MULTI-PARAMETER HARDY SPACES VIA DISCRETE LITTLEWOOD-PALEY THEORY

In this paper, we apply a discrete Littlewood-Paley analysis to obtain Hardy spaces HP（Rn1× … ×Rnk） of arbitrary number of parameters characterized by discrete Littlewood-Paley square function and derive the boundedness of singular integral operators onHP（Rn1× … ×Rnk） and fromHP（Rn1× … ×Rnk）toLP（Rn1× … ×Rnk）.

Expansion modelling of discrete grey model based on multi-factor information aggregation

This paper aims to study a novel expansion discrete grey forecasting model, which could aggregate input information more effectively. In general, existing multi-factor grey forecasting models, such as one order and h variables grey forecasting model （GM （1, h））, always aggregate the main system variable and independent variables in a linear form rather than a nonlinear form, while a nonlinear form could be used in more cases than the linear form. And the nonlinear form could aggregate collinear independent factors, which widely lie in many multi-factor forecasting problems. To overcome this problem, a new approach, named as the Solow residual method, is proposed to aggregate independent factors. And a new expansion model, feedback multi-factor discrete grey forecasting model based on the Solow residual method （abbreviated as FDGM （1, h））, is proposed accordingly. Then the feedback control equation and the parameters＇ solution of the FDGM （1, h） model are given. Finally, a real application is used to test the modelling accuracy of the FDGM （1, h） model. Results show that the FDGM （1, h） model is much better than the nonhomogeneous discrete grey forecasting model （NDGM） and the GM （1, h） model.

Creation of Zero CO₂Emissions Residential Buildings due to Operating and Embodied Energy Use on the Island of Crete, Greece

The possibility of creating zero CO2 emissions residential buildings due to life cycle energy use in the island of Crete, Greece has been examined. In a typical residential building located in Crete, Greece, its annual operating energy has been appraised at 170 KWh/m2 and its embodied energy at 30 KWh/m2. Various locally available renewable energies including solar energy, solid biomass and low enthalpy geothermal energy with heat pumps have been considered for generating the required heat and offsetting the grid electricity used. Their technologies are mature, reliable and cost-effective. Offset of the annual grid electricity use in the building with solar-PV electricity is allowed according to the net metering regulation. For zero carbon emissions due to embodied energy of the building, generation of additional solar electricity injected into the grid is required. A mathematical model has been developed for sizing the required solar-PV system installed in the building in order to offset the grid electricity use. For a residential building in Crete, Greece with a covered area of 100 m2, the power of the additional solar-PV system has been estimated at 1.6 KWp and its cost at 2400 €. In the current work, it is indicated that the creation of a zero CO2 emissions residential building due to life cycle energy use in Crete, Greece does not have major difficulties and it could be achieved relatively easily.

Description and Assessment of a Small Renewable Energy Community in the Island of Crete, Greece

A description and assessment of a small renewable energy community located in Crete, Greece is presented. The community included private residential and agricultural activities without any involvement of the public sector. Small-scale decentralized energy systems were used. Solar energy and solid biomass which are locally available covered most of the heat and electricity requirements in the community. Renewable energy technologies used include solar thermal energy, solar-PV and solid biomass burning utilizing olive tree wood and olive kernel wood. These technologies are mature, reliable, well proven in Crete and cost-effective. Existing energy systems were generating 857,877 kWh per year covering 94.46% of the current energy requirements in the community, significantly reducing its emissions at 278,494 kg CO2 per year. The addition of a new solar-PV system with nominal power of 33.6 kWp could cover all the remaining electricity needs in the community, transforming it to a zero-CO2 emission community due to energy use. The total installation cost of the existing renewable energy systems in the community was estimated at 0.16€ per total kWh of thermal and electric energy generated annually and at 0.50€ per ton of CO2 emissions saved annually. Results indicated that the creation of the above-mentioned small local energy community is economically viable, environmental friendly and socially accepted. Therefore it could be replicated in other territories with similar availability of renewable energies, increasing their energy autonomy and sustainability.

THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND REINFORCING MECHANISM OF THE TOP-AND-BOTTOM-LAYERED STEEL FIBER CONCRETE

The mix proportions and strength ofplain concrete, top-and-hottoim layered steel fiber concrete and common steel fiber concrete are camparatively researched in this article. The influence of the quantity and place of steel fiber layer on the concrete's strength is systematically researched and the simulated analysis is made by computer.

Studies on the Electrification of the Transport Sector in the Island of Crete, Greece

The possibility of electrifying the transport sector in Crete, Greece has been investigated. Currently the conventional vehicles in Crete consume annually 316,872 tons of gasoline and diesel oil emitting 1,030,188 tons of CO2. Electrification of the transport sector in Crete will result in a decrease of imported fossil fuels use and a reduction of CO2 emissions. It will also increase the use of locally available renewable energies in electricity generation. If all the existing conventional vehicles in Crete were to be replaced by electric vehicles, the annual electricity requirements in their batteries would be 1,092,568 to 1,311,077 MWh depending on the type of battery. The energy demand of the electric cars could be covered with electricity generated by renewable energies including solar and wind energy which are abundant in the island. The batteries of the electric cars could be used as electricity storage devices facilitating the penetration of intermittent renewable energies, with distributed generation systems, into the smart electric grid of Crete. It has been estimated that the aggregated theoretical storage capacity of all the batteries would be 6.33 GWh and that the size of the solar-PV plants and wind energy systems, generating all the electricity required by electric vehicles, would be 728 to 874 MWp and 445 to 534 MW respectively.

Possibilities of Creating Net Zero Carbon Emissions Prisons in the Island of Crete, Greece

An increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of carbon emissions in buildings are prerequisites for mitigating climate change. Public buildings should be energy-refurbished for minimizing their energy use, complying with EU legislation and directives. The creation of net zero carbon emissions prisons in Crete, Greece with reference to the agricultural prison of Agia has been examined. The prison’s capacity is 178 offenders and the annual energy consumption has been estimated at 4000 KWh/prisoner. The use of a solar thermal system for hot water production and a solar-PV system for electricity generation has been proposed for generating the energy required in the prison. Two scenarios have been examined. In the first, the two solar energy systems would generate all the required energy in the prison, while in the second, the two solar energy systems would generate 50% of the annual required energy in the prison, and the rest would be produced by fossil fuels. A tree plantation, either with olive trees or with Eucalyptus trees, would be created for offsetting the carbon emissions due to fossil fuels used in the prison. The surface of the flat plate solar collectors in the solar thermal system has been estimated at 113.9 M2 to 227.8 M2 while its cost is at 34,170€ to 68,340€. The nominal power of the solar-PV system has been estimated at 151.9 KWp to 303.8 KWp while its cost is at 182,280€ to 364,560€. The area of the tree plantation sequestrating 50% of the current CO2 emissions due to fossil fuels use in the prison has been estimated at 14.74 ha for olive trees and at 5.9 ha for Eucalyptus trees. The results indicated that the energy refurbishment in Agia’s agricultural prison in Crete, Greece, in order to zero its annual net carbon emissions, is feasible.

Creation of Zero CO2 Emissions School Buildings Due to Energy Use in Crete-Greece

Decrease of energy consumption in buildings and increase of the share of renewable energies in them are currently technologically and economically feasible and it is promoted by E.U. policies. After 2019, all the new public buildings in EU countries must be near zero energy buildings reducing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Use of various renewable energies for heat and power generation in school buildings in Crete-Greece can result in zeroing their fossil fuels consumption and CO2 emissions. Purpose of the current work is to investigate the possibilities of creating zero CO2 emissions school buildings in Crete-Greece due to operational energy use in them. A methodology which allows the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energies in school buildings is proposed. Solar energy, solid biomass and low enthalpy geothermal energy, which are abundant in Crete, can be used for that. School buildings in Greece consume significantly less energy, 68 KWh/m2 year, and emit less CO2, 28 kgCO2/m2 year, than the corresponding buildings in other countries. The installation cost of renewable energies systems in order to replace all fossil fuels used in school buildings in Crete-Greece and to zero their CO2 consumption due to energy use in them has been estimated at 47.42 - 87.71 €/m2, which corresponds to 1.69 - 3.13 €/kg CO2 saved.

Possibilities of Creating Zero CO2 Emissions Olive Pomace Plants Due to Energy Use in Crete, Greece

Olive pomace plants process olive paste, a waste product of olive mills which produces crude olive kernel oil and olive kernel wood. Olive kernel wood has very good burning characteristics, high heat content, low cost and it is used as a renewable solid fuel replacing liquid fuel and heating oil. Part of the produced olive kernel wood is consumed inside the factory for heat generation and the rest is sold to heat consumers. It has been estimated that a typical olive pomace plant located in Crete, Greece consumes 42.86% of the produced olive kernel wood for its own heat generation, while the remaining 57.14% is sold to various heat consumers. 99.1% of the energy used in these plants is consumed for heating and the rest, 0.9%, for lighting and the operation of various electric devices. Olive pomace plants utilize a renewable solid fuel, which is carbon neutral, for the production of thermal energy. Therefore their CO2 emissions regarding energy utilization are due to electricity use. Installation of solar-PV panels in the plant could generate annually all the electricity needed for its operation. The current legal framework in Greece through net-metering allows the offsetting of grid electricity consumed in factories with PV electricity. The required capital cost of a solar-PV system installed in a typical olive pomace plant located in Crete, Greece in order to offset the grid electricity consumed annually has been estimated at 185,832€, the payback period of 5.33 years and the net present value at 555,671€. Since the plant could utilize only solid biomass for heat generation and could offset the grid electricity consumption with solar electricity, its total CO2 emissions due to energy use would be zero contributing positively to climate stabilization.

Assessment of water-induced soil erosion as a threat to cultural heritage sites:the case of Chania prefecture,Crete Island,Greece

Among the environmental threats,the intensification of natural hazards,such as soil erosion may threaten the integrity and value of cultural heritage sites.In this framework,the present study’s main objective was to identify archaeological sites susceptible by soil erosion,taking the case study of Chania prefecture in Crete Island.Remotely sensed and other available geospatial datasets were analyzed in a GIS-based empirical model,namely Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition(USPED),to estimate the average annual soil loss and deposition rates due to waterinduced erosion in the study area.The resultant erosion map was then intersected with the locations and surrounding zones of the known archaeological sites for identifying the sites and the portions of their vicinity being at risk.The results revealed that Chania prefecture and its cultural heritage are significantly affected by both soil loss and deposition processes.Between the two processes,soil loss was found to be more intensive,influencing a larger part of the prefecture(especially to the west)as well as a higher amount of archaeological sites.The extreme and high soil loss classes were also detected to cover the most considerable portion of the sites’surrounding area.The identification of the archaeological sites being most exposed to soil erosion hazard can constitute a basis for cultural heritage managers in order to take preventive preserva-tion measures and develop specific risk mitigation strategies.

不确定非线性离散系统指令滤波事件触发控制

本文提出了考虑输入饱和的一类不确定非线性离散系统的事件触发指令滤波控制方法.采用指令滤波控制技术解决了传统反步法存在的“因果矛盾”问题,引入补偿机制提高了系统的控制精度;利用事件触发机制能够避免自适应律和控制律的频繁更新,降低了计算负担,提高了资源利用率;运用模糊逻辑系统逼近系统中未知的非线性函数;结合李雅普诺夫稳定性理论,验证了提出的控制方案能够保证跟踪误差收敛到原点小的邻域内以及闭环系统的所有信号有界.仿真结果表明,本文提出的控制方法具有较强的鲁棒性及较好的跟踪性能.

希腊克里特MW6.0地震后的应力方向变化与强余震发生

地震的震源机制是地壳应力变化的指示器,而地壳应力变化与强震的发生直接相关。前人研究了地震震源机制变化在视应力较高的走滑型大震前的应力变化过程,而未见到震源机制变化对视应力较低的正断型大震发生的指示作用的研究。文章以2021年希腊克里特M W6.0正断型地震序列为例,通过计算地震序列震源机制解与区域应力场方向之间最小空间旋转角的变化,揭示应力变化与强震发生的关系。为保证震源机制解的准确性,采用多家机构确定的震源机制得到中心震源机制作为该地震的震源机制,而后采用该地震序列精确的震源机制求解当地应力场,最后计算地震震源机制与主震震源机制及与所估计的地壳应力场方向的空间旋转角随时间的变化,探索强震发生与应力场变化的关系。结果表明:在主震发生的短期内,余震震源机制与该区域应力场方向的空间旋转角较大,与其后小震级的弱地震活动对应;随后余震震源机制与应力场方向的空间旋转角减小,对应后面发生的3次M W>5.0的强余震,在此之后的长时间内余震震源机制和应力场方向的空间旋转角再次增大,对应的余震震级及频度皆明显下降。文章以2021年希腊克里特M W6.0地震序列为例,发现视应力较低的正断型地震前也存在应力方向集中现象,为探索地震应力前兆提供了范例。

聚乙烯醇纤维对排水渠底细石混凝土的性能影响

为进一步降低排水渠底的磨损,将聚乙烯醇纤维掺入细石混凝土,分析细石混凝土各项性能与聚乙烯醇纤维掺量之间的关系,分别设计试验探究混凝土扩展度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗压强度和抗折强度等的发展变化。试验结果显示:聚乙烯醇纤维的掺加能够有效降低混凝土的扩展度,提升劈裂抗拉强度与抗折强度,且纤维掺量越高变化幅度越大;所使用的混凝土强度等级高也会有效提升纤维掺加对细石混凝土性能的改良效果;细石混凝土抗压强度随聚乙烯醇纤维掺量提升而表现出前期增加后期降低的发展趋势,其中抗压强度峰值出现于掺加0.8 kg/m^(3)聚乙烯醇纤维时。

基于离散Hopfield网络储层流体测井识别

镇泾油田长9致密砂岩储层基质孔隙度小,渗透率低,非均质性强,储集结构复杂,依据常规测井交会图和基于不同参数"距离"差异等方法识别流体效果不理想,难以有效应用。提出基于离散Hopfield网络(DHNN)的稳态收敛原理实现流体识别。该方法利用研究区评价井试油资料建立流体信息编码方式,分别对油层、油水同层、含油水层、水层和干层进行信息编码,通过DHNN网络对流体信息编码进行聚类分析实现流体识别。从研究区其他多口井的应用看,流体预测结果与试油结果吻合,从而验证了该方法的可靠性。

珊瑚骨料混凝土基本力学性能试验研究

针对珊瑚混凝土的结构化应用,在海水拌养珊瑚混凝土配合比优化研究的基础上,进行了珊瑚混凝土基本力学性能的试验研究,试验测试了珊瑚混凝土立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度以及弹性模量等基本力学性能参数指标,分析得到了各参数指标间的相互关系,为下一步珊瑚骨料混凝土构件性能研究与结构理论设计提供了基本依据。

迁移型阻锈剂对混凝土钢筋的保护作用

氯离子诱发的钢筋锈蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素之一。利用电化学和表面分析技术研究了有机类表面迁移型阻锈剂在混凝土腐蚀模拟液中对混凝土块及其中钢筋的保护作用。结果表明:新型阻锈剂的缓蚀效率超过80%;加入新型阻锈剂后,钢筋表面平整;涂刷在混凝土表面的复合阻锈剂,能够迁移到混凝土内部,通过物理、化学吸附,在钢筋表面形成一层吸附膜,阻碍了氯离子与钢筋表面的接触,使腐蚀反应速率降低,从而起到了保护钢筋的作用。

钢纤维钢筋混凝土板爆炸局部破坏效应

在前人的实验基础上,针对中高强钢纤维钢筋混凝土板接触爆炸破坏效应进行了94炮野外化爆实验,详细介绍了实验参数设计,系统分析了不同装药量及结构参数条件下钢纤维钢筋混凝土板接触爆炸破坏特征,即爆炸成坑、临界震塌、爆炸震塌、临界贯穿和爆炸贯穿。得出了钢纤维钢筋混凝土板接触爆炸5种典型破坏形态及其相应的破坏参数指标值,对爆炸成坑和结构震塌的主要影响因素得出了初步结论,为爆炸局部破坏分级及结构抗局部破坏设计提供了实验依据。

超大断面预制沉管混凝土裂缝控制技术

港珠澳大桥超大断面预制沉管混凝土强度等级高、结构尺寸大,工程区域气候炎热、腐蚀环境恶劣,控裂要求高、难度大。在温度应力仿真分析的基础上开展温控设计,现场采取优选原材料、优化配合比、控制原材料温度、片冰和制冷水拌和混凝土、喷雾降温和养护、自动化温度监测等综合温控措施控制大体积混凝土温度裂缝。从监测结果来看,温度监测结果与仿真计算吻合,最高温度和内表温差均在温控标准范围内。从现场情况来看,预制沉管未出现有害温度裂缝,温控效果良好,达到了预期的温控目标。

三峡电站直埋式蜗壳结构试验模型的非线性有限元分析

三峡水电站蜗壳为钢衬钢筋混凝土结构,钢蜗壳直径大,内水压力高,外围混凝土相对较薄,为研究三峡电站采用直埋式蜗壳的可行性,开展了结构模型试验和非线性计算分析工作。采用三维非线性有限元法对三峡水电站直埋式蜗壳结构试验模型进行混凝土开裂计算,计算中混凝土裂缝模型采用分布裂缝模型,并考虑混凝土的拉伸软化,钢筋采用分离式模型并用埋入方法将其嵌入混凝土单元。并对裂缝分布、钢筋应力、结构位移等计算与试验成果进行了对比分析,结果表明计算结果与模型试验结果基本一致。为模型试验提供了依据及指导,并验证了非线性计算方法的合理性。

基于盖帽模型的混凝土动态球型空腔膨胀模型和侵彻阻力分析

为了获得弹丸高速侵彻混凝土介质的阻力方程,提出了一种基于混凝土盖帽模型的球形动态空腔膨胀模型。利用一般形式的状态方程和屈服准则描述混凝土材料的动态力学特性,获得了通用混凝土球形空腔膨胀模型的动态响应表达式。通过引入Dracker-Prager Cap屈服模型,在新的空腔膨胀模型中考虑了混凝土高压下的屈服软化特性。计算结果表明:采用带剪切饱和的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则与Tresca屈服准则推导出的阻力方程在高速阶段与盖帽模型差别较大。实验结果证明:基于盖帽模型的球形空腔膨胀模型因考虑混凝土高压屈服软化特性与实验结果具有更好的一致性。