CRACK GROWTH,FRACTURE FEATURE AND RUPTURE LIFE DURING CYCLIC CREEP OF SUPERALLOY GH2132

The effects of cyclic loading on crack growth, fracture feature and rupture life of superalloy GH2132 have been studied in the present paper. The crack growth tests were carried out at 550 on compact tension specimens under a wide range of load levels and various periods of hold time, and the fracture surfaces were examined on a scanning electron microscope. The results show that, for both static and cyclic creep, Stage-I of crack growth is related with initial test stress, during which the crack extension is about 0.5mm, and that the final effect of cyclic loading on rupture life depends on the counteraction of its two reversed effects on crack growth rate before and after the point n=0.2.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

Effects of stress conditions on rheological properties of granular soil in large triaxial rheology laboratory tests

In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,the rheological tests were carried out.These experiment results showed that the stress conditions,especially the stress level were the critical influencing factors of the rheological deformation properties.Under the low stress level(S=0.1),the granular soil showed the elastic properties,and there was no obvious rheological deformation.Under the middle stress level(0.2<S≤0.6),creep curves showed the linear viscoelastic rheological properties.However,under the high stress level(S>0.8) creep curves showed the non-linear viscous plastic rheological properties.Especially,under the stress level of S=1.0,the accelerated rheological phase of creep curves occurred at early time with a trend of failure.The stress level had obvious effects on the final rheological deformation of the soil sample,and the final rheological deformation increments nonlinearly increased with stress level.The final rheological deformation increment and step was little under low stress level,while it became large under high stress level,which showed the nonlinearly rheological properties of the granular soil.The confining pressure also had direct effects on final rheological deformation,and the final rheological deformation linearly increased with confining pressure increments.

Influence of stress on the creep behavior of Cu particle enhancement SnPb based composite solder joints

Lap joints with a 1 mm^2 cross-sectional area were fabricated using Cu particle enhancemem 63Sn37Pb based composite solder and 63Sn37Pb eutectic solder to examine the influence of stress on the creep behavior of the solder joints. The results indicate that the creep resistance of the composite solder joints is generally superior to that of the conventional 63Sn37Pb solder joints. At the same time, the creep rupture life of the composite solder joints is declined with increasing stress and drops faster than that of the 63Sn37Pb eutectic solder joints.

High temperature rupture of Sn-Pb-0.05RE solder alloy

Specimens of Sn-Pb-0.05RE solder alloy were tested to failure under two different stress states,uniaxial tension using smooth bar specimens and triaxial tension using notched bar specimens. The tests were conducted at a temperature of 125℃, far above 0. 5 melting temperature of Sn-Pb-0.05RE solder alloy,which leads to a distinctive creep deformation. Rupture times were compared for uniaxial and triaxial stress states with respect to multiaxial stress parameters that are directly related to physical fracture mechanisms.The success of the parameters was judged according to how well the stress parameters correlate with the time to rupture. The results show that the Mises effective stress is the stress factor which dominates the creep rupture of Sn-Pb-0. 05RE solder alloy. It further suggests that the cavity nucleation on a grain boundary plays an important role in the creep rupture process of Sn-Pb-0.05RE solder alloy.

A CHALLENGE FOR BIAXIAL AND TRIAXIAL CREEP TESTING

This paper describes new methods for biaxial and triaxial creep testing. Biaxial tension and triaxial tension creep testers were developed. The performance of the machines was described and some test results were discussed. Stress biaxiality had almost no effect on the creep deformation and Mises potential was suitable for describing the creep deformation under biaxial and triaxial stress states. Stress biaxiality had a small influence on prolonging creep rupture time under the constant Mises stress condition.A new triaxial tension creep testing method was discussed together with the shape of the triaxial creep specimen.

Measurements of Creep Internal Stress Based on Constant Strain Rate and Its Application to Engineering

This research is carried out on the basis of Constant Strain Rate （CSR） to measure creep internal stress. Measurements of creep internal stress are conducted on the material test machine by using the CSR method. A mathematical model of creep internal stress is also proposed and its application is presented in this paper.

Determination of multiaxial stress rupture criteria for creeping materials:A critical analysis of different approaches

Materials in engineering applications are rarely uniaxially-loaded.In reality,failures under multiaxial loading has been widely observed in engineering structures.The life prediction of a component under multiaxial stresses has long been a challenging issue,particularly for high temperature applications.To distinguish the mode of failure ranging from a maximum principal stress intergranular damage to von Mises effective stress rupture mode a multiaxial stress rupture criterion(MSRC)was originally proposed by Sdobyrev and then Hayhurst and Leckie(SHL MSRC).A multiaxial-factor,α,was developed as a result which was intended to be a material constant and differentiates the bias of the MSRC between maxi-mum principal stress and effective stress.The success of the SHL MSRC relies on accurately calibrating the value ofαto quantify the multiaxial response of the material/geometry combination.To find a more suitable approach for determining MSRC,the applicability of different methods are evaluated.Given that the resulting analysis of the various approaches can be affected by the creep failure mechanism,princi-ples in the determination of MSRC with and without using continuum damage mechanics approaches are recommended.The viability of uniaxial material parameters in correlating withαthrough the analysis of available data in literature is also presented.It is found that the increase of the uniaxial creep dam-age tolerance parameterλis accompanied bythe decreaseof theα-value,whichimplies thatthe creep ductility plays an important role in affecting the multiaxial rupture behavior of materials.

小冲杆试验技术测试国产800HT合金高温蠕变性能研究

通过小冲杆蠕变测试技术,研究了国产高温镍铬铁合金800HT的高温蠕变性能。分别采用欧洲标准CWA 15267推荐方法(CWA方法)以及全经验关联方法(EFS方法)和改进Chakrabarty方法(MCH方法)对小冲杆蠕变试验数据进行处理。并对比了单轴蠕变试验结果与小冲杆蠕变试验的结果。结果表明,采用CWA方法处理800HT合金的小冲杆蠕变数据要优于EFS和MCH转换方法。在拟合800HT合金单轴蠕变数据时,考虑了屈服状态蠕变激活能Q_(c)^(∗)的Wilshire函数与800HT蠕变数据关联效果较好。利用小冲杆蠕变试验技术,能够满足确定国产800HT合金的高温蠕变性能的要求。

Study on the high-temperature properties of heat-resistant steel 309S

The properties of heat-resistant steel 309S at elevated properties were investigated.The results revealed a rapid decrease in the short-time tensile strength at elevated temperatures.At 1 000 ℃,the yield strength and tensile strength are 14% and 7% of their respective values at room temperature,respectively.The creep rupture strength was inferred in terms of the relationship between stress and duration time at high temperatures.After 1 000 h,the creep rupture strength is 37.98 MPa at 800 ℃,12.63 MPa at 900 ℃,and 7.27 MPa at 1 000 ℃.The fractures occurring at these high temperatures were intergranular in nature.Under the experimental condition,the fatigue limit stress is 25 MPa.The number of fatigue cycles and crack growth time decrease with increasing stress.Fracture morphology analysis shows that the fatigue cracks initiate on the surface of the sample and propagate through transgranular expansion.

水泥加固粉煤灰围岩三轴蠕变试验研究

隧道围岩的蠕变变形关系着其长期安全运营.为保证隧道围岩开挖后的蠕变稳定性,开挖前需使用水泥搅拌桩对粉煤灰软弱地层进行超前加固处理.但目前有关粉煤灰水泥土蠕变特性的研究较为缺乏.采用FLAC3D模拟隧道开挖得到围岩应力状态,基于此对加固后的粉煤灰水泥土围岩,进行室内三轴蠕变试验以研究围岩的蠕变特性.试验结果表明:偏应力载荷作用下,水泥加固后试样与重塑试样蠕变过程具有明显的差异性,加固后试样稳定蠕变阶段速率小于重塑试样,且加固后试样蠕变应变较小,最大可降低96.6%;此外,当偏应力超过试样的长期强度时,重塑试样提前进入蠕变加速阶段,而隧道围岩在经过水泥加固后,隧道各位置围岩的蠕变量同比减小70.2%以上.隧道围岩所受荷载与其长期强度之间的大小关系,决定了围岩的蠕变状态.

Numerical Simulation on Interfacial Creep Failure of Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint between HR3C and T91 Heat-Resistant Steel

The maximum principal stress, von Mises equivalent stress, equivalent creep strain, stress triaxiality in dissimilar metal welded joints between austenitic（HR3C） and martensitic heat-resistant steel（T91） are simulated by FEM at 873 K and under inner pressure of 42.26 MPa. The results show that the maximum principal stress and von Mises equivalent stress are quite high in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface, creep cavities are easy to form and expand in the weld/T91 interface. There are two peaks of equivalent creep strains in welded joint, and the maximum equivalent creep strain is in the place 27-32 mm away from the weld/T91 interface, and there exists creep constrain region in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface. The high stress triaxiality peak is located exactly at the weld/T91 interface. Accordingly, the weld/T91 interface is the weakest site of welded joint. Therefore, using stress triaxiality to describe creep cavity nucleation and expansion and crack development is reasonable for the dissimilar metal welded joint between austenitic and martensitic steel.

Creep behavior on Ag particle reinforced SnCu based composite solder joints

SnCu solder is one of the most promising substitutes of SnPb solder, but its creep resistance is worse than that of the other lead-free solders. Particle-reinforcement is a way to improve the creep resistance of solder alloys and cause much more attention than before. A novel Ag particles reinforced SnCu based composite solder is formed and the influence of stress on creep behavior of the composite solder is investigated. Results indicate that the creep resistance of solder joints is superior to that of the SnCu solder joints. Creep rupture lifetime of solder joints decreases gradually with stress increasing. And the creep rupture lifetime of the composite solder joints falls down faster than that of the matrix solder joints.

考虑水化学损伤的岩石真三轴蠕变本构模型

为了准确描述岩石在酸性环境下真三轴蠕变行为的各阶段特征,基于水岩作用的化学动力学理论,定义了考虑PH值与时间的化学损伤因子,将弹性体,非线性Kelvin体,线性Kelvin体和黏弹塑性体进行串联,并考虑岩石在真三轴应力作用下的实际情况,建立岩石酸腐与真三轴应力耦合作用下的损伤蠕变本构模型,通过已有的蠕变试验数据对该模型进行参数辨识与验证,并通过数据拟合得到岩石在真三轴应力下的屈服面方程,探讨中间主应力对蠕变模型的影响.结果表明,推导的本构模型能很好地描述岩石在酸腐作用下真三轴蠕变行为的各阶段特性,验证了其合理性与准确性.

应力对第3代单晶高温合金超高温蠕变断裂机制的影响

对第3代单晶高温合金DD33进行了1150℃,80~150 MPa的蠕变测试,借助SEM、EBSD、EDS和TEM研究了不同应力下蠕变断口形貌和截面损伤特征,分析了应力对蠕变断裂机制的影响。结果表明,不同应力条件下近断口铸孔普遍发生多面体化且沿端角开裂,与低应力条件相比,150 MPa下可观察到较多蠕变孔及其诱发的裂纹。80 MPa下,由于长时间暴露,样品表面产生较厚的氧化影响区,使有效应力提高了35 MPa;断口附近局部可见TCP相,并在其与γ′相界面产生较多孔洞和裂纹。随着应力进一步增加,深入基体的表层裂纹增多,更多碳化物开裂,但组织中未发现TCP相。因此,不同应力下合金的最终断裂除了与内部孔洞开裂、彼此联结直接相关外,还应考虑氧化影响区、深入基体内部的表层裂纹、TCP/γ′界面裂纹以及开裂碳化物的贡献。

ASME高温规范中蠕变断裂应力最小值和平均值的关系及理论公式的探讨

最小蠕变断裂应力S_(r)以及与温度和时间有关的应力强度值S_(t)是ASME高温规范弹性方法评价结构应力和变形限制的关键参数。基于Larson-Miller参数法,以316H不锈钢为对象,溯源了蠕变断裂应力拟合过程,并建立了蠕变断裂应力平均值与最小值之间理论公式。基于理论公式进行了参数分析,阐明最小断裂应力与平均断裂应力的比值随温度和时间的关系,并对ASME规范中1.25 S_(t)系数进行了探讨。分析结果表明,对应钠冷快堆设备工作温度550℃,在ASME规范第Ⅲ卷NH篇附录T-1310中,使用1.25 S_(t)作为限值的方法偏不保守,推荐采用1.20 S_(t)代替。

持久蠕变试验技术的综合优化设计

通过对常规机械式持久蠕变试验机高温加热炉、高温夹具、加载/卸载方式、调平方式及数据测试系统综合优化设计,提升了测试能力,提高了测试技术水平,降低了测试成本。通过在加载拉杆接入载荷传感器,有效防止了加载砝码出错,实现了加载砝码力的可追溯查询,提高了试验数据的可靠性。

三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的蠕变试验研究

三峡古滑坡的变形和长期稳定的控制性因素,在于滑动带土力学特性的强度损伤积累和时间效应。为了滑坡建模和稳定数值分析的需要,进行了泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究。并在此基础上,给出了排水条件下粘性土的Mesri蠕变模型,即剪应力-应变关系采用双曲线模型,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的弹粘塑性。

高温三轴应力下气煤蠕变特征及本构模型

采用中国矿业大学研制的"600℃20 MN伺服控制高温高压岩体三轴试验机",对尺寸为200 mm×400 mm的山东兴隆庄气煤进行了200℃和400℃两个温度点的三轴应力下的蠕变实验。实验表明:200℃时,气煤蠕变具有明显的第1,2阶段,但未出现加速蠕变阶段,而400℃时,气煤在很短时间内就进入加速蠕变阶段;在温度和应力共同作用下,气煤在加载瞬间及后续变形过程中,始终伴随着显著的塑性变形,煤体变形为典型的黏弹塑性变形。通过对不同温度下气煤的渗透率和孔隙率的分析,初步判断300℃是气煤蠕变特征发生变化的临界温度。根据气煤高温蠕变特征,引入一种新型的非线性黏壶,构建了气煤的高温蠕变本构模型,该本构模型轴向蠕变的理论曲线和实验曲线吻合较好,表明该本构模型能较好地模拟高温下气煤的蠕变特征。

滑坡滑带土非饱和蠕变特性试验研究

在库水位变动及降雨入渗作用下,一方面,滑坡土体在饱和与非饱和状态之间转化,土体强度和变形具有非饱和土的特性;另一方面,滑坡变形发展大都经历了一个时间过程,具有流变特性,因此,考虑吸力(含水率)作用的非饱和土蠕变特性对于水作用下的坡体长期稳定性研究具有非常重要的意义。以三峡库区某大型滑坡滑动带土为研究对象,开展了一系列非饱和三轴蠕变试验,给出了不同偏应力荷载,不同基质吸力条件下的蠕变试验曲线。试验结果表明,同一偏应力荷载下,随着吸力逐渐减小,蠕变变形及蠕变速率均不断增加,且随偏应力荷载的增加增幅更大。在此基础上,建立了各级吸力水平下滑动带土的Mesri蠕变模型,即剪应力–应变关系采用双曲线模型,应变–时间关系采用幂函数。接着,通过建立吸力与Mesri模型参数—初始排水切线模量Ed之间的函数关系,构建了滑动带土的应力–吸力–应变–时间模型。最后,通过该模型的预测值与试验值的对比分析,发现模型能较合理地预测滑坡滑动带土的蠕变特性。