Static Bending Creep Properties of Glass Fiber Surface Composite Wood

To study the static bending creep properties of glass fiber reinforced wood,glass fiber reinforced poplar(GFRP)specimens were obtained by pasting glass fiber on the upper and lower surfaces of Poplar(Populus euramevicana,P),the performance of Normal Creep(NC)and Mechanical Sorptive Creep(MSC)of GFRP and their influencing factors were tested and analyzed.The test results and analysis show that:(1)The MOE and MOR of Poplar were increased by 17.06%and 10.00%respectively by the glass fiber surface reinforced composite.(2)The surface reinforced P with glass fiber cloth only exhibits the NC pattern of wood and loses the MSC characteristics of wood,regardless of the constant or alternating changes in relative humidity.(3)The instantaneous elastic deformation,viscoelastic deformation,viscous deformation and total creep deflection of GFRP are positively correlated with the stress level of the external load applied to the specimen.Still,the specimen’s creep recovery rate is negatively correlated with the stress level of the external load applied to the specimen.The static creep deflection and viscous deformation of GFRP increase with the increase of the relative humidity of the environment.(4)The MSC maximum creep deflection of GFRP increased by only 7.41%over the NC maximum creep deflection,but the MSC maximum creep deflection of P increased by 199.25%over the NC maximum creep deflection.(5)The Burgers 4-factor model and the Weibull distribution equation can fit the NC and NC recovery processes of GFRP well.

Reinforcement of Soft Foundation with Geotextile and Observation for Sea Dike Project of Zhapu Port

The design method of reinforcement of soft foundation with geotextile for the sea dike of the Zhapu Port is discussed in this paper. The prototype behaviours such as pore water pressure, settlement and so on were observed. The degree of consolidation is found out from observed pore water pressure and observed settlement respectively, then the strength increment of soil is calculated and compared with that obtained from vane shear tests. For the use of observed pore water pressure, the consolidation coefficient of soil is deduced approximately with a method named experimental exponential interpolation. The degree of consolidation of the ground is deduced theoretically from the dissipation of pore water pressure. Besides, the logarithmic curve and hyperbola are used to fit the observed time-settlement curve, and the degree of consolidation of soil is obtained according to the definition of the consolidation degree. After preliminary verification with observed prototype data, the method to reinforce the low dike with geotextile is considered to be simple and rational, and it can also reduce the construction cost.

High temperature creep property of silicon particles reinforced high Al Zn based alloys

The deformation creep characteristics of as cast silicon particles reinforced zinc based alloys (Si/ZA27) were determined by high temperature creep experiments at 453 K and 61.1 MPa condition. The experimental results indicated that the minimum creep rate of the silicon containing alloys are about three fifth of that of the matrix alloy(ZA27). The deformation process is mainly controlled by grain boundary sliding mechanism. Both dislocation climb and disperse silicon phase are also contributed to it. Micro structural changes were investigated during the deformation experiments.

Magnesium nanocomposites:An overview on time-dependent plastic(creep) deformation

Magnesium(Mg) nanocomposites are created when nano-size particles are embedded into the Mg(or Mg alloy) matrix. The Mg nanocomposites, cited as high-strength energy-saving materials of future, are a group of emerging materials with excellent combination of strength and ductility and superior specific strength property(strength-to-weight ratio). Having said this, Mg nanocomposites are considered as promising replacement for other structural alloys(i.e. aluminum and titanium) wherever low density and high strength are required, i.e. transportation, aerospace, defense, etc. To be able to apply this group of materials for real components, different failure mechanisms at ambient and elevated temperatures under static and dynamic loading condition must be well documented. Compared with other metals and alloys,rate-dependent plastic deformation(creep), at ambient and elevated temperatures, of these novel materials is not yet well studied which seems a tangible lack of knowledge. This is required since the materials in service are often exposed to medium and elevated temperatures and/or static loads for long duration of time and this encourages creep failure on them. To this end, the information and the controlling mechanisms on time/temperature-dependent response of the material need to be developed to be able to predict the response of the Mg nanocomposites where the materials are under creep conditions. This paper aims at providing an overview on(i) creep-resistant Mg alloys(as matrix) and their chemical compositions, and(ii) responses of the Mg nanocomposites at different creep conditions(time and temperature). The controlling mechanisms contributing to the strength and ductility of the Mg nanocomposites due to the presence of the nanoparticles have been reviewed briefly in the present article. In this paper both traditional(uniaxial) and depth-sensing indentation creep of Mg nanocomposites are reviewed. Also, some fundamental questions and possible explanations have been raised on the creep characteristics of Mg nanocomposites and the contribution of micro structural features(i.e.grain boundaries, twins, precipitates, nanoparticles). This overview article provides a comprehensive summary to understand one of the failure modes(creep) at ambient and elevated temperature in the energy saving Mg nanocomposites that would be of interest for those in academia who explore novel nanocomposites.

Fatigue Properties of the Two Composite Geotextiles

In order to make clear the service life of the two composite geotextiles, their fatigue and dynamic creep properties were tested and compared. The experimental results show that the dynamic creep deformations of adhesive bonded composite geotextiles are lower than those of needle -punched composite geotextiles and the former also have longer fatigue lifetime than the latter.As during the making process, the component parts of adhesive bonded composite geotextiles are not damaged by any factors which in case make their tensile strength higher than those of the needle- punched composite geotextiles. At the end of the paper, a proper explanation was given to this phenomenon.

High Temperature Creep behaviour of a Si_3N_4 Whisker Reinforced Al-Fe-V-Si Composite

The creep behaviour of β-Si3N4 whisker reinforced Al-8.5Fe-1.3V-1.7Si composite has been investigated at the temperature 773 and 823 K. The results are characterized by high stress exponent and high apparent creep activation energy The creep data can be interpreted based on the incorporation of a threshold Stress and a load transfer coefficient into the power-law creep equation. A good correlation between the normalized creep rate and normalized effective stress is available which demonstrates that the creep behaviour of both the alloy and the composite is controlled by the matrix lattice self-diffusion in AI. EXamination on microstructure shows that edge dislocations exist at the interfaces between two adjacent whiskers and the intedeces emit edge dislocations in parallel paired-columns.

Performance of a Nonwoven Geotextile Reinforced Wall with Unsaturated Fine Backfill Soil

The use of marginal backfills in GSE （geosynthetic stabilized earth） walls has not been recommended by different standards specifications. Restrictions are motivated by the poor hydraulic conductivity of fine soils that are capable of developing of water pressures. However, the use of granular materials can expend the cost of the construction. As a result, local soils, granular or not, have been increasingly used. Unsaturated conditions of fine soils may result in convenient performance even using extensible reinforcements. This paper evaluates the performance of a full scale model of a nonwoven geotextile reinforced wall constructed with fine grained soil backfill. The unsaturated condition was maintained and matric suctions, displacements and reinforcement strains were monitored during the test. Results have shown that the unsaturated condition of the backfill allowed maximum reinforcement peak strain of 0.4 %. For the case of a wrap faced wall on a firm foundation the performance and good agreement between measured strains and factors of safety from limit equilibrium analyses have shown the maintenance of unsaturated conditions as an economical alternative to the use of high quality fill.

Computer Simulation of the Indentation Creep Tests on Particle-Reinforced Composites

A systematical simulation has been carried out on the indentation creep test on particle-reinforced composites. The deformation, failure mechanisms and life are analyzed by three reasonable models. The following five factors have been considered simultaneously: creep property of the particle, creep property of the matrix, the shape of the particle, the volume fraction of the particle and the size (relative size to the particle) of the indentation indenter. For all the cases, the power law respecting to the applied stress can be used to model the steady indentation creep depth rate of the indenter, and the detail expressions have been presented. The computer simulation precision is analyzed by the two-phase model and the three-phase model. Two places of the stress concentration are found in the composites. One is ahead of the indentation indenter, where the high stress state is deduced by the edge of the indenter and will decrease rapidly near to a steady value with the creep time. The other one is at the interface, where the high stress state is deduced by the misfit of material properties between the particles and matrix. It has been found that the creep dissipation energy density other than a stress parameter can be used to be the criterion to model the debonding of the interfaces. With the criterion of the critical creep dissipation energy density, a power law to the applied stress with negative exponent can be used to model the failure life deduced by the debonding of interfaces. The influences of the shape of the particles and the matching of creep properties of particle and matrix can be discussed for the failure. With a crack model, the further growth of interface crack is analyzed, and some important experimental phenomena can be predicted. The failure mechanism which the particle will be punched into matrix has been also discussed. The critical differences between the creep properties of the particles and matrix have been calculated, after a parameter has been defined. In the view of competition of failure mechanisms, the best matching of the creep properties of the two phases and the best shape of the particles are discussed for the composite design.

Creep behavior on Ag particle reinforced SnCu based composite solder joints

SnCu solder is one of the most promising substitutes of SnPb solder, but its creep resistance is worse than that of the other lead-free solders. Particle-reinforcement is a way to improve the creep resistance of solder alloys and cause much more attention than before. A novel Ag particles reinforced SnCu based composite solder is formed and the influence of stress on creep behavior of the composite solder is investigated. Results indicate that the creep resistance of solder joints is superior to that of the SnCu solder joints. Creep rupture lifetime of solder joints decreases gradually with stress increasing. And the creep rupture lifetime of the composite solder joints falls down faster than that of the matrix solder joints.

Influences of Shrinkage,Creep,and Temperature on the Load Distributions in Reinforced Concrete Buildings During Construction

Site measurements have shown that slab loads re-distribute, between the slabs during the concrete curing, while the external Ioadings and structural geometry remain the same. Some have assumed that this is caused by concrete shrinkage and creep, but there have been no studies on how these factors exactly influence the load distributions and to what degree these influences exist. This paper analyzes the influences of concrete shrinkage, creep, and temperature on the load re-distributions among slabs. Although these factors may all lead to load re-distribution, the results show that the influence of concrete shrinkage can be neglected. Simulations indicate that shrinkage only reduces slab loads by a maximum of 1.1%. Creep, however, may reduce the maximum slab load by from 3% to 16% for common construction schemes. More importantly, temperature variations between day and night can cause load fluctuation as large as 31.6%. This analysis can, therefore, assist site engineers to more accurately estimate slab loads for construction planning.

不同数量碳纤维布条带约束煤样的轴压蠕变特性细观模拟研究

为探究不同数量碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)条带对轴压煤样蠕变力学特性的影响,耦合PFC3D软件与FLAC3D软件,结合伯格斯(Burger’s)模型与平行黏结(Linearpbond)模型,建立混合接触的细观数值模型。根据未约束煤与6条带CFRP约束煤样单轴压缩蠕变室内试验,验证了数值模型的可靠性。研究了2~7条带CFRP约束煤样在单轴压缩蠕变下的力学特性及能量演化。研究表明:随着条带数的增加,煤样在初始阶段的轴向应变整体呈现增大趋势,加速蠕变阶段轴向应变明显增大;混合接触模型内部接触的最大力整体呈现增大趋势;伯格斯模型接触数量与平行黏结模型接触数量的比值约为1∶9时,数值模拟模型能够反映出煤样蠕变的力学特性;增加CFRP条带数,煤样的径向变形受到限制,产生的剪切微裂纹增多,煤样内部的剪切破坏更加严重,煤样的破坏形态由张拉破坏逐渐向剪切破坏转变;随着碳纤维布条带数量的增加,煤样的总能量、弹性能、耗散能均增加,在煤样发生蠕变失稳前,弹性能的变化与总能量的变化较为相似。

Shear Creep Properties for Bond Layer at Wood-CFRP Interface

To know more about the bond layer’s long term properties between carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) sheets and the wood member as well as its connecting point,shear creep performance was studied using a consistent load with the Burger model.And samples were placed in dry conditions (temperature 60℃,relative humidity 90%) and wet conditions(temperature 24℃,relative humidity 45%).Results showed that the Burger model precisely simulated the bond layer’s short-term shear performance(correlative coefficient R^2≥98%). Compared to dry conditions,with wet conditions, the amount of creep was larger.Also,with an increase in thickness of the bond layer,creep deformation and stress relaxation increased.For high stress levels,a high creep rate,which could lead to a fracture of the bond layer,should be contained. Under the consideration of safety,a pressure(above 0.05 MPa) should be placed on the connection process between CFRP and wood to reduce the thickness of the bond layer.Also,in application,the shear stress level of the bond layer should be maintained within 50%of the maximum stress level.

Numerical evaluation of sample size effect on the stress-strain behavior of geotextile-reinforced sand

This paper studies the effect of sample size on the stress-strain behavior and strength characteristics of geotextile reinforced sand using the finite element numerical analysis. The effect of sample size was investigated by studying the effects of varying the number of geotextile layers, the confining pressure and the type of geotextile. Modeling was performed on samples with five different diameters: 38, 100, 200, 500 and 600 mm. The elastic-plastic Mohr-Coulomb model was used to simulate sand behavior. Results showed that small-sized samples show higher values of peak strength and higher axial strain at failure in comparison with large-sized samples. The size effect on the behavior of samples became further apparent when the number of geotextile layers was increased or the confining pressure was decreased. In addition, the results indicated that the magnitude of the size effect on the mechanical behavior of reinforced sand decreases with an increase in the sample size.

环境因素影响下钢筋混凝土索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法

为探究爬模施工进程中索塔空间温度场和应力场分布,掌握塔柱线形特性,提出一种索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法.利用Fortran编程语言开发相应子程序,对结构施加复杂温度边界,实现不同节段混凝土水化放热、收缩徐变.利用Abaqus软件对索塔爬模施工过程进行分析.结果表明:施工过程中索塔空间温度分布不均匀,塔柱表里最大温差达25.9℃,向阳面与背阴面温差最大为9℃;考虑温度效应后,塔柱所受拉应力更大,且空间应力分布具有很强的时变性,索塔线形特征与变化规律也发生改变;施工塔顶累积竖向位移先增大后减小,在爬模第16节段达到最大值20.5 mm;施工过程塔顶累计顺桥向和横桥向位移更大,最大值分别为6.5和22.3 mm.

塌陷区上覆加筋路基力学行为演化与变形机理细观研究

为深入揭示塌陷区上覆加筋路基力学行为演化与变形机理,本文基于室内试验建立塌陷区上覆加筋路基离散元数值分析模型,从细观层面分析不同筋材长度、塌陷区宽度、路基高度条件下颗粒间接触力链分布、颗粒间相对位移、筋材弯曲变形与拉力、土拱比等变化规律,进而探究筋材长度、塌陷区宽度、路基高度对加筋路基力学行为与变形机理的影响规律。研究结果表明:合理的加筋长度能够使筋材有效承担上部路基荷载并限制路基填料颗粒间的相对位移;本研究中当筋材长度L=500 mm时,限制路基填料颗粒间相对位移的效果最佳,此时,筋材拉力达到最大值,筋材的弯曲变形达到最小值,颗粒间接触力链形状表现为完整拱形;在锚固比相同的条件下,塌陷区宽度越大,土拱效应的发挥程度就越低,土拱比就越小,颗粒间接触力链形状由完整拱形演变为2条未闭合的斜边,随着塌陷区宽度的增加,路基变形范围和筋材变形逐渐增加,加筋效果逐渐减弱;随着路基高度的增加,能够有效限制土拱效应的退化并使土拱效应得到充分发挥,颗粒间接触力链形状由2条和路基底部具有一定夹角的斜边演变为完整拱形,筋材拉力逐渐增大,筋材水平与竖向位移均逐渐减小,路基变形范围形状由矩形变为环状椭圆形且宽度基本不变。

纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变规律及模型预测

膨胀土是具有流变性质的灾害性土,其蠕变行为直接影响到工程结构的稳定性和安全性。为探究剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变特性及应力-应变数学模型,采用室内固结排水三轴蠕变试验,分别进行了不同含水率、不同围压和不同偏应力条件下素膨胀土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变特性研究,根据蠕变特征曲线提出了基于Mesri蠕变经验模型的剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的修正蠕变模型。结果表明:相同条件下,剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变变形量明显小于素土的蠕变变形量,说明掺入剑麻纤维可有效提高膨胀土的结构性能和抗变形能力;素土和剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变变形量随含水率增大而增大,而随围压的增大呈减小趋势;素土和剑麻纤维加筋土在受到偏应力时均会产生瞬时应变量和蠕变变形量,其蠕变变形量随偏应力的增大而增大;素土和加筋土的蠕变曲线分4个阶段,分别为弹性变形阶段、稳态蠕变阶段、衰减蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段;高偏应力下,基于传统Mesri蠕变经验模型的剑麻纤维加筋土蠕变预测误差高达37.95%,对Mesri蠕变经验模型进行修正后预测误差降至1.5%内,说明修正模型能较好地描述剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变特性。此研究结果可为膨胀土工程提供理论参考。

纤维增强复合材料增强胶合木受弯构件研究综述与展望

针对纤维增强复合材料(FRP)增强胶合木受弯构件研究进行综述,系统梳理了现有增强技术,详细阐述了界面黏结性能、抗弯性能、蠕变性能的影响因素与分析方法。研究表明:FRP增强技术能更有效地利用胶合木受弯构件中木材的强度,提高构件抗弯承载力、控制弯曲变形并改善脆性破坏模式。针对FRP增强胶合木受弯构件在工程应用上的制约因素,提出了在预应力增强技术、长期性能、抗火性能和可靠性方面研究中亟需解决的关键问题。

浅谈建筑结构加固工艺

我国在基础建设快速发展的阶段,进一步加大了对基础设施建设的投入,从而加快了建筑业的发展,充分发挥国家科技力量的支撑作用,相继修建了各种类型的道路、桥梁、高楼、会展中心、重大水利工程等。由于受到自然灾害、空气影响等,这些建筑的结构往往出现过早老化的情况。据相关统计数据显示,全国城镇需要开展加固工作的民用建筑有30亿平方米,其中亟待修复加固处理的建筑有10亿平方米。如何对这些老旧建筑检测加固,需要进行研究探讨。

桥梁结构中E-GFRP单向板徐变性能与双尺度均匀化数值评估

由于玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)组分材料中的树脂属于高分子材料,桥梁工程界对GFRP结构的徐变性能十分担忧,阻碍了其推广应用。该文聚焦于桥梁工程E型玻璃纤维增强复合材料(E-GFRP)单向板,基于双尺度均匀化数值模拟方法,从纤维和树脂的徐变性能评估了E-GFRP单向板的徐变性能,并与试验结果进行比较验证了预测结果的准确性。在此基础上,分析了应力水平、纤维体积率及持荷形式对E-GFRP单层板徐变性能的影响,结果表明,应力水平越高、纤维体积率越小,单层板的徐变粘滞应变越大。在此基础上,提出了不同纤维体积率下E-GFRP单层板粘滞应变模型,准确表述了应力水平、持荷时间和徐变应变之间的关系。最后,提出了E-GFRP单层板徐变断裂时间预测公式,可为E-GFRP结构的长期性能预测提供参考。

局部开挖条件下土工织物加固边坡的离心模型试验研究

土工织物加筋是工程中加固土体的有效方式。进行了坡脚开挖条件下素土坡与土工织物加筋土坡的离心模型试验,测量了边坡的位移变化,分析了土体的变形破坏过程与土工织物的作用。试验结果表明土工织物加筋减小了滑动体的位移,提高了土坡的稳定性,改变了滑裂面的形态。土工织物加筋使边坡变形均匀化,牵拉外侧土体,从而延迟并减轻了边坡破坏。