Supporting structure failure caused by the squeezing tunnel creep and its reinforcement measure

Tunnels deeply buried have high crustal stress and are prone to large deformation disasters when encountering soft rock.The large deformation phenomenon during the construction process of the Maoxian Tunnel on the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway is particularly evident.This article focuses on the large deformation problem of the No.1 inclined shaft of the Maoxian Tunnel,and uses on-site monitoring methods to explore the reasons for tunnel structure failure,and analyzes the mechanical behavior of the tunnel structure.By using numerical simulation methods,the effectiveness of the second-layer support in resisting creep loads in tunnels was studied,and the influence of the construction time of the secondlayer support on the mechanical properties of the tunnel was discussed.The results indicate that the first-layer support in the tunnel is a structural failure caused by asymmetric deformation caused by creep,while the second-layer support has a good effect on resisting creep loads.The research results can provide a technical reference for deformation control of squeezing tunnels.

Research on the closure and creep mechanism of circular tunnels

A numerical code called Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA2D) was em- ployed to investigate the closure,damage and failure behavior of the horizontal tunnels.In this code the time-dependent deformation was described in terms of evolution of meso- scopic structure,leading to progressive degradation of elastic modulus and failure strength of material.In terms of material degradation,a series of numerical simulations were per- formed to study the convergence and subsequent failure in circular tunnels.The numerical results provide a complete illumination for the closure,damage and failure behavior with different loading conditions.It is shown that the depth and the ratio of far field stresses play an important role in the creep behavior of tunnels.Creep failure is expected to occur in the direction of the smallest far field stress component,which means that rheological failure of tunnels is influenced not only by the rock characteristic around the tunnels but also by the orientation and distribution of far field stress on a global scale.

Unsaturated creep tests and empirical models for sliding zone soils of Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges

Creep of sliding zone soils may cause significant displacement in large-scale landslides in the Three Gorges reservoir area.To investigate the effects of water on the soil creep behavior of the Qianjiangping landslide,a series of unsaturated triaxial creep tests on the sliding zone soils were performed.Based on the analyses of testing results,a new stress intensity incorporating matric suction was defined and an unsaturated Singh-Mitchell creep model was developed.Predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results,which indicates that the established unsaturated model can reasonably simulate the effects of water on the soil creep behavior of the landslide.Finally,relationships between matric suction and the parameters of the model were analyzed.This study provides a calculation model and parameters for the evaluation of long-term stability of landslides under the influence of water.

Rock creep modeling based on discontinuous deformation analysis

Creep is one of the major problems of deep underground mining that must be studied theoretically,experimentally,and numerically over a long period.Experiments and feld tests are methods which can directly and more accurately describe the engineering practices as compared with others.However,these approaches are also time-consuming because creep problem of rock engineering,such as the roadway/tunnel squeezing phenomenon,usually lasts from several months to a few years.A numerical method can be employed to overcome this time-consuming problem.The discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)method was originated in 1984 and received considerable attention from geo-engineers and researchers.The current paper discusses the creep calculation methods using the continuous and the discontinuous methods,and proposes a creep analysis method based on DDA.The method proposed in this paper can directly change the stiffness matrix while inheriting the advantages of the original DDA.Applying this method does not require any changes in the contact part of DDA.Thus,this method does not have any effect on the open–close iteration and convergence and can solve the creep problem,while maintaining the advantages of the original DDA.We theorized that creep problems are static problems,and based on this,the work using DDA in this study was divided into two parts:(1)addition of a new loop for the original DDA to‘‘discredited’’the total creep time into several time elements,thereby changing the material properties in each time element;and(2)division of each of the time elements by the time steps,similar to the original DDA.In this manner,one creep problem can be solved via assembling of static problems.Afterwards,the method mentioned above is employed to modeling a tunnel case.The evolution of the displacement fled and stress feld during creep are analyzed and discussed.

Triaxial creep damage characteristics of sandstone under high crustal stress and its constitutive model for engineering application

The creep characteristics of rock under high crustal stress are of important influence on the long‐term stability of deep rock engineering.To study the creep characteristics and engineering application of sandstone under high crustal stress,this study constructed nonlinear creep damage(NCD)constitutive mode based on the triaxial graded loading‒unloading creep test of sandstone in the Yuezhishan Tunnel.A numerical NCD constitutive model and a breakable lining(BL)model were developed based on FLAC3D and then applied to the stability analysis of the Yuezhishan Tunnel.Based on the creep test results of sandstone,a power function of creep rate and stress level was constructed,by which the long‐term strength was solved.The results show that the long‐term strength of the red sandstone based on the related function of the steady‐state creep rate and stress level is close to the measured stress value in engineering.The NCD model considering damage factors reflects the instantaneous and viscoelastic plasticity deformation characteristics of the red sandstone.The numerical NCD constitutive model and the BL model can reflect surrounding rock deformation characteristics and lining failure characteristics in practical engineering.The research results provide theoretical references for long‐term stability analysis of rock engineering and the deformation control of surrounding rock under high crustal stress.

Mechanism of zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass around deep tunnels

In order to study the mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon(ZDP),both experimental and theoretical investigations were carried out.Firstly,based on the similarity law,gypsum was chosen as equivalent material to simulate the deep rock mass,the excavation of deep tunnel was modeled by drilling a hole in the gypsum models,two circular cracked zones were measured in the model,and ZDP in the enclosing rock mass around deep tunnel was simulated in 3D gypsum model tests.Secondly, based on the elasto-plastic analysis of the stressed-strained state of the surrounding rock mass with the improved Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the bilinear constitutive model,the maximum stress zone occurred in vicinity of the elastic-plastic interface due to the excavation of the deep tunnel,rock material in maximum stress zone is in the approximate uniaxial loading state owing to the larger tangential force and smaller radial force,the mechanism of ZDP was explained,which lay in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass.Thirdly,the analytical critical depth for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained,which depended on the mechanical indices and stress concentration coefficient of rock mass.

A framework for identifying the onset of landslide acceleration based on the exponential moving average(EMA)

Predicting the failure time of a landslide is considered as challenging work in the field of landslide research,and inverse velocity is proved to be an effective and convenient method.The onset of acceleration(OOA)has a crucial effect on the prediction failure time from the inverse velocity method.However,a simple method to identify OOA points is lacked,and most of the identifications rely on expert experience.Therefore,this study presents an application of a simple framework developed to identify the OOA by analyzing monitoring velocity data in three steps,including selection of the absolute value of velocity,reliable area identification and OOA identification.A new parameter based on exponential moving average(EMA)is developed to identify the landslide OOA.The framework is applied to three historical case studies to test its practicability and effectiveness.The forecasting results show a good correspondence between the accuracy rate and the coefficient of determination(R2).The predicted failure time according to the linear extrapolation starting from the identified OOA points is acceptable with a high R2 and high accuracy.

甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性分析

为研究江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性,通过历史资料调研、现场踏勘与监测、卫星遥感和室内土工试验等方法,分析了主滑坡体、滑坡后壁及侧壁的变形特征与稳定性。结果表明:滑体前缘高陡边坡因降雨及河流冲刷导致坡脚失稳;中后部土体受地下水、连续强降雨影响,抗剪强度降低,下滑力增大,逐步向前推移;最终由于前缘土体的滑动,导致抗滑力减小,随之引发整体滑动,为缓慢滑动的牵引式滑坡。滑体后壁、两侧侧壁高陡,变形迹象明显,在强降雨或地震工况下易失稳滑动。江顶崖滑坡具有长期蠕滑变形、多次复活滑动等特点,是甘肃省近年来规模、范围最大的滑坡之一,在地震或暴雨作用下,滑坡有再次复活的可能,建议加强对滑坡区的变形监测,同时,对区域内不稳定斜坡进行加固治理,防止出现重大灾害。

库水作用下滑坡土体渗流与蠕变耦合试验研究

水库滑坡变形具有显著的渗流与蠕变耦合效应。为此,采用自主研发的渗流与蠕变耦合三轴试验仪,分别开展了渗流对蠕变的影响以及变形对渗流的影响试验研究,并改进GDS三轴仪完成了高精度控制和量测的渗流与蠕变耦合试验。结果表明:渗流作用下,土样体积变形随时间先逐渐增大后缓慢减小,主要原因是超孔隙水压力导致围压卸荷,使得土样产生回弹变形,但渗透压力持续作用于土体,使得土样体积持续缓慢减小;获取了渗流过程中土样体积的变化结果,分别建立了渗流开始前试样e-k(孔隙比-渗透系数)关系曲线及渗流稳定后试样e-k关系曲线,结果表明考虑变形影响的e-k关系曲线更能反映土体的流固耦合效应。研究成果可望为水库滑坡变形演化预测提供更加科学严密的理论和方法。

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

黄土卸荷蠕变特性与典型开挖型黄土滑坡机理研究

开挖卸荷是黄土滑坡的主要诱发因素之一,为深入研究黄土的卸荷蠕变特性与开挖型黄土滑坡的机理,本文选择典型开挖型黄土滑坡——榆林市上庄滑坡黄土作为研究对象,进行了一系列三轴卸荷蠕变试验,分析了卸荷对黄土蠕变特性的影响,并结合试验成果和数值模拟方法对开挖型黄土滑坡机理进行了揭示。三轴卸荷蠕变试验结果表明在卸荷条件下,卸荷应力水平越大,试样蠕变变形越大且达到稳定蠕变状态所需的时间就越长。初始固结应力越大,试样蠕变破坏所需卸荷值占围压的比例越小。利用等时曲线法求取了试样长期强度并计算出研究区黄土的长期黏聚力与长期内摩擦角值,引入长期强度折损率,并对瞬时强度与长期强度的规律进行了对比分析。数值模拟计算结果显示在坡脚开挖处形成了应变集中区,坡面由上至下的位移逐渐增大。相较于未开挖情况下,开挖后土体中卸荷应力明显增大,导致坡体蠕变变形增大,最终造成了坡体滑移。研究成果可为此类滑坡防治提供理论借鉴。

某核心筒收进水瓶型超高层结构设计关键问题研究

某超高层建筑位于武汉市汉阳区一线滨江区域,整体造型为下大上小逐渐收分的水瓶型,主体结构高度249m,屋面上设51m高塔冠,地上建筑总高度300m。建筑师要求外框柱贴幕墙边布置,导致塔楼大部分柱均为斜柱,在竖向荷载作用下将对楼面体系产生水平分力,设计中通过在楼面梁设置抗拉钢筋及型钢承担水平拉力。核心筒墙体在17、43层进行了转换收进,通过合理的分析及措施,确保了墙体传力路径的合理性。对主体结构进行了风洞试验并进行了相关论证,减小了设计风荷载,节约了结构造价。对结构进行了施工模拟、收缩徐变分析、墙体有限元分析及塔冠分析,结果表明结构设计安全合理。

考虑黏土蠕变特性的大埋深盾构复推总推力增量解析解研究

由于黏土存在蠕变效应,黏土地层中盾构长时间停机会诱发盾构复推总推力增量过大、盾构姿态难以控制、管片易破损等次生风险等问题,将黏土地层视为Burgers黏弹性体,构建考虑地层应力和蠕变特性的大埋深圆截面隧洞简化力学模型,根据黏弹性理论推导盾壳-地层径向接触应力的黏弹性解,进而通过积分和分段计算求解复推总推力增量与停机时间的理论关系式。结合水工盾构隧洞停机实例,对比复推总推力增量实际值与理论值。研究结果表明:复推总推力增量实际值与理论值平均相对误差为13.81%,验证了该解析解的可靠性;隧洞埋深越大,复推总推力增量越大,表明大埋深段停机需更关注复推推力控制;盾壳-地层界面摩阻力随超挖间隙增大而减小,而复推总推力增量随之增大;此外,总推力增量随着盾壳-地层界面摩擦因数减小而显著减小。因此,设置合适的超挖间隙和长时间停机时采取往盾壳外注入膨润土等润滑减阻措施能有效预防大埋深段停机的次生风险。

穿越多断层破碎带隧道自适应结构走滑错动特性研究

在活动断裂构造带地区,断层运动往往是沿断层带发生,自活动盘到破碎带错动位移表现出逐级传递的特征,因此穿越活动断裂带的隧道结构应力、变形特征也受到断层错动形式的影响。依托西部高烈度区某穿越大型活动断裂带的公路隧道工程,通过数值模拟分析穿越多断层隧道结构在断层多级走滑错动下的位移、应力响应规律,得出隧道结构纵向基于多断层蠕滑错动的影响分区;建立基于柔性初支、刚性二衬和节段铰接的穿越蠕滑断层隧道自适应结构,探究在错动区和缓冲区内设置隧道自适应结构的抗错性能。研究表明:隧道围岩性质的差异是影响穿越断层破碎带隧道结构变形和应力的最重要因素,隧道自适应结构在蠕滑错动过程中,柔性初支能够吸收部分围岩传递至隧道结构的变形,柔性接头的剪切变形和衬砌节段的刚性转动能够承担较大的位错,随着隧道衬砌节段长度的减小、接头数量的增加,各个接头的剪切变形角和衬砌节段偏转角都将减小,大幅提升结构的抗错安全性。

遗传算法下的滑坡蠕滑位移预测模型研究

滑坡位移预测是预报滑坡灾害的重要依据,以往的滑坡位移预测模型多数为时间序列预测模型、BP神经网络预测模型、Gaussian拟合预测模型以及其他一些非线性预测模型。这些滑坡位移预测模型在建立上缺乏力学理论支撑,对不同力学特性产生的滑坡位移预测分析上没有针对性。文章针对力学特性为重力蠕变型滑坡位移的预测,提出一种基于遗传优化算法的滑坡蠕滑位移非线性预测模型。以鲁家坡滑坡东侧J05监测点的累计水平位移为例,划定测试区域与预测区域进行模型预测分析,并将新模型预测结果与Gaussian拟合预测模型、BP神经网络预测模型预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,相较于传统预测模型,新模型的预测效果有所提升,有一定的工程价值与实践价值。

一种滑动检测算法下的滑坡位移时序分解方法

针对“阶跃式”滑坡位移时序分解模型力学解释性不强的缺陷,根据西原蠕变本构模型与自适应改进遗传算法模型,提出滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测方法与改进加权移动平均修正阶跃项位移方法,并将该方法应用于白水河滑坡位移时序分解。将滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测结果与MK检验结果、滑动t检验结果以及Bayes检测结果作对比。结果表明,滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测结果更加准确与适用;同时将新型滑坡位移时序分解结果与二次移动平均时序分解结果、三次指数平滑时序分解结果以及VMD时序分解结果作对比。结果表明,新型滑坡位移时序分解方法解决了滑坡趋势项位移无规律、无力学解释性的问题,且在时序分解加法模式中单独引入滑坡位移预测中最重要的阶跃项位移,分析预测更具有针对性。因此,新型时序分解模型有一定的工程价值与时序预测借鉴价值。

考虑地层蠕变效应的桥梁桩基施工对邻近运营地铁隧道的影响

为研究桥梁桩基施工引起地层蠕变效应对邻近地铁隧道安全运营的影响,采用卸荷条件下黏土蠕变特性试验确定了隧道周围土体的蠕变模型,通过数值仿真FLAC^(3D)与现场监测相结合的方法,分析了桩基开挖期间地铁隧道的竖向位移、水平位移和应力分布状态。结果表明:广义Kelvin本构模型能够较为准确地描述黏土体开挖卸荷时的蠕变效应;桩基开挖后,邻近地铁隧道衬砌位移不断增大,随后进入稳定状态;随着桩基开挖数量的增加,地铁隧道竖向位移和水平位移总体表现为下沉和向外收敛趋势;桩-隧最小净距越小,桩基施工对隧道影响越大,采用隧道双侧布桩的施工方式,能够有效降低桩基开挖时隧道拱腰的累计水平位移,有利于地铁隧道的安全稳定运营。

西藏江达圭利大型深层滑坡蠕滑变形特征与稳定性分析

青藏高原东缘地质环境条件复杂,在内外动力耦合作用下该区域发育一系列大型—特大型深层滑坡,曾多次发生滑坡失稳堵江事件。位于西藏江达县的圭利滑坡为一大型深层古滑坡,滑坡空间结构特征复杂、变形强烈。在收集并分析资料的基础上,综合利用野外地质调查、遥感解译、无人机航测、InSAR形变监测、数值模拟等研究方法,对圭利滑坡几何特征和蠕滑变形特征进行分析,并揭示其成因和失稳机制。研究结果表明,圭利滑坡在平面上可划分为滑坡后缘区(Ⅰ)和滑坡堆积区(Ⅱ)两部分,其中滑坡堆积区可划分为局部稳定区(Ⅱ_(1))和前缘强变形区(Ⅱ_(2)、Ⅱ_(3)),根据成都理工大学团队钻探数据,钻探揭露的深层滑带埋深分别为64.02 m、57.90 m、54.13 m,滑坡体积约6.55×10^(7)m^(3)。SBAS-InSAR监测数据表明,圭利滑坡目前处于蠕滑变形阶段,局部处于加速变形阶段,强烈变形区位于滑坡中前部,向后呈渐进变形破坏特征,地表最大形变速率可达−92.12 mm/a,滑坡体变形主要受降雨和河流侵蚀影响。数值模拟结果表明,天然工况下滑体位移变形量较小,稳定性较好;暴雨工况下圭利滑坡的前缘强变形区出现明显的变形迹象,可能发生失稳下滑,牵引后部堆积体发生滑动,为典型的牵引式蠕滑变形模式,下滑的堆积体可能堵塞金沙江,存在形成堵江−溃坝−洪水灾害链的风险。研究结果可为圭利滑坡防治提供有效参考,对大型深层滑坡稳定性评价具有一定理论和实际意义。

有压引水隧洞多层柔性叠合衬砌对断层蠕滑错动的适应性研究

长距离输水隧洞工程建设很难避免穿越活动断层的问题,有压隧洞采用何种衬砌结构型式穿越活动断层迄今为止研究还不够深入。针对目前隧洞过活断层常用抗断措施存在的问题,结合有压引水隧洞自身的特点,提出了一种适合有压引水隧洞穿越活动断层的多层柔性叠合衬砌结构型式。依托某工程的实践情况,采用有限元数值分析方法论证了多层柔性叠合衬砌结构的可行性和合理性;同时分析了垫层厚度、垫层弹模对隧洞结构内力响应和抗断性能的影响。计算结果表明:垫层厚度越大,伸缩节总变形量越大,对于隧洞衬砌适应断层错动越有利;但当垫层厚度过大时,将对衬砌的受力产生不利影响,因此建议根据工程设防的断层错动量选择合适厚度的垫层,不必采用过厚的垫层。垫层弹模的变化对钢管应力的影响较为显著,综合考虑钢衬应力、混凝土损伤以及对断层错动的适应性能,建议选取3~5 MPa的垫层弹模最为合适。研究结果可为有压输水隧洞应对断层蠕滑变形时的结构设计提供参考。

空间变异性软土层管廊隧道安全可靠度分析

根据宿迁地区钻孔资料统计分析,获得了沿综合管廊轴向软黏土地层底高程的截断式正态分布函数;结合不同黏土土样的改进广义指数蠕变本构模型,基于随机有限元模拟技术建立了同时考虑地层厚度和蠕变特性空间随机分布的综合管廊运营期安全预测随机有限元模拟方法。研究结果表明:宿迁地区综合管廊运营期10 a后的变形和结构内力已趋于稳定,管廊结构最大等效应力分布为3.00~3.50 MPa,最大值比最小值大16.67%,管廊最大等效应力概率密度近似偏态分布;管廊结构最大拉应力和最大差异沉降概率密度近似正态分布。软土层的空间变异性对综合管廊安全预测结果有一定影响,建立考虑软土层空间变异性的综合管廊运营期可靠度预测方法可以更全面掌控风险,对综合管廊的优化设计和施工安全控制具有重要指导意义。