Identification of the Credit Guarantee Network of Steel Trade Enterprises in China

The risk points in the credit guarantee network of steel trade enterprises were identified by using the network analysis method in this paper. Firstly, the formation and operation mechanism of steel trade credit guarantee network was analyzed.Secondly,a guarantee network was established to analyze the related network structure indexes based on the mutual guarantee data of 83 enterprises in a steel trade market. These indexes included centrality,honest broker,and structural hole. The results suggest that network analysis method can be used to find out the risk points of the guarantee network. Additionally,some recommendations are brought forth to reduce or prevent future crises.

Credit Guarantee and the Impact in Financial Structure of the

The aim of this work is to show the relevance of guarantees provided by the Mutual Credit Guarantee System （GS—the Portuguese Society of Credit Guarantee （SPGM）） as an instrument used in the financing of Small and edium Enterprises （SMEs）, especially in restructuring Long-Term Debt （LTD） and bank loans. The studyprovides empirical evidence and puts forward an explanatory model of the influence of the mutual creditguarantees on the financing of SMEs. Using data obtained from the MCGS, for the CAE （economic activity） 412（construction of buildings, which is the sector with the greatest number of companies seeking this type of financing） and the SABI database （system for analysis of Iberian financial statements）, a multiple regressionmodel was made, studying the impact that mutual guarantees have in the financial structure of the SMEs. The results obtained show that LTD financing is positively influenced by the guarantees provided by the MCGS to SMEs as it allows greater debt capacity, especially in the medium and long term, for firms that usually cannotobtain this type of financing. The results also suggest that this type of guarantees creates an environment of confidence among all stakeholders involved, showing that both in terms of overall capital structure and in terms of erely financial credit, the response from the explanatory variables in the models was consistent with the beginning xpectations, that the financial gap has been reduced with the contribution of mutual guarantees in the fnancingprocess.

Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

Supply Chain Finance Decision Analysis with a Partial Credit Guarantee Contract

The innovation of supply chain financial services can alleviate the plight of SMEs financing difficulties. In the aspect of supply chain finance model, there is a credit guarantee financing model, which is different from the simple external financing and internal financing mode of supply chain. Based on this, this paper studies the decision-making of supply chain finance under the partial credit guarantee of core enterprises. First of all, the paper constructs a simple supply chain financing model, consisting of a bank, a core enterprise and a retailer. And then, considering the credit guarantee financing model, calculate the expected profit function. Stackelberg game model is used to give the optimal decision of each subject in decentralized system and the optimal decision in centralized system. Finally, in order to make a more specific and detailed study on the profit and decision-making based on the credit guarantee financing model, the important parameters of the model are analyzed. Through the calculation, it is proved that under the credit guarantee of the core enterprise, the retailer has the optimal ordering strategy, and the core enterprise has the best wholesale price. The influences of the partial credit guarantee coefficient and the retailer’s loan coefficient on the supply chain finance decision-making are also studied.

Empirical research on the SMEs＇ credit-guarantee in China

After the authors' thorough study of the experiments of other countries and regions, it is posed that credit-guarantee is the key for solving the problem of the difficulties of SMEs' financing.Based on two surveys and interviews with 57 SMEs and some commercial banks' staff, this study on the practice and implement action of SMEs' credit-guarantee revealed some problems existing in the practical process. A series of policy suggestions are given for improving the SMEs' credit-guarantee in China.

Bootstrap Simulation Study on Cooperation between Agricultural Insurance and Agricultural Credit

The economic compensation function of agricultural insurance can reduce the credit default risk of farmers. Therefore,the cooperative development of agricultural insurance and agricultural credit is an inevitable trend for the development of rural financial services. In this paper,the annual time series data of agricultural insurance and agricultural credit in 1994-2013 were used to carry out bootstrap simulation based Granger causality test and make the impulse response analysis. Results indicate that based on the Granger causality test of the whole samples( 1994-2013),there is no Granger causality relationship between agricultural insurance and agricultural credit; based on the test of sub-samples( 2002-2013),there is a two-way Granger causality relationship between agricultural insurance and agricultural credit,the rapid development of agricultural insurance brings about structural changes in agricultural credit; agricultural credit has a positive effect on agricultural insurance,and agricultural insurance has a greater effect on agricultural credit. Finally,it came up with policy recommendations for the cooperative development of agricultural insurance and agricultural credit.

Modeling Policyholder Behavior through Insurance Resonant Marts for Pricing Options and Guarantees

Background: The 11th Annual Conference of Asia-Pacific Risk and Insurance Association was held on July 22-25, 2007 in Taipei, Taiwan. The first author participated in this annual conference where he met the second author who was invited to deliver two plenary speeches on Corporate Governance and Financial Institution Regulation [1] and Alternative Investments for Financial Institutions [2]. The first author was then working as consultant with i-flex solutions, a subsidiary of Oracle and the second author was Vice President of Strategic Business Initiatives Units at ING Life Insurance in its Taiwan operation. The two authors decided to start collaborating on a research paper titled “Modeling Policyholder Behavior through Insurance Resonant Marts for Pricing Options and Guarantees.” The first version of the paper was submitted for research purposes to ING Insurance Risk Management Global Conference 2007 [3] which was held in Beijing, China. Although it was neither presented nor published, the working draft was constantly updated and revised. In 2015, after eight years of continuous research collaboration, the two authors decided to submit the final version of the paper to the 5th World Congress on Engineering and Technology for scholarly presentation. Aim: The competition in the insurance industry is extremely fierce. Insurance companies are under tremendous pressure to retain and increase their customer base, to offer services at attractive rates and provide returns competitive with mutual funds, equities and banks, to achieve profitability across various lines of insurance, to comply with statutory norms etc. Despite having the best of breeds, such as accountants, actuaries [4], lawyers, underwriters, IT experts, consultants, etc., many insurance companies face severe problems to cope with and survive under such pressures. Insurance companies are now striving towards creating innovative products that can match the expectation of the customers with respect to investment returns and risk coverage at competitive rates, which is a very challenging task. Also it is very important to measure the expectations of the customers keeping in mind that those customers are already owners of other financial products. Pricing always follows the expectations and without proper data support, Model risk is imminent. Even if a product is correctly priced, without understanding the behavior of the policyholder towards various financial products will lead to heavy lapses [4]. The authors describe a new framework called UIRDM Approach (Unified Insurance Resonant Data Mart) for the insurance companies wherein this approach stresses the need to think beyond the insurance boundaries.

Directors'and Officers'liability insurance and bond credit spreads:Evidence from China

Using hand-collected data on purchases of D&O insurance by Chinese listed firms for the period from 2008 to 2019,we empirically find that D&O insurance negatively associates with credit spreads.The negative relationship still holds after conducting a series of robustness tests and is not driven by the eyeball effect.We also show that D&O insurance can reduce credit spreads via the channels of internal controls,external monitoring,information asymmetry and default risk.Moreover,the negative effect of D&O insurance on credit spreads is more pronounced for non-state-owned firms,those located in regions with a low level of marketization or that employ rating agencies with a bad reputation.Our study complements the literature on the credit spreads and corporate governance.

The Research on Establishing Construction Risk System in China

Through the analysis of our country＇s present construction risk management, the paper points out that the construction risk management system should be established on the construction insurance and guarantee, then puts forwards detailed countermeasures from six aspects, which consist of basic contents of establishing the construction insurance and guarantee system, issuing related laws which will speed up the implementing of the system, expediting the development of the agencies and market entities of the construction insurance and guarantee, establishing associations of the construction insurance and guarantee, enhancing government＇s support of imolementing the system.

城镇职工基本医疗保险统筹基金收支预测——基于E市证据的多方案模拟分析

基本医疗保险是检视城镇职工福利政策执行的重要民生福祉,统筹基本医疗保险基金稳健发展是制度可持续运行的保证。本文以结余较高的基金统筹区E市为例,基于现行筹资、待遇政策,构建职工医保统筹基金收支预测模型,结合职工门诊共济保障改革方向设置无政策干预、实施门诊共济保障改革、2035年取消个人账户并提高待遇水平三种模拟情形,分别预测其2022年至2050年统筹基金收支情况。结果显示,无政策干预下E市职工医保统筹基金将于2022年、2034年分别出现当期、累计结余赤字;门诊共济保障改革实施后当期、累计结余赤字发生时间分别延后20年、8年;若2035年取消个人账户则于2049年出现基金缺口,同步提高普通门诊、门诊慢特病及住院保障水平在2050年以前不会导致累计结余归零。据此,应通过渐进式取消个人账户,实现医保战略性购买,强化多层次医疗保障的效能,增强医保统筹基金可持续性。

林业碳汇信贷融资现实困境、制约因素与模式创新

林业碳汇信贷融资作为林业碳汇价值实现的主要路径,对于盘活林业碳汇资源、提升碳汇资产价值,以及缓解碳汇经营企业融资约束具有重要价值。目前,中国部分地区已探索试点林业碳汇质押融资业务,但面临现有模式难以复制推广的现实困境。该研究通过剖析典型案例的融资模式和现存不足,深入分析林业碳汇信贷融资当下面临的现实问题,探究影响林业碳汇发挥质押作用的根本原因。研究发现:①林业碳汇法律属性不明确,质权设立过程中涉及的相关权益变动缺乏法理依据。②林业碳汇价值评估标准缺失,质押价值评估结果银行难以认定。③林业碳汇资产质权难以处置变现,质权实现路径缺失导致银行无法有效控制信贷违约风险。因此,该研究通过引入林业碳汇保险的保单质押、价值认定和金融增信功能,以及碳汇收储机制在质权实现方面的担保增信作用,创新性地提出“林权抵押附加林业碳汇(预期收益权)质押+碳汇价值综合保险+林权(碳汇)收储担保”“林业碳汇(预期收益权)价值保险保单质押+碳汇收储担保”和“林业碳汇资产质押+碳汇价格指数保险”三种林业碳汇信贷融资模式,为林业碳汇质押融资广泛开展提供可行路径。最后,针对林业碳汇信贷融资的制约因素,从完善碳汇相关配套政策、统一碳汇价值评估标准、优化创新碳汇保险产品、建立碳汇收储担保制度、构建林业碳汇金融支持体系五个方面,提出促进林业碳汇信贷融资有效开展的具体策略建议。

减税冲击、土地调控与城投债定价

减税冲击会加大地方财政压力,而地方政府隐性担保能力的下降会导致城投债发行利差上升;然而,城投债是地方经济建设的重要融资手段,地方政府有动机采取增信措施来抵消减税冲击的影响,甚至促使城投债利差下降。基于2017—2019年的三次增值税税率下调实践,通过产业结构、减税点数和政策时间构造地级市层面的减税冲击变量,分析发现:减税冲击会扩大地方政府的财政收支缺口,但地方政府会采取土地调控措施来为城投公司提供增信,导致城投债的发行利差不升反降;具体而言,面对减税冲击,地方政府并没有调整土地出让结构、提高工业用地和住宅用地出让价格,而是通过向城投公司注入土地资产、提高商服用地出让价格的路径来提升城投公司的融资能力、抵押价值和信用水平,这也反映出地方政府“以地谋发展”的运作方式已由土地财政转向土地金融。因此,应深化土地要素市场化配置改革,打破地方政府在土地征收和出让环节的双垄断格局;划清地方投融资平台和地方政府之间的界限,促进地方财政的可持续发展,改变地方政府过度依赖土地调控的局面。

高校科普学分制的理论逻辑与实现研究

学分制在高校科普教育中的创新性实践对于大学生的成长、科普工作的推进和公民素质的提升具有重要的意义,能让科普教育相对牢固地“驻扎”进学校教育的规范体系,是对学校教育教学体系的一个有益补充。它既可使大学生接受基本的科普教育,也可使大学生参与科普知识的传播。目前,高校实施科普学分制在思想认识、课程体系、师资队伍、科普资源、制度保障等方面还面临着一系列的问题。我们可以通过加强顶层设计、健全课程体系、完善弹性学制、实施好学分绩点制等来探索高校科普学分制的实现路径,并通过建立思想、机制、人才、质量等保障体系予以支撑。

CDIO视角下高职汽车信贷与保险课程建设研究

针对目前的课程教学改革,本文引入CDIO理念,从课程体系构建、课程设计、课程实施、课程评价等方面进行研究,采用以项目为载体,以学生为中心的教学理念,实现课程“三重”目标培养。

银行融资下考虑信用保险和销售努力的风险规避供应链决策研究

信用保险在银行融资中发挥着增信的功能。基于资金约束零售商、供应商和银行组成的供应链系统,同时考虑零售商的风险规避行为、银行的损失规避行为和零售商的销售努力,分别构建有无信用保险两种情形下的Stackelberg博弈模型,比较信用保险对零售商和银行决策的影响。研究发现:信用保险可以缓解零售商的风险规避行为带来的消极举措,促使零售商提高订购量和销售努力水平。对银行而言,利率决策会受保险范围水平的影响,银行越损失规避,信用保险和销售努力组合发挥的效果越好。销售努力水平会随着零售商的风险规避系数的增加而降低,但有信用保险时的销售努力水平始终大于没有信用保险的情形。

消费约束下农业信贷和农业保险最优产品设计

农村金融是农村经济发展重要的内生动力,农业保险和农业信贷作为农村金融的重要组成部分,在助农增收方面发挥着重要作用,两者的融合发展也成为增强农村金融服务能力的重要举措。基于多重均衡模型,引入最低消费约束,研究农业信贷、农业保险和农业“信贷+保险”三种方式对农户终身效用的影响,并通过调整贷款比例和保障水平为不同资本水平的个体设计最理想的农业“信贷+保险”产品。研究结果表明:第一,单一的信贷产品和单一的保险产品只能提升部分农户的终身期望效用;第二,固定保障水平和贷款比例的“信贷+保险”产品无法满足所有农户的实际需求,抑制了部分农户的终身效用;第三,最优的“信贷+保险”产品设计能使所有农户的终身期望效用得到提升,尤其对低资本农户提升效果显著,使其摆脱了低均衡状态,实现资本增长。通过优化农业“信贷+保险”产品设计,可以更有效地增强农户的风险抵御能力和自我发展动力,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、深化农村改革、实现乡村振兴具有一定的理论和现实意义。

国家医保接口环境下门诊先诊疗后结算系统的改造及应用

目的 实现门诊患者在国家医保接口环境下的先诊疗后结算系统的改造和应用。方法 基于对医院现有业务流程和接口功能的分析,结合市域级信用体系,对医院信息系统(Hospital Information System,HIS)前台的挂号和结算环节分别调用市域级信用体系的注册和销号接口,实现一次挂号一次结算。配合HIS后台存储的患者状态进行院内流程优化,从而实现先诊疗后结算。结果 实现了在国家医保接口环境下医院门诊患者先诊疗后结算业务流程的重塑,采用先诊疗后结算模式的患者就诊时平均排队次数减少0.52次,平均等候时长缩短6.84 min。结论 通过对HIS的改造,简化了门诊患者就诊流程,并通过引入市域级信用体系保证了市域范围内费用的有效控制,对降低门诊患者在院滞留时间有积极意义,对于国家医保环境下医院门诊优化流程有借鉴意义。

信用收益视角下购买工程质量安全险的演化博弈研究

从信用收益视角研究建设单位和施工单位之间购买工程质量安全险的策略选择问题。构建建设单位和施工单位的演化博弈模型,分析双方稳定策略的博弈过程。采用系统动力学仿真实验对该模型进行多情景模拟分析,从而长期探讨有利于建筑信用市场发展的稳定策略。研究结果表明:建设单位和施工单位购买工程质量安全险与其投入产出比有关系。在长期演化过程中,由于信用收益的驱动,建设单位趋向于购买工程质量安全险。

医保医师信用评价指标体系的构建

目的通过建立医保医师信用评价指标体系,指导医保医师维护医保基金安全,进而持续推进社会信用体系建设向纵深发展。方法使用内容分析法和德尔菲法构建指标体系,利用层次分析法确定指标权重。结果专家咨询的积极系数为100%,权威系数为0.77,第一轮肯德尔和谐系数为0.772,第二轮肯德尔和谐系数为0.922(P<0.001)。筛选出一级指标3个(医疗服务行为、践约情况、伦理道德与社会评价),二级指标9个(如不合理治疗等),三级指标23个(如无指征住院等)。结论基于德尔菲法筛选出的医保医师信用评价指标较为精炼,可为后续研究提供参考。

社会资本缓解新型农业经营主体融资约束了吗——以农业信用担保融资为例

本文基于陕西、山西和江苏三省的实地调研数据,以农业信用担保融资为切入点,采用Heckman两阶段模型分析社会资本缓解新型农业经营主体融资约束的影响。结果表明:包含政府关系资本、银行关系资本和村级关系资本在内的社会资本均能显著缓解新型农业经营主体需求型融资约束,而仅银行关系资本更有助于缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束,这一结论在缓解内生性问题和稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析结果表明,各类社会资本对陕西和山西、专业大户和家庭农场的新型农业经营主体融资约束的缓解作用更强,并且,新型农业经营主体在信用村镇建设方面呈现出不同类型社会资本依赖的差异性。农村金融环境在政府关系资本和村级关系资本缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束的过程中具有正向调节效应,而在银行关系资本缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束的过程中发挥负向调节效应。