Credit Rationing in Medium-small Enterprises Credit Market under Asymmetric Information

Credit rationing has been an objective phenomenon in medium-small enterprises credit market of China. By analyzing the present situation of medium-small enterprises credit market of China, this study gives a new credit rationing model fitting medium-small enterprises credit market of China well. It has been showed in the empirical study that different factor has each different influence on medium-small enterprises credit market; further more, only the change of chastisement factor can make the medium-small enterprises credit market achieve whole success, but other factors can merely get integrant success even though under the most ideal condition.

A Research on the Threshold Effect of Credit Rationingupon the Urban-rural Income Gap in Rural Areas

在剖析了信贷配给与城乡收入差距之间作用机制的基础上,论文构建了信贷配给与城乡收入差距的面板门槛模型,选取3 1 个省市1987年- 201 3年的省级面板数据,运用面板门槛模型估计方法,实证分析信贷配给对城乡收入差距的影响,并且从区域层面进行了比较分析.结果显示：降低信贷配给程度有助于缓解城乡收入差距,而从东部、中部、西部三大区域的实证结果来看,各地区的信贷配给程度的提升对城乡收入差距的扩大有不同程度的影响.最后根据研究结果,提出降低各地区农业信贷配给程度的措施,从而达到缩小城乡收入差距的目的.

Credit Rationing and the Simulation of Bank-Small and Medium Sized Firm Artificial Credit Market

By analyzing the financing difficulties faced by the small and medium-sized firms, the paper built an artificial credit markets with the agent-based computational modeling to simulate the real world credit transactions. There are firms, banks, different risk-type projects as well as legal and supervision environments in which debt contracts constitute the financial instruments. The simulation results show that the number of collateral, average success probability of projects, and the prime interest rate have materially impact on bank's average profit, bank's capital, the overall interest rate,the number of borrowing firms, loan size, and the degree of credit rationing. These results in line with those of the classical S-W model in the sense that the relationship between bank profits and interest rates is non-monotonic as well as the relationship between credit rationing and interest rates. And thus there is an adverse selection effect in credit rationing theory.

The Analysis of Credit Using and Rationing under Farmer 's Risk Attitudes Difference

This paper conducts a survey of 237 rural households in Zhangjiagang City,identifies farmers' risk attitude through ELCE method and problem design and empirically studies the relationship between risk attitudes and credit rationing by utilizing Probit and Logit model. The results show that farmers' risk attitude and credit rationing are in a significant positive correlation. The stronger farmers' risk aversion is,the more serious the demanded credit rationing becomes. Such risk attitude determines the risk cost and risk premium,thus affecting the credit behavior and credit rationing degree. In addition,distance between farmers' residence far the city and their land amount have a positive significant influence on credit rationing,while farmers' education level,income,family labor force have a negative significant effect on credit rationing. Based on these findings,the paper further analyzes the relationship between farmers' credit using and credit rationing as to farmers with different risk attitudes. Measures to relieve the farmer's credit rationing must be taken from government,financial institutions and farmers,respectively.

Does driving-day-based tradable credit scheme outperform license plate rationing? Examination considering transaction cost

This article models a novel driving-day-based tradable credit scheme (DD-TCS) to alleviate urban traffic congestion. In this model, car-using allowances (in terms of the number of days in a month, termed as "credit") are freely and uniformly allocated to all travellers, who are also allowed to trade them in a market according to his/her travel needs (e.g. driving more or fewer days than the free endowment). As opposed to most studies on TCS, this paper explicitly considers the transaction cost (e.g. infor-mation cost of finding potential traders) in the trading market. To assess the feasibility of DD-TCS, we compare it against the license plate rationing (LPR) scheme, which has been practically implemented in many cities such as Beijing and Chengdu in China. Taking the performance of LPR as a benchmark, we quantify the threshold values of the transaction cost in DD-TCS when the two schemes yield equivalent performance (in terms of the total gener-alized cost). In numerical studies, we also compare the DD-TCS and LPR with the no-action case and the congestion pricing case (representing the theoretical optimum). Results show that both DD-TCS and LPR outperform the no-action case under certain conditions. With small trans-action cost, DD-TCS may achieve a lower system cost that can be very close to the ideal optimum. In addition, parameter analysis shows that DD-TCS performs better than LPR in a wide range of transaction cost, where the threshold values appear to account for a considerable portion of the auto travel time. This implies that DD-TCS will be more appealing than LPR in practice because a transaction cost lower than the extremely large threshold values can be easily achieved for the trading market, e.g. via a mobile platform and modern communication techniques.

Application of a Multi-Agent System (MAS) to Rational Credit Rating

A Multi-Agent System （ MAS ） is a promising approach to build complex system. This paper introduces the research of the Inner-Enterprise Credit Rating MAS （ IECRMAS）. To raise the rating accuracy, we not only consider the rating-target＇s information, but also focus on the evaluators＇ feature information and propose the rational rating-group formation algorithm based on an anti-bias measurement of the group. We also propose the rational rating individual, which consists of the evaluator and the assistant rating agent. A rational group formation protocol is designed to coordinate autonomous agents to perform the rating job.

农地经营权强度能缓解新型农业经营主体供给型信贷配给吗?——基于fsQCA方法的路径分析

新型农业经营主体虽然有着强烈的机构贷款需求,但因缺乏有效抵押品,正规金融机构普遍对其施加严格的供给型信贷配给。“三权分置”从法律层面激活农地经营权,是破解供给型信贷配给难题的重要契机。本文从法律维度、事实维度、感知维度对农地经营权强度展开维度化分析,厘清其影响新型农业经营主体供给型信贷配给的作用机理与具体路径,并使用组态视角的模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法进行实证检验。研究发现,新型农业经营主体的供给型信贷配给,既能由法律维度、事实维度和感知维度的农地经营权同时具有较高强度而得以缓解,也能仅凭法律维度或事实维度的农地经营权具有较高强度得以缓解,但感知维度的农地经营权具有较高强度尚不足以单独发挥缓解之效。为进一步释放农地经营权改革的信贷效应,既要完善农地经营权的法律赋权与保障转入农地的实际权利,也要强化主体对农地经营权的安全感知。本文既从理论上深化了对农地经营权强度的理解,揭示了法律赋权、事实拥有、先验认知等不同层面的产权排他性、稳定性和安全性的内涵,也在实践上拓宽了破解供给型信贷配给难题的现实途径。

我国商业银行数字化与信贷配给:基于上市银行面板数据的实证研究

近些年我国商业银行数字化转型得到了国家大力支持,数字化对于商业银行信贷业务的影响日渐深远.本研究旨在探讨商业银行数字化对信贷配给的影响,将数字化作为关键变量纳入了S-W模型,并提出数字化对于信贷供给、信贷结构和信贷价格影响的相关理论假说.在此基础上,本研究还利用2010-2020年42家上市商业银行面板数据对理论假说进行了实证检验.研究结果表明数字化有利于增加商业银行信贷供给、优化信贷结构,但是对于信贷价格并没有显著影响.在异质性分析中,大型商业银行的数字化水平提高对增加信贷供给和信贷结构优化的影响要大于非大型商业银行.基于实证结果,本研究提出了分类实施商业银行的数字化路径、加强智慧营销和数字风控等政策建议.

Empirical study on the financial repression of rural households＇ debit and credit and the effects on their welfare in less developed regions --Take Suqian city of Jiangsu province as an example

This paper carries out empirical analysis of the ration behavior of rural credit cooperatives in less developed regions in providing loan services to rural households. It also inspects the interaction between rural households＇ demand for credit and the loan supply from rural credit cooperatives with simultaneous discrete model. The performance of supporting agriculture through a new round reform of rural credit cooperatives is doubtable in this sample region.

林权抵押贷款信贷配给的影响因素及其异质性分析——基于福建省农户调研数据的研究

基于福建省集体林区785户样本的调研数据,本文对林权抵押贷款信贷配给的影响因素及异质性农户的差异进行分析,研究结论为:(1)林权抵押贷款的信贷配给程度严重,从有效需求样本看,遭受配给程度高达75.94%,小农户遭受配给程度高于适度规模农户。(2)林权抵押贷款供给型配给主要受抵押品特征、声誉资本、经济资本特征以及地区市场政策方面的影响;需求型配给主要受声誉资本、交易成本、风险补偿成本、地区市场政策方面的影响。(3)农户遭受配给的影响因素存在显著差异。抵押品特征是造成农户供给型配给差异的主要因素,小农户供给型配给主要受林地面积的影响,适度规模农户主要受林权证、树种类型的影响。第三方组织的参与发挥对抵押品的补充功能,对小农户供给型配给的缓解更显著。风险补偿变量对小农户需求型配给的影响较规模农户更显著。地区变量对小农户各类配给的影响均更显著。

林权抵押贷款信贷配给的产生机制、程度识别与路径优化

在乡村振兴战略视野下,对集体林区福建省林权抵押贷款展开实地调研,采用DEM和描述性统计相结合的方法,深入诠释农户林权抵押贷款信贷配给类型和产生机制,进而对信贷配给展开识别与衡量。结果表明:农户因对林权抵押政策认知偏差、禀赋效应、交易费用高昂而面临新的需求型信贷配给;因信息不对称,林地流转市场具有薄市场约束,无法达到银行对林权抵押品的预期价值及抵押物难以有效处置导致信贷风险较高使得农户面临供给型信贷配给;农户林权抵押贷款需求型信贷配给较为严峻。为了实现集体林区福建省现代林业产业振兴,亟须强化制度创新、提高农户金融素养水平、实现多部门数据整合与信用信息共建共享、最大限度释缓集体林区农户需求型信贷配给的路径,以林业金融现代化助推乡村振兴。

农贷资源配给的收入约束效应:理论分析与实证检验

在理论分析农村金融资源错配损失效应的基础上,文章基于CHFS微观大样本调查数据,将具有信贷约束力的农村信贷配给具体分为交易成本信贷配给、数量信贷配给与风险信贷配给,运用PSM模型实证估计该三类信贷配给的收入约束效应,实施了稳健性检验与内生性检验,并对农村信贷配给的收入约束效应进一步做地区异质性分析。研究发现:农户受到交易成本信贷配给、数量信贷配给与风险信贷配给致使家庭年均收入分别减少了1660元、1190元、2010元,表明农村信贷配给具有显著的收入约束效应,其中,风险信贷配给收入约束效应最大,数量信贷配给收入约束效应相对较小,且该实证结果通过了平衡性检验与共同支撑检验。文章采用CMP估计法实施内生性检验,分析表明信贷配给确实存在着收入约束效应。同时,地区异质性分析结果显示西部地区农村信贷配给的收入约束效应显著,中部地区仅数量信贷配给的收入约束效应在统计上不显著,而东部地区信贷配给存在收入损失效应但统计上不显著。

信用惩戒中行政权的边界——基于636份裁判文书的实证分析

通过分析636份裁判文书包含的受惩戒行为和惩戒措施,可以明确行政信用惩戒针对的是违法行为和失信行为,实施的七类惩戒措施包括记录失信行为、列入黑名单、列入经营异常企业名录、扣减信用分、降低信用等级、限制招投标与政府采购资格及其他资格限制。按照“三阶分析框架”确定的标准,行政信用惩戒在合法性层面存在缺乏高位阶法规范依据,程序规范有待细化和行政裁量权法律约束弱的问题;在合理性层面存在违反平等对待原则,比例原则和禁止重复评价原则的问题;在有效性层面存在突破公法与私法界限,未分级管理和单一线性执法的问题。尝试将惩戒措施分为不可诉行为、行政处理、行政处罚三类定性,为行政权介入信用惩戒的实施设定限制。

论社会信用信息权利:范畴、内容及其体系

在社会信用体系建设持续推进与“数据二十条”出台的大背景下,社会信用信息权利在范畴、内容及其体系方面仍然存在一些问题。基于个人信息重要性、概念核心区域明确、处理的合法性与合理性事由及“动态系统”理论,可以将个人信息定位为权利。“数据三权”也并非传统意义上的支配权、绝对权,其排除的仅仅是非法获取或处理数据的行为。社会信用信息为个人信息与数据在社会信用领域的延伸,同样应当将社会信用信息权利定位为新型的权利。未来应当依托现有的《民法典》《个人信息保护法》展开解释,确立社会信用信息处理合法性与合理性事由,有效实现社会信用信息权利体系的协调。

信誉、财富与农村信贷配给——欠发达地区不同农村金融机构的供给行为研究

文章使用2006年云南、宁夏近800个农户家庭的调查数据,实证分析了欠发达地区不同农村金融机构的信贷供给行为。在区分农户的名义需求和有效需求的基础上,研究发现信用社和银行在发放贷款时偏向富有农户,民间借贷者没有这种偏向,因而其服务的覆盖面远远超过正式机构。两者都重视农户的信誉状况,但信用记录没有实现共享。这些行为的差异主要来源于各类金融机构之间信息成本和交易成本的差别。

银行治理、信贷配给与中小企业融资

中小企业贷款难问题是目前困扰这些企业迅速发展的重要因素,国内外对这一问题成因进行了诸多研究与分析。从我国银行治理结构特点的这一独特视角出发,结合信贷配给理论,对不同治理结构下银行信贷行为进行建模与比较分析发现,银行治理结构通过影响银行信贷选择行为,将会对信贷市场配给程度以及中小企业获得贷款的可能性产生重要影响。

不完全信息下银行信贷风险的决策机制

本文研究商业银行的信贷市场在不完全信息下银行信贷风险的决策机制． 给出了当企业的初始财富达到银行所要求的最低限度而且不超过最高限度两种情形下银行信贷风险决策机制的配给和无需配给的设计， 揭示了在这两种机制的作用下， 银行能有效鉴别出企业谎报风险信息的程度， 给出了银行拒绝企业贷款申请的条件．

现实信贷市场中抵质押品的功能探析——基于信息经济学商业银行的研究视角

文章从信息经济学、信贷配给理论、风险管理理论和巴塞尔新资本协议等视角出发,论述了有关押品的性质、功能和角色,分析了押品发挥作用的基本原理和传导机制,形成了有关现实信贷市场中抵质押品功能的9条结论。最后,结合我国信贷市场发展实际,对商业银行加强押品管理提出了初步建议。

逆向选择与信用配给:中小企业融资难根源分析

文章通过中美中小企业融资的渠道和结构对比 ,分析中国中小企业融资困难的原因 ,并进一步通过两个模型解释资金借贷市场上的逆向选择问题和银行被迫采用的信用配给制度。

政府引导下的绿色金融创新机制

本文结合金融市场融资配给的特点,从非出清市场均衡分析的全新视角,提出政府引导市场的绿色金融创新的有效激励理论。在贝纳西(Jean-Pascal Benassy,2002)均衡经济分析框架中,通过引入政府作为绿色金融市场的引导者,在原有的价格信号和数量信号的基础上加入绿色评级信号,证明了绿色金融市场均衡的存在性。结果表明,与未引入绿色评级信号的固定价格均衡(即K均衡)相比,绿色评级信号能够有效地引导金融资源配置。最后对完善我国绿色金融激励机制提出了政策建议。