and the geochemical characteristics of the produced gas, both the similarities and differences between natural gas and He resources in the Bohai Bay, Ordos and the surrounding Songliao Basin are compared and analyzed, discussing the main controlling factors of helium resources in the three main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton. It is found that the three basins of Bohai Bay, Ordos and Songliao have similar characteristics of source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, that's why their methane resource characteristics are essentially the same. The calculated ~4He generation per cubic metamorphic crystalline basement in the three basins is roughly equivalent, which is consistent with the measured He resources, and it is believed that the ~4He of radiogenic from the crust is the main factor controlling the overall He accumulation in the three basins;there is almost no contribution of the mantle-derived CH_4, which suggests that the transport and uplift of mantle-derived ~3He carried by the present-day magmatic activities along the deep-large faults is not the main reason for the mantle-derived ~3He mixing in the basins. Combined with the results of regional volcanic and geophysical studies,it is concluded that under the background of the destruction of North China Craton, magma intrusion carried a large amount of mantle-derived material and formed basic volcanic rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin and Songliao Basin, which replenished mantle-derived ~3He for the interior of the basins, and that strong seismic activities in and around the basins also promoted the upward migration of mantle source ~3He. This study suggests that the tectonic zone with dense volcanic rocks in the Cenozoic era and a high incidence of historical strong earthquakes history may be a potential area for helium resource exploration.

Experimental study on reactions between alkaline basaltic melt and orthopyroxenes: constraints on the evolution of lithospheric mantle in the North China Craton

The experimental results of the reactions between an alkaline basaltic melt and mantle orthopyroxenes under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions of 1300–1400℃ and 2.0–3.0 GPa using a six-anvil apparatus are reported in this paper.The reactions are proposed to simulate the interactions between melts from the asthenospheric mantle and the lithospheric mantle.The starting melt in the experiments was made from the alkaline basalt occurring in Fuxin,Liaoning Province,and the orthopyroxenes were separated from the mantle xenoliths in Damaping,Hebei Province.The results show that clinopyroxenes were formed in all the reactions between the alkaline basaltic melt and orthopyroxenes under the studied P–T conditions.The formation of clinopyroxene in the reaction zone is mainly controlled by dissolution–crystallization,and the chemical compositions of the reacted melt are primarily infl uenced by the diff usion eff ect.Temperature is the most important parameter controlling the reactions between the melt and orthopyroxenes,which has a direct impact on the melting of orthopyroxenes and the diff usion of chemical components in the melt.Temperature also directly controls the chemical compositions of the newly formed clinopyroxenes in the reaction zone and the reacted melt.The formation of clinopyroxenes from the reactions between the alkaline basaltic melt and orthopyroxenes can result in an increase of CaO and Al_(2)O_(3) contents in the rocks containing this mineral.Therefore,the reactions between the alkaline basaltic melt from the asthenospheric mantle and orthopyroxenes from the lithospheric mantle can lead to the evolution of lithospheric mantle in the North China Craton from refractory to fertile with relatively high CaO and Al 2 O 3 contents.In addition,the reacted melts in some runs were transformed from the starting alkaline basaltic into tholeiitic after reactions,indicating that tholeiitic magma could be generated from alkaline basaltic one via reactions between the latter and orthopyroxene.

Geochronology,Mineralogy,and Geochemistry of the Tonsteins from the Permo–Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Ordos Basin,North China Craton

Tonstein layers are found worldwide in the Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing strata.This study investigates the geochronology,mineralogy,and geochemistry of four tonstein samples from the Permo-Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Ordos Basin,North China Craton(NCC).The typical features of the studied tonsteins include thin beds,lateral continuity,angular quartz grains,and euhedral zircons with similar U-Pb ages,indicating a significant pyroclastic origin.In addition,the tonstein samples have low TiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)ratios(<0.02)and rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)concentrations with obvious negative Eu anomalies,indicating that the tonsteins have a felsic magma origin.Moreover,compared with the mean composition of clay shale,the studied tonsteins are characterized by high concentrations of the elements Nb and Ta,which may affect the concentration of the corresponding elements in surrounding coal seams.The zircon U-Pb ages of the tonsteins(293.9-298.8 Ma)provide a precise chronological framework on the Benxi Formation in the Ordos Basin,constraining the Gzhelian-Aselian stages.The tonsteins were probably sourced from arc volcanism along the western margin of the NCC during the early Permian,implying that the Alxa Terrane had not amalgamated with the NCC at that time.

Gold mineralization in Jiaodong Peninsula and destruction of North China Craton:Insights from Mesozoic granite

Large-scale tectonic magmatism and extensive gold mineralization have occurred in the eastern North China Craton(NCC)(Jiaodong and Liaodong peninsulas)since Mesozoic,which indicated that the region experienced decratonization process.The genesis type of granites evolved from S-type to I-type and A-type during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,and thus reflects the evolution of geodynamics in the Late Mesozoic,indicating the varied subduction process of the Paleo-Pacific Plate(PPP)and the craton destruction.The evolution of geochemical features shows that the mantle beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula evolved from EM-II in Jurassic to EM-I in Early Cretaceous,demonstrating that the mantle switched from enriched to depleted.The gold of decratonic gold deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula mainly comes from the lithospheric mantle domains metasomatized by fluids derived from the metamorphism and dehydration of the subducted slab in the mantle transition zone.The rapid decomposition of minerals leads to the concentrated release of ore-forming fluids,and this process leads to the explosive gold mineralization during the craton destruction.Extensive magmatic uplift and extensional structures,triggered by the craton destruction in Early Cretaceous formed the extensional tectonic system,providing space for the decratonic gold deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula.

2.7-Ga-old mafic dike in the Trans-North China Orogen of the North China Craton and its tectonic significance

We studied an Archean mafic dike in the TransNorth China Orogen of the North China Craton, which has a magmatic age of 2701 ± 83 Ma and is currently the oldest mafic dike in the North China Craton. Such an old dike is extremely rare in the world. The presence of mafic dikes indicates that the North China Craton was in a tensional tectonic environment at 2.7 Ga. Geochemical characteristics reveal that this mafic dike belongs to continental tholeiitic basalt. Results from Hf isotope analysis reveal that the mafic dike originates from a depleted mantle. The plate assembly in the North China landmass was realized during the Archean era(2.7 Ga), and a thick and stable continental crust was formed. Therefore, the first cratonization of the North China Craton was completed before 2.7 Ga. The intrusion of the 2.7-Ga-old mafic dike from the deep lithospheric mantle of the continent indicates that the North China Craton has undergone a period of extensional tectonic activity. This event marks a significant extensional event that occurred after the cratonization of the North China Craton.

Petrogenesis of the~1.94 Ga Meta-gabbronorites in Liangcheng:Implications for Tectonic Evolution of the Khondalite Belt,North China Craton

We investigated the meta-gabbronorites in Liangcheng and used detailed petrography,geochemistry,zircon geochronological and in-situ Hf isotopic studies to clarify their formation and metamorphic ages,petrogenesis,tectonic setting and provide constraints on the tectonic evolution of Khondalite Belt(KB).The zircon U-Pb dating results show that the meta-gabbronorites crystallized at~1.94 Ga and were metamorphosed at~1.91–1.89 Ga.They can be subdivided into the low-Mg and high-Mg groups.The low-Mg meta-gabbronorites contain relatively lower MgO and higher SiO2 contents than high-Mg meta-gabbronorites.They are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements,depleted in high field strength elements,and exhibit positive(high-Mg meta-gabbronorites)and negative(low-Mg metagabbronorites)Sr and Eu anomalies.The zircon in-situεHf(t)of meta-gabbronorites is 0.07–4.12,with Hf model ages(TDM)of 2169–2400 Ma.The meta-gabbronorites in Liangcheng originated from the asthenospheric mantle and experienced fractional crystallization of olivine,orthopyroxene,clinopyroxene,and plagioclase.They were contaminated by the crustal rocks(mainly khondalite series)during ascent,especially for low-Mg gabbronorites.The ridge subduction is the most plausible tectonic setting for meta-gabbronorites,indicating the eastern segment of KB was in a ridge subduction setting at~1.94 Ga following an orogenic thickening event during a prolonged orogenic process.

Tensile Fractures and in situ Stress Measurement Data Constraints on Cretaceous-Present Tectonic Stress Field Evolution of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Shandong Province,North China Craton

Tectonic stress fields are the key drivers of tectonic events and the evolution of regional structures.The tectonic stress field evolution of the Tanlu fault zone in Shandong Province,located in the east of the North China Craton(NCC),may have preserved records of the NCC’s tectonic history.Borehole television survey and hydraulic fracturing were conducted to analyze the paleo and present tectonic stress fields.Three groups of tensile fractures were identified via borehole television,their azimuths being NNW-SSE,NW-SE and NE-SW,representing multiple stages of tectonic events.Hydraulic fracturing data indicates that the study region is experiencing NEE-SWW-oriented compression and nearly-N-Soriented extension,in accordance with strike-slip and compression.Since the Cretaceous,the orientation of the extensional stress has evolved counterclockwise and sequentially from nearly-NW-SE-oriented to NE-SW-oriented and even nearly N-S-oriented,the stress state having transitioned from strike-slip-extension to strike-slip-compression,in association with the rotating and oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the NCC,with the participation of the Indian Plate.

华北克拉通新太古代晚期岩浆作用:对构造体制和克拉通化的启示

在对华北克拉通太古宙基底作简要介绍的基础上,本文总结了华北克拉通新太古代晚期(主要为2.55~2.5 Ga期间)岩浆岩的锆石年龄分布模式、地球化学和Nd-Hf-O同位素组成特征。华北克拉通新太古代晚期变质基底的主要特征如下:(1)新太古代晚期岩石在华北克拉通广泛分布,但许多地区都存在中太古代晚期—新太古代早期地质记录。(2)岩浆锆石年龄主要变化于2.55~2.5 Ga,年龄峰值约为2.52 Ga。(3)与新太古代早期以前(>2.6 Ga)的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)相比,新太古代晚期英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩比例明显增大。富钾花岗岩、闪长-辉长岩(包括闪长岩、辉长岩及两者之间过渡岩石)、赞岐岩(Sanukite,主体为富镁闪长岩)分布范围和规模也明显增大。大规模富钾花岗岩主要分布于华北克拉通东部,构成新太古代晚期双岩浆岩带的富钾花岗岩带。(4)在新太古代晚期变质基底分布区,几乎都有变质表壳岩存在。它们以较小规模存在于TTG和富钾花岗岩中。岩石类型包括变玄武质岩石、变质安山质-英安质火山岩/火山碎屑岩和变质碎屑沉积岩。一些地区存在变质超基性岩。(5)总体上,新太古代晚期地质事件存在如下演化规律:首先是表壳岩形成,然后是TTG侵入,最后是变质变形和富钾花岗岩形成。2.6~2.55 Ga为华北克拉通岩浆构造的“寂静期”。(6)新太古代晚期TTG岩石的Sr/Y和La/Yb比值存在很大变化,中-高压TTG岩石大量形成表明新太古代晚期陆壳规模、厚度发生了明显增大。至少部分富钾花岗岩在形成过程中有沉积物参与。(7)不同类型TTG岩石具有类似的全岩Nd同位素和岩浆锆石Hf同位素组成,Nd-Hf同位素亏损地幔模式年龄主要分布在3.0~2.5 Ga,与中太古代晚期—新太古代早期岩石的模式年龄相近或稍偏年轻。富钾花岗岩Nd-Hf同位素组成特征受物源区早期形成演化历史制约。岩浆锆石O同位素组成与全球太古宙岩浆锆石类似,但显示更大的变化范围。结合其他研究,上述证据表明:(1)中太古代晚期—新太古代早期是华北克拉通陆壳增生最重要时期,这与全球其他许多克拉通类似,不同之处在于华北克拉通遭受了新太古代晚期构造岩浆热事件强烈改造;(2)在华北克拉通,类似于现代板块运动的构造体制在新太古代晚期开始启动;(3)规模最大的BIF(条带状铁建造)沿华北克拉通东部古老陆块西缘的双岩浆岩带分布,鞍本和冀东之间、冀东和鲁西之间是BIF找矿重要靶区;(4)华北克拉通在新太古代晚期完成初始克拉通化。

Geochemistry of Layered Ultramafic Rocks in J.C. Pura Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India

The Jayachamarajapura schist belt in western Dharwar craton, southern India, is predominantly an ultramafics dominant terrain. These rocks have been extensively metamorphosed and altered to serpentinite. The komatiite nature of ultramafics is conspicuous. In most of the areas of the belt these ultramafics are massive in nature. However, some of the ultramafic units show layered nature. But, their outcrops are encompassed within the massive komatiitic bodies. These komatiitic ultramafics are predominantly Mg-rich in nature. The layered rocks are also Mg-rich, and their field setting and geochemistry suggest their intermittent occurrence as sills, during the differentiation of peridotitic magma. The layered rocks, which have been intensely serpentinisation show homogenous nature. They are almost wholly made of serpentine with occasional relics of pyroxene. Secondary carbonate mineral is often noticed. Their higher MgO content indicates Mg-rich ultramafic magmatism during Archaean orogeny.

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系储集层特征及形成模式

基于岩心观察、岩石薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、低温气体吸附和等温吸附等实验,分析鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系岩性和孔隙特征,以揭示铝土岩系储集层形成演化过程。研究表明:(1)提出以铝的氢氧化物、铁矿物和黏土矿物三单元的铝土岩系岩石学命名分类方案;(2)铝质泥岩产状主要为致密块状和碎屑状,(泥质)铝土岩多呈致密块状、豆状、鲕状、多孔土状和碎屑状,溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝是主要储气空间,孔隙度一般小于10%,以介孔为主;(3)华北地区铝土岩系纵向上总体上可分为5段,即铁岩(山西式铁矿,A段)、铝质泥岩(B段)、铝土岩(C段)、铝质泥岩(含碎屑)(D段)和暗色泥岩-煤岩段(E段);(4)在岩溶平台、缓坡和洼地分别发育潜穴/漏斗状、透镜状、层状/块状铝土岩沉积,岩溶平台及缓坡处有利于地表水淋滤,岩溶改造作用强,孔隙发育,储集层厚度大且物性好,但连贯性差,低洼处物性较差但储集层相对连续稳定。铝土岩天然气富集受源岩-储集层-裂缝综合控制,相关认识可为该层段和类似铝土岩系天然气勘探开发提供地质依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部黄龙背斜的构造几何学与运动学

研究克拉通内构造变形对于揭示克拉通的构造属性具有重要意义,对于油气勘探也具有重要的参考价值。本文应用钻井与高精度反射地震资料,剖析了鄂尔多斯盆地东南部黄龙背斜的构造几何学与运动学特征。研究表明,黄龙背斜发育在渭北隆起东端,是一长18 km、宽15 km的短轴状背斜,地层起伏幅度达200 ms;黄龙背斜自长城系往上至三叠系均具有相似的背斜形态;它是在燕山期基底断层复活而形成的断层传播褶皱背斜;黄龙背斜区内东西向与南北向剖面控制的缩短分别为70 m和90 m,缩短量较小,指示该部位处于燕山期冲断变形的前锋部位,变形即将终止。黄龙背斜响应于周缘构造边界挤压作用,是克拉通内部的基底正断层反转而在沉积盖层形成的褶皱背斜,因地层能干性差异发生了分层剪切。黄龙背斜是一个有利的天然气勘探目标。

华北克拉通矽卡岩型富铁矿成矿关键控制因素:来自地层学的制约

华北克拉通矽卡岩型富铁矿床成矿关键控制因素一直是科学研究的热点和难点,也是制约下一步找矿方向和进一步实现找矿突破的关键。本次工作基于对华北克拉通典型矿床矿体分布规律的研究,基于地层学分析,研究了矿体分布的关键控制因素和制约机理。华北克拉通各典型矽卡岩型富铁矿床主矿体与围岩层系、岩溶层、膏岩层等的空间关系密切,主要分布于中奥陶统峰峰组二段、下马家沟组二段和上马家沟组二段,处于主要含膏层的上覆强岩溶层。地层学因素对矽卡岩型富铁矿床成矿的关键控制作用主要表现在四个方面:岩溶层系的垂向分布制约富铁矿体就位的有利空间;不整合面的发育控制岩溶系统发育的程度,影响富铁矿体规模;层序地层对岩溶期次的约束作用,限定了岩溶发育层位以及富铁矿层的分布;膏盐岩层指示阶段性强岩溶作用的底界,限定富铁矿体赋存的有利空间下限。根据研究认识,建立了华北克拉通矽卡岩型富铁矿床地质找矿模型,提出七个潜在成矿空间层段,其中包括三个主力成矿层段,并指出了下一步重点找矿及研究方向。

塔里木盆地超深层走滑断控油气藏研究进展与趋势

在塔里木盆地开辟了超深层走滑断控油气藏勘探开发领域,但断控油气藏极为复杂,难以效益开发,亟需加强油气藏基础地质研究。走滑断控油气藏具有非均质性强、储集层与流体分布复杂、油气产量变化大及采收率低的共性,不同地区走滑断控油气藏的断裂、储集层、成藏与流体存在较大的差异,面临一系列勘探开发难题。建立了差异成因的走滑断裂破碎带及其控储模型,揭示了沿走滑断裂带“相-断-溶”三元复合控储、连片差异规模发育的成储机制;构建了“源-断-储-盖”四元耦合成藏、“小藏大田”的走滑断控油藏模型,揭示了超深层走滑断控油藏的形成与保存机理。突破了克拉通盆地弱走滑断裂难以形成走滑断控大规模储集层与大油气田的理论认识局限,明确了克拉通盆地走滑断裂系统大规模发育的成因机制、走滑断裂破碎带差异成储成藏机理与油气富集规律。

大陆下地壳

大陆下地壳是连接岩石圈地幔和上地壳的“纽带”,是地壳与地幔交换最活跃的部位。上地幔与下地壳的部分熔融及下地壳一些岩石的拆沉还可直接导致壳-幔物质的交换、循环与重组。换言之,下地壳是壳-幔作用的一个极其重要的场所,底垫、拆沉、深熔、高级变质和其他作用都在下地壳中发生和实现。然而,下地壳是以往研究地球深部和浅部关系时被“跳”过去的部位,没有得到足够的重视。克拉通化定义为大陆原来混沌的原地壳分异并形成稳定的上地壳和下地壳,并由此构建了稳定的壳-幔结构,这种空前的稳定关系从形成起一直维持到现在,是大陆演化、洋-陆与壳-幔相互作用的基础。在板块边界的造山过程中,如洋-陆的俯冲碰撞特别是陆-陆碰撞,可以形成不同大陆地块的陆壳叠置、加厚、垮塌、拆沉、底垫和重新稳定,在造山带根部形成新的下地壳,即造山带型下地壳。本文重点讨论了克拉通型下地壳演化过程,强调了其动力学意义及其在大陆动力学研究中的重要地位,建议在深地研究和学科布局中给与充分重视。

从华北燕辽岩床群到哥伦比亚超大陆巨型裂谷系——燕辽大火成岩省近20年研究回顾与展望

近20年的研究工作表明,华北克拉通北部燕辽地区侵入到中元古代沉积地层中的大规模辉绿岩床群构成了一个1.32 Ga的基性大火成岩省。该大火成岩省与华北克拉通西北缘白云鄂博矿区富稀土-铌火成碳酸岩相伴生。大火成岩省、沉积地层对比和古地磁资料研究结果表明,燕辽大火成岩省与北澳大利亚克拉通代理姆-加里温库大火成岩省是被大陆裂解分割开来的同一个基性大火成岩省的组成部分,显示1.8~1.3 Ga期间华北克拉通北-北东缘与北澳大利亚克拉通北缘在哥伦比亚(奴那)超大陆中长期相邻(连)。全球1.4~1.3 Ga大火成岩省及基性岩浆活动的时空分布及其岩石学、地球化学及同位素组成对比研究显示,这些全球广泛分布的大火成岩省或基性岩浆活动主要形成于裂谷环境。结合1.4 Ga左右哥伦比亚超大陆古地理重建结果,发现在哥伦比亚超大陆中存在沿劳伦(北美+格陵兰)克拉通西缘、西伯利亚克拉通西缘及北缘、波罗地克拉通东南缘、西非克拉通西缘及北缘、亚马逊克拉通西南缘、刚果/圣弗朗西斯科克拉通南缘及东缘、卡拉哈里克拉通东缘、华北克拉通北缘及北澳大利亚克拉通北缘分布,长度>15000 km的巨型裂谷系。该巨型裂谷系由一个主裂谷带和三个分支裂谷组成,其中主裂谷带和位于华北与北澳大利亚克拉通之间的分支裂谷发展成了大洋,并导致了大陆分离;而位于西伯利亚东缘、格陵兰北缘和波罗地东缘的1.38 Ga分支裂谷,以及位于北美北缘和西伯利亚西南缘的1.35~1.32 Ga分支裂谷则为夭折裂谷,未导致大陆裂离。这一巨型裂谷系是哥伦比亚超大陆裂解的重要标志,并可能是其最终裂解的最主要原因。另外,研究结果也显示,虽然全球两个最大规模的火成碳酸岩型稀土矿床,即华北克拉通西北缘的白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床和北美克拉通西缘的Mountain Pass超大型稀土矿床在哥伦比亚超大陆中并不相邻(相连),但却可以通过1.4~1.3 Ga巨型裂谷系相联系起来,显示这一巨型裂谷系控制了白云鄂博和Mountain Pass大型稀土矿床的形成,并具有较好的稀土及金属成矿潜力。未来需要进一步加强燕辽辉绿岩床群侵位机制与岩浆补给系统,岩床侵位过程中温室气体排放量定量估算及其环境效应,哥伦比亚超大陆中1.4~1.3 Ga巨型裂谷系的形成机制、深部动力学背景、环境效应及资源能源潜力等方面的研究。

内蒙古大青山-盘羊山晚中生代-早新生代构造事件及其对华北北缘构造演化的启示

内蒙古大青山和盘羊山位于华北克拉通北缘,其复杂的地质构造对华北克拉通北部中—新生代构造演化具有重要的指示作用。大青山以北的盘羊山逆冲体系,形成于晚二叠世至早三叠世古亚洲洋的闭合,晚侏罗世可能受蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合的影响而重新活动。大青山地区发育4期中—新生代变形构造,从老至新依次是:SE-NW向伸展形成的呼和浩特变质核杂岩、NW向逆冲的大青山逆冲体系、以不变形花岗岩为核心的构造穹窿、大青山山前断裂及高角度正断层。发生于约142~132 Ma的SE-NW向伸展,形成于造山增厚地壳的重力垮塌,并形成呼和浩特变质核杂岩和相关的拆离体系。大青山逆冲体系形成于约130~120 Ma,代表造山过程中地壳荷载与板块汇聚的抗衡导致的构造反转,另一可能是古太平洋俯冲的远程效应。自约120 Ma以来,大青山处于一个构造-热松弛期,导致该区约120~90 Ma的冷却事件被广泛记录,并形成以不变形花岗岩(约114 Ma)为核心的穹窿构造;这些事件可能与华北克拉通的峰期破坏相关。大青山山前断裂和相关的高角度正断层开始于始新世,可能是印度-欧亚大陆碰撞和太平洋板块运动方向改变的远程效应所致。古亚洲洋和蒙古-鄂霍次克洋的闭合导致华北克拉通北缘地壳增厚,引发早白垩世造山晚期的垮塌和伸展,形成呼和浩特变质核杂岩。自120 Ma开始,大青山开始受华北克拉通破坏的影响,并形成后造山伸展。新生代,大青山受新特提斯和太平洋构造域的远程影响。

辽东郑屯地区基于广域电磁法的深孔验证

辽东金矿床的发育被认为受变质核杂岩体系叠加拆离断层带控制,传统观点判定永宁盆地永宁组盖层厚度达到几千米以上,阻碍含矿流体的运移的同时,不利于形成大规模金属矿床。辽东地区矿床深部探测投入少、研究程度低,勘查探测深度长期局限于1 km以内。本文在郑屯地区采用广域电磁法获得了3 km以浅的电阻率分布特征,厘清了辽东盖层厚度为千米左右,突破了对永宁组巨厚盖层的传统认识;进一步施工2 km深钻开展验证,在孔深1 345 m处发现永宁组地层与下伏太古宙基底呈不整合接触关系,界面附近未见明显的构造拆离迹象。本研究证实永宁盆地盖层厚度仅为千米左右,结合区内多期活动断裂构造和密集分布的浅成岩脉群,初步判定永宁盆地的成矿地质背景类似胶东金矿集区,推测存在华北克拉通破坏时期含矿变质流体或岩浆热液运移至界面上部成矿的可能。辽东地区具有实现多金属找矿突破的潜力,广域电磁法勘探为深地成矿预测指明了方向。

巴西圣弗朗西斯科克拉通地质演化与重要成矿作用

【研究目的】本文旨在梳理构建巴西圣弗朗西斯科克拉通构造演化过程,概述与之成矿作用地质背景及矿床成矿系列的耦合关系,并查明典型矿床的时空分布,目的是服务于克拉通演化与成矿理论。【研究方法】本文在中巴合作开展野外地质调查的基础上,结合巴西圣弗朗西斯科克拉通基底太古宙片麻岩和元古代的碎屑岩锆石U-Pb、Sm-Nd同位素年代学等文献资料,初步归纳出圣弗朗西斯科克拉通重大地质构造演化事件和重要成矿作用。【研究结果】圣弗朗西斯科克拉通4个重要地质演化过程:(1)太古宙3.5 Ga前克拉通古陆核与微陆块形成,3.3~2.9 Ga和2.8~2.5 Ga间则由克拉通北区的盖维奥、索布拉迪纽、塞里尼亚和吉基耶等4个古陆核及南区的近圆形古陆核相互碰撞、拼合和绿岩-增生造山岩浆作用而形成稳定的克拉通陆块;(2)2.5~1.9 Ga古元古代泛亚马逊造山岩浆作用;(3)1.78~1.20 Ga克拉通基底隆升与裂谷改造阶段,形成大量基性岩墙群及陆内非造山型岩浆,完成陆块增厚和最终克拉通化;(4)新元古代克拉通边缘经历巴西利亚/泛非运动(0.64~0.54 Ga)改造,又形成巴西利亚等6个活动造山带。圣弗朗西斯科克拉通形成4期重要成矿作用及相应矿床成矿系列:(1)太古宙(2.5 Ga前)形成绿岩型金矿、苏必利尔湖型硅铁建造为主的变质火山-沉积矿床等成矿系列;(2)古元古代早中期(2.5~1.8 Ga)形成与(超)基性岩相关的铜镍钴硫化物矿床、VMS型铅锌银矿床、IOCG等系列矿床;(3)固结纪-中元古代(1.8~1.0 Ga)形成与非造山岩浆作用相关的铌钽矿、铀矿床,与陆内(缘)裂谷型的钒-钛-铁矿床等系列;(4)新元古代(1.0~0.54 Ga)主要形成铁锰矿、砂锡矿及磷矿等矿床,包括古陆缘-浅海沉积环境有关的(冲积)金刚石砂矿等系列矿床。【结论】构建了巴西圣弗朗西斯科克拉通4个重要地质演化过程,相应划分出4期重要成矿作用。