The status quo and challenges of prevention and control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China

Introduction Characterized as persistent and progressive pulmonary function declining,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response.A variety of psychiatric and somatic comorbidities can occur to the patients,such as depression,nutritional disorders,cardiovascular disease,and lung cancer.It is imposing great impacts on the quality of patients' life.In 2010 alone,the economic burden of COPD in the world was as high as 2.1 trillion dollars [1].The high prevalence,mortality,and morbidity have made this disease a major public health problem in socio-economic development with a rapidly aging population in China.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Analysis of CDC’s Role in Public Health Emergencies

Objective:To explore the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)in public health emergencies.Methods:The details of 12 public health events that occurred between January 2021 to December 2022 were analyzed to explore the roles of the CDC.Results:There were 160 patients involved in 10 public health events in 2021 and 48 patients involved in 2 public health events in 2022.Besides,the proportion of school public health events in 2022 was 0%,which was lower than in 2021,which was 80%(P<0.05).99.38%of patients during public health events were sent to the hospital promptly in 2022,which was higher than that in 2021,which was 81.25%(P<0.05).Furthermore,the average time taken for the CDC to control public health events in 2022 was 20.11±1.62 hours,and the average time taken to send inspection reports was shorter than that in 2021.The public satisfaction score was also higher in 2022 compared to 2021(P<0.05).Conclusion:The role of the CDC is to control infectious diseases.Therefore,it is important to pinpoint the existing problems in the strategies implemented by the CDC so that more improvements can be made to better prevent infectious diseases.

Remote sensing and geographic information systems in the spatial temporal dynamics modeling of infectious diseases

Similar to species immigration or exotic species invasion,infectious disease transmis-sion is strengthened due to the globalization of human activities. Using schistosomiasis as an exam-ple,we propose a conceptual model simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases. We base the model on the knowledge of the interrelationship among the source,media,and the hosts of the disease. With the endemics data of schistosomiasis in Xichang,China,we demonstrate that the conceptual model is feasible; we introduce how remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques can be used in support of spatio-temporal modeling; we compare the different effects caused to the entire population when selecting different groups of people for schistosomiasis control. Our work illustrates the importance of such a modeling tool in supporting spatial decisions. Our mod-eling method can be directly applied to such infectious diseases as the plague,lyme disease,and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The application of remote sensing and geographic informa-tion systems can shed light on the modeling of other infectious disease and invasive species studies.

The strategic framework of tuberculosis control and prevention in the elderly:a scoping review towards End TB targets

With the rapid pace of population ageing,tuberculosis(TB)in the elderly increasingly becomes a public health challenge.Despite the increasing burden and high risks for TB in the elderly,targeted strategy has not been well understood and evaluated.We undertook a scoping review to identify current TB strategies,research and policy gaps in the elderly and summarized the results within a strategic framework towards End TB targets.Databases of Embase,MEDLINE,Global health and EBM reviews were searched for original studies,review articles,and policy papers published in English between January 1990 and December 2015.Articles examining TB strategy,program,guideline or intervention in the elderly from public health perspective were included.Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria.Most of them were qualitative studies,issued in high-and middle-income countries and after 2000.To break the chain of TB transmission and reactivation in the elderly,infection control,interventions of avoiding delay in diagnosis and containment are essential for preventing transmission,especially in elderly institutions and aged immigrants;screening of latent TB infection and preventive therapy had effective impacts on reducing the risk of reactivation and should be used less reluctantly in older people;optimizing early case-finding with a high index of suspicion,systematic screening for prioritized high-risk groups,initial empirical and adequate follow-up treatment with close monitoring and evaluation,as well as enhanced programmatic management are fundamental pillars for active TB elimination.Evaluation of TB epidemiology,risk factors,impacts and cost-effectiveness of interventions,adopting accurate and rapid diagnostic tools,shorter and less toxic preventive therapy,are critical issues for developing strategy in the elderly towards End TB targets.TB control strategies in the elderly were comprehensively mapped in a causal link pathway.The framework and principals identified in this study will help to evaluate and improve current program,develop targeted strategy,as well as raise more discussions on the research priority settings and policy transitions.Given the scarceness of policy and evaluated interventions,as well as the unawareness of shifting TB epidemiology and strategy especially in developing countries,the increasing need of a ready TB program for the elderly warrants further research.

重大疫情防控中政社协同治理的理论与实践分析

介绍了政社协同治理的相关理论及其在突发公共卫生事件应对中的实践和进展;并从重大疫情防控具有复杂性风险治理属性,需要深入有效的社会动员机制,需要多部门合作提供社会服务三个方面分析了政社协同治理的必要性。政社协同治理存在如下现实困境:观念转变困难,政社协同的社会服务体系建设受现有体制抵制和干扰,以及社会服务需求和供给不匹配等。文章尝试提出对上述困境有所改进的政社协同治理模型;并建议进一步明确政社协同治理目标,重视总体规划,关注需求的个性化和回应性,以促进疫情防控活动中社会治理能力与治理体系现代化建设。

雾化疫苗研究进展

近年来,随着黏膜疫苗及免疫技术的不断发展,针对呼吸道疾病免疫预防的雾化疫苗及相应雾化吸入免疫技术的报道与应用逐渐增多。雾化疫苗是通过雾化装置将液态和固态免疫原制成雾滴或气溶胶颗粒,以喷雾免疫或气溶胶免疫的形式进入人与动物呼吸道及肺部,并诱导机体产生保护性应答的疫苗。雾化免疫能更好地诱导黏膜免疫应答,同时避免了注射带来的疾病传播风险和疼痛。20世纪50年代鸡新城疫疫苗的喷雾免疫研究拉开了动物呼吸道免疫的序幕,随后开展了鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗的喷雾接种,目前很多禽用疫苗的喷雾免疫已被广泛使用。猪用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究起步较晚,难度也更大。20世纪70年代末以来,逐步在猪瘟疫苗、猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌疫苗及猪支原体肺炎疫苗上开展相应的气溶胶免疫研究。相比动物疫苗,人用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究报道更多,主要集中在麻疹疫苗、结核疫苗和流感疫苗。2019年以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗的气溶胶免疫快速发展,目前在中国已被批准紧急使用。笔者就动物用及人用雾化疫苗研究现状进行系统陈述,总结分析了各类雾化疫苗的理化参数、安全性、体内趋向性、肺脏局部免疫应答、免疫接种效果,并提出未来在疫苗剂型与组份、雾化发生装置、雾化过程质控、免疫程序与效果评价等方面的研究需求。本综述可为后续相应的呼吸道黏膜疫苗研发提供参考。

我国托幼机构儿童传染病防控研究进展

儿童是传染病的高发群体,而托幼机构又是儿童发生传染病传播和流行的主要场所。传染病具有突发性、传染性、流行性和不可预见性等特点,一旦传染病在幼儿园暴发,将严重影响托幼机构的教学秩序,甚至进一步扩大形成某个地区乃至全国或全球的疾病,给孩子、家庭、社会造成较大的影响,成为全国乃至全球性的公共卫生问题。文章通过梳理我国托幼机构儿童传染病的流行现状和研究进展,分别从病原体检测手段、防控法律制度和协同防控体系现状与存在的不足来阐述我国在托幼机构儿童传染病防治研究方面取得的进展,旨在对我国新时期托幼机构儿童传染病防控工作提供参考。

2019—2021年某中医医院传染病报告分析与管理

目的分析某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告情况,为规范开展医院传染病报告和制定医院传染病报告管理策略提供参考。方法对2019—2021年某中医医院传染病报告数据进行描述性分析。结果2019—2021年某中医医院共报告法定和其他重点监测传染病6865例次,无甲类传染病报告,其中乙类传染病668例次(9.73%),丙类传染病5356例次(78.02%),其他重点监测传染病841例次(12.25%)。排名前5位的传染病分别是流行性感冒、水痘、梅毒、其他感染性腹泻病和肺结核,其中报告病例最多的流行性感冒,在报告时间上每年传染病报告例次数居首位的是第一季度。2019—2021年某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告例次数呈下降趋势。结论2019—2021年某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告以呼吸道传染病为主,应根据不同季节、疾病流行趋势,采取有针对性的传染病监测、防控策略。

高校传染病防控研究的知识图谱可视化分析

目的探讨我国高校传染病防控研究的进展、热点、发展动态及变化趋势,为后续高校传染病防控深入研究提供参考。方法基于CiteSpace、Scimago Graphica和Gephi软件对纳入研究的3635篇文献进行作者、机构和关键词等信息的可视化分析。结果高校传染病防控研究的发文数量自新冠疫情暴发后激增,之后逐渐减少,两次发文波峰都与相关传染病暴发有关;从纳入文献来看,作者和机构间的合作较少,且多来自高校;研究关键词以高校、大学生、传染病、学生、突发公共卫生事件、应对策略和健康教育为主;我国高校传染病防控研究可划分为2003—2009年的探索期、2010年的暴发期、2011—2019年的缓慢发展期以及2020年至今的广泛探究期4个阶段。结论高校传染病防控应常备不懈,加强不同领域作者与研究机构间合作,构建系统性、整体性强且能用以指导实践的高校传染病防控机制。

护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的研究进展

介绍护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的内涵及现状,其主要能力有临床实践能力、学习与教育能力、心理抗压能力;总结影响护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的主要因素,包括个人因素(如性别、年龄、学历、参与培训的个人意愿等)、工作因素(如工作满意度、工作年限、职业角色、是否参加培训演练、是否具备相关救援经历等)及组织因素(如医院级别和组织支持等);采用的评估工具有葛森医院安全氛围量表、护士重大传染病疫情应急能力调查问卷等。提出提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的相关策略,以期为提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力提供参考。

防控背景下城市轨道TOD对传染病传播影响分析

城市轨道交通TOD模式通过沿线大运量通勤和站区规模化服务,承载了人口的大规模流动和公共性聚集,理论上会以站区为核心,造成从沿线地区至更广泛辐射地区的传染病传播。然而,以2020年北京新发地新冠肺炎疫情为例,对北京主城区133个街道做有序Logistic回归分析发现,在传染病防控治理背景下,轨道交通TOD没有显著引起沿线街道传染病传播风险增加。其中,街道之间除常住人口规模外,多项资源条件的不平衡没有导致传染病传播风险分布的显著差异。进一步通过Spearman相关性分析发现,换乘站和区域站对传染病传播风险的升级影响仅表现在更远离轨道辐射的街道。分析结果一方面反映出彼时我国以北京为典型的城市疫情防控治理效果,另一方面也凸显了远离轨道辐射、人口活动具有内循环特征地区的防控挑战。

疫情防控“成功悖论”的伦理解析

疫情防控会造成个人与社会之间的“成功悖论”:虽然疫情防控给社会带来了整体利益,但具体的参与者个人却似乎没有得到什么实际的利益;于是,当疫情防控成功一段时间之后,一些强制性防控措施就会日益受到质疑,越来越多的人会选择逃避防控的“免费搭车”行为,直到再次暴发疫情。“成功悖论”反映出疫情防控中个人权利与公共健康之间的冲突:为了社会整体健康而限制个人权利是否能够得到伦理辩护?悖论的根源在于自由主义价值观导致了个人与社会的割裂,而强调人类命运共同体与人类卫生健康共同体的社会主义价值理念有助于克服这一悖论。

基于改进SEIR模型的突发传染病传播规律研究

突发传染病严重威胁着人民的健康和社会的稳定,已经成为社会各界广泛关注的焦点问题,为了更好地预防和控制传染病的发生和传播。综合考虑突发传染病的传播特性,在传统SEIR模型的基础上,引入接触者类型,考虑接触者的延迟隔离时间,提出一种改进的SEIR模型(SCH_(c)EIUHRD模型)。结果验证了模型的有效性,明确了接触者延迟隔离对突发传染病传播的影响机理,表明接触者的及时隔离对疫情控制的必要性。研究能够为传染病防控措施的制定提供理论依据。

分析疾控中心对传染病的预防和控制管理

疾控中心在预防和控制传染病中扮演着重要角色,其职责涵盖多个层面,包括疫情预警、监测及应对措施的制定等以及疫苗的推广和研发及传染病流行学病学研究等。本文通过对疾控中心主要作用与职责进行概述,分析当前疾控中心对传染病预防和控制管理现状,提出对传染病的预防和管理相关措施,旨为控制传染病的进一步传播,进而为社会的稳定和健康发展作出贡献。

传染病防治中医务言论自由与患者隐私法益冲突解决

传染病信息披露涉及社会稳定和民生安定。医务人员作为一线接触病情的群体,负有义务向患者本人进行告知,也有权向特定范围内的不知情者披露相关信息。在诊疗活动中,医务人员同时也肩负着保护患者隐私和尊重患者人格的使命。如何在有序防治传染病的同时兼顾保护患者隐私安全仍有待深思。文章分析医务人员披露传染病相关信息的言论自由和患者隐私的法益冲突,从基本价值建构、原则遵循以及医务人员和患者应受的法益保护和克减方面进行义务设定,寻求二者矛盾之调和。

霍乱致病机制和口岸防控对策探讨

霍乱是我国口岸重点防控的传染病。迄今为止,全球已发生7次霍乱大流行,目前仍处于第7次大流行中,疫情正朝着更频繁、更广泛和更严重的趋势发展。2022年,全球霍乱疫情影响范围广,发病数量显著超过2021年。本文对霍乱的流行病学特征、临床表现、实验室检测、治疗方式和本轮霍乱流行态势进行了综述,提出旅行者个人防控措施建议和口岸应对本轮霍乱疫情的防控策略及建议。

新形势下口岸防控输入性猴痘对策探讨

猴痘是由猴痘病毒(MPXV)引起的一种罕见的、散发的、天花样临床表现的急性传染病。2022年5月以来,全球报告了超过1000例猴痘实验室确诊病例,这是全球首次猴痘非流行国家和流行国家同时报告了多个猴痘病例和聚集性病例,对全球猴痘疫情的防控提出了新挑战。本文对猴痘的流行病学特征、临床表现、实验室诊断、本轮猴痘流行态势进行了综述,提出了旅行者个人防控措施建议和口岸应对本轮猴痘疫情的防控策略及建议。

传染病对国际旅行的影响分析及对策研究

国际旅行对突发公共卫生事件具有高度的敏感性和脆弱性,是受传染病疫情影响最为显著的领域之一。本文系统分析了传染病疫情对国际旅行者、旅行经济、从业人员和旅行相关行业的影响,并提出了完善针对突发公共卫生事件的应急组织体系、制定行业应急预案、开展旅行者健康宣教和加大科技赋能国际旅行的应对策略,以期为后疫情时代降低重大突发公共卫生事件对国际旅行的影响提供有益参考。