Enhancing Cybersecurity Competency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:A Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)has achieved significant milestones in cybersecurity.KSA has maintained solid regulatorymechanisms to prevent,trace,and punish offenders to protect the interests of both individual users and organizations from the online threats of data poaching and pilferage.The widespread usage of Information Technology(IT)and IT Enable Services(ITES)reinforces securitymeasures.The constantly evolving cyber threats are a topic that is generating a lot of discussion.In this league,the present article enlists a broad perspective on how cybercrime is developing in KSA at present and also takes a look at some of the most significant attacks that have taken place in the region.The existing legislative framework and measures in the KSA are geared toward deterring criminal activity online.Different competency models have been devised to address the necessary cybercrime competencies in this context.The research specialists in this domain can benefit more by developing a master competency level for achieving optimum security.To address this research query,the present assessment uses the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(Fuzzy-DMTAEL),Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(F.AHP),and Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology to achieve segment-wise competency development in cyber security policy.The similarities and differences between the three methods are also discussed.This cybersecurity analysis determined that the National Cyber Security Centre got the highest priority.The study concludes by perusing the challenges that still need to be examined and resolved in effectuating more credible and efficacious online security mechanisms to offer amoreempowered ITES-driven economy for SaudiArabia.Moreover,cybersecurity specialists and policymakers need to collate their efforts to protect the country’s digital assets in the era of overt and covert cyber warfare.

A Survey of Crime Scene Investigation Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning

Crime scene investigation(CSI)image is key evidence carrier during criminal investiga-tion,in which CSI image retrieval can assist the public police to obtain criminal clues.Moreover,with the rapid development of deep learning,data-driven paradigm has become the mainstreammethod of CSI image feature extraction and representation,and in this process,datasets provideeffective support for CSI retrieval performance.However,there is a lack of systematic research onCSI image retrieval methods and datasets.Therefore,we present an overview of the existing worksabout one-class and multi-class CSI image retrieval based on deep learning.According to theresearch,based on their technical functionalities and implementation methods,CSI image retrievalis roughly classified into five categories:feature representation,metric learning,generative adversar-ial networks,autoencoder networks and attention networks.Furthermore,We analyzed the remain-ing challenges and discussed future work directions in this field.

The Windy City’s Dark Side: A Statistical Exploration of Crime in the City of Chicago

This paper presents a detailed statistical exploration of crime trends in Chicago from 2001 to 2023, employing data from the Chicago Police Department’s publicly available crime database. The study aims to elucidate the patterns, distribution, and variations in crime across different types and locations, providing a comprehensive picture of the city’s crime landscape through advanced data analytics and visualization techniques. Using exploratory data analysis (EDA), we identified significant insights into crime trends, including the prevalence of theft and battery, the impact of seasonal changes on crime rates, and spatial concentrations of criminal activities. The research leveraged a Power BI dashboard to visually represent crime data, facilitating an intuitive understanding of complex patterns and enabling dynamic interaction with the dataset. Key findings highlight notable disparities in crime occurrences by type, location, and time, offering a granular view of crime hotspots and temporal trends. Additionally, the study examines clearance rates, revealing variations in the resolution of cases across different crime categories. This analysis not only sheds light on the current state of urban safety but also serves as a critical tool for policymakers and law enforcement agencies to develop targeted interventions. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing public safety strategies and suggests directions for future research, emphasizing the need for continuous data-driven approaches to effectively address and mitigate urban crime. This study contributes to the broader discourse on urban safety, crime prevention, and the role of data analytics in public policy and community well-being.

Addressing Japan’s disposal of nuclear-contaminated water from the perspective of international human rights law

The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification,eventually entering the human body via the food chain.This poses a substantial risk of irreversible damage to both the ecosystem and human health,a situation that will worsen with the ongoing discharge of such water.The respect and protection of human rights represent an international consensus,and safeguarding fundamental human rights is a substantial obligation that states must undertake in accordance with both international and domestic law.Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster,Japan has continuously violated its international legal obligations to protect human rights in several areas,including the resettlement of disaster victims,the reduction of nuclear radiation levels,and the handling of contaminated water.Such actions have compromised and will continue to compromise the basic human rights of not only its citizens but also those of people worldwide,including environmental rights,the right to life,development rights,and food rights.In the aftermath of the Fukushima meltdown,the public and workers involved in handling nuclear contaminants have been continually exposed to high radiation levels,endangering their rights to life,development,and health.Japan’s inadequate efforts in victim resettlement and environmental restoration have jeopardized the environmental and food rights of its citizens to live healthily and access food in an environment unaffected by nuclear radiation.The release of nuclear-contaminated water poses a risk of Japan’s nuclear pollution to the people of neighboring countries and the global population at large.The principle of human rights underpins the theory of a community with a shared future for humanity,and human rights are a crucial area of China’s active participation in United Nations affairs and global governance.By voicing concerns over Japan’s potential human rights violations globally,China demonstrates its role as a responsible major country.In response to Japan’s breach of legal obligations and human rights violations,China can adopt a reasoned and beneficial approach,including calling on the international community to hold Japan criminally accountable for crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute and advancing scholarly discussions on ecocide and crimes against the marine environment.Furthermore,China should persist in seeking advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice and strive for substantive accountability,utilizing the mechanisms of international human rights organizations to make its voice heard.

Hourly Wage and the Likelihood of Stealing an Item

Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups.

Hierarchical Restriction and Reduction of Overcriminalization of Teachers’Disciplinary Behaviors

The right to education is an important part of basic human rights. To transform from a designed vision to a reality in practice, teachers’ right to discipline, as a component of the right to education, needs tangible support from the criminal law. The criminal law cannot be absent from promoting the rule of law in education. However, in practice, teachers’ disciplinary behaviors are often ex-cessively criminalized, leading to problems such as over-expanding punishment and harming the innocent and even the malaise that en-danger substantive justice such as the tarnishing of teachers’ disci-plinary right and the imbalance of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors. Such overcriminalization has its social causes and normative crux, which is the ambiguity of regulations of teachers’ disciplinary right in terms of the pre-existing law and the unclear positioning of the jus-tification of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors in terms of the criminal law. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a dual clarification of the chaotic parts of the two laws and determine the corresponding guiding principles, and test them one by one through the hierarchical theory of crime to make the path of exculpation clear. At the level of constituent elements, the exculpation is achieved through the normative judgment of the constituent elements;At the level of illegality, the exculpation is achieved by virtue of substantive considerations of reasons such as le-gal acts, legitimate defense, and victims’ commitments;At the level of accountability, the exculpation is achieved through the value screening of the culpability paradigm. We should reverse the trend of overcrim-inalization of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors by clearing the way of exculpation.

GIS Based Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crimes, a Case Study of Mardan City, Pakistan

This paper is aimed to study the crime with special reference to its spatial and temporal distribution. It also tries to analyze and estimates the impact of weather on the prevalence of criminal activity in Mardan City. Studying the crimes with reference to its spatial and temporal distribution is important because information about the occurrence of crime is one of the most crucial tools in combating crime. It allows understanding how crimes are distributed through space, and hence can help in combating them. The Geographical Information System is an important tool for dealing with spatial and temporal analysis and thus fighting crime. The advent of desktop computers has significantly increased the role of computer mapping. The availability of user-friendly GIS applications has further increased the use of GIS in crime mapping. For the present study the data was collected about homicide and aggressive assaults from all the three police stations covering Mardan City. The collected data was analyzed under different scenarios. The temporal based analysis of data reveals that almost 50% crimes reported in 2009, took place from May-September (summer) compared to 32% in winter (October to February). The spatial analysis of data reveals 05 hotspots. Sikindary area was identified as the most crucial hotspot where within a 05 km radius, 11 crimes were committed in 2009 followed by Kalpani Bridge area from where a total of 10 crimes of aggressive nature were reported. Similarly police station wise the City Police Station accounts for 47% of the aggressive crimes committed in 2009.

Crimes of Violence in Our Arab Society

Violence is an inherited phenomenon, a social phenomenon of concern, and violence is a complex social phenomenon that is not based on one factor and is not the result of one. It is the result of a combination of factors and causes because it is an individual and social phenomenon. In the context of the humanitarian nature that makes this behavior fake that will satisfy the requirements and needs or achieve the goals but we find that the reality is the opposite when we use force, methods, and violence in social relations under any justification, it is customary and violation of social norms, defined violence as ＂any behavior expressed Any reaction intended to inflict harm, self or otherwise, self-destruction or other property of pain. It is important to note that the phenomenon of violence is a global social phenomenon that is not limited to Arab society. Violence is also prevalent in other societies of the world. Violence causes a rupture in our Arab society, and therefore we are called upon to fight it. In recent years, violence has increased among young people in Arab society in particular.＂

Perfection of the legislation of the crimes by the Chinese elderly

The nineteenth session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People＇s Congress in February 25, 2011 approved the ＂PRC Criminal Law Amendment （eight）＂, which for the first time added the provision of the lenient punishment for the elderly crimes. The provision filled the legislative blank of the criminal responsibility of this special group of the old people in the criminal law of our country. But at the same time, we should also clearly see the deficiencies of the amendment （eight）. This paper attempts to sort out the rationality of the lenient application of the punishment on the older people from the aspect of the criminal policy oftemperingjustice with mercy and other aspects, and to construct and perfect the specific legislative proposals that the amendment （eight） puts forward.

Bleeding Wounds: Japanese Denial of War Crimes and Effects on Human Rights

Japanese aggressive war committed extremely serious crimes, which brought miserable experiences and damage to Asian people including Chinese. Undoubtedly war crimes committed by the government and the army of Japan were the violation of human rights physically and emotionally. However, Japan refused to admit these crimes and even made excuses postwar, which constituted further violation of human rights. If Japan respected human rights, took the responsibility and apologized for what they’ve done, it would help those nations recover from trauma and contribute to build more peaceful relationships among nations.

Detection and Mapping of Violent Crime Hotspots in Southwestern Nigeria

The increasing rate of insecurity in Nigeria, especially the southwest requires a paradigm shift from popular approach to crime hotspots detection. This study employed geospatial technologies to integrate spatio-temporal crime, social media and field observation data from the communities in all the six states in the southwest to develop crime hotspots that can serve as preliminary information to assist in allocating resources for crime control and prevention. Historical crime data from January 1972 to April, 2021 were compiled and updated with rigorous field survey in September, 2021. The field data were encoded, input to the SPSS 17 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. A total 936 crime locations data were geolocated and exported to ArcGIS 10.5 for spatial mapping using point map operation and further imported to e-Spatial web-based and QGIS for the generation of hotspot map using heatmap tool. The results revealed that armed robbery, assassination and cultism were more pronounced in Lagos and Ogun States. Similarly, high incidences of farmers/herdsmen conflicts are observed in Oyo and Osun States. Increasing incidences of kidnapping are common in all the south-western states but very prominent in Ondo, Lagos and Oyo States. Most of the violent crime incidents took place along the highways, with forests being their hideouts. Violent crimes are dominantly caused by high rate of unemployment while farmer/herdsmen conflicts were majorly triggered by the scarcity of grazing fields and destruction of arable crops. The conflicts have resulted in the increasing cases of rape and disruption of social group, intake of hard drugs, cult-related activities, low income and revenue generation, and displacement of farmers and infrastructural damages. The study advocates regular retraining and equipping of security agents, establishment of cattle ranch, and installation of sophisticated IP Camera at the crime hotspots to assist in real-time crime monitoring and management.

Spatial Pattern and Distribution of Crime in Suleja Lga, Niger State, Nigeria

The study examines the Spatial Pattern and Distribution of Crime in Suleja LGA, Niger State, Nigeria. The study used GIS and statistical methods to analyse the pattern and distribution of crime incidence in the study area. The records of each crime incidence were geocoded. Microsoft Excel was used to collate and organise the crime entries before they were imported into the ArcGIS Pro 2.0 environment. A geodatabase was created where the spatial and aspatial data were encoded and geospatial analysis was performed. The study reveals that the crime distribution pattern is generally clustered with a Global Moran’s I index of 0.097, a Z-score of 1.87, and a P-value < 0.06. Furthermore, the study reveals that armed robbery (61), kidnapping (40), car theft (33), culpable homicide (31), rape (29), and robbery (13) cases rank the highest in crime rate. Equally, findings of the study show that Chaza, Kwamba, Madalla, Suleja central, and Gaboda are the major crime hotspot zones at 90% confidence, as analysed using the Getis-Ord Gi* (Hot spot analysis) spatial statistics tool in ArcGIS Pro 2.0. The research therefore recommends that more effort be put into fighting crime, especially in areas where there are low-security formations, as they mostly have the highest record of crimes committed. Also, the patrol units should be equipped with GPS for better surveillance and real-time tracking of criminal activities.

环境监管失职罪的实施效能省思

环境监管失职罪是生态法益司法实践的有益尝试,于我国生态文明国家战略实施与高质量发展意义重大。受复杂因素影响,环境监管失职罪的实施效能有待提升。从规范层面分析,存在法益衡量不尽合理、责任主体过于多元、归责条件太过宽泛及因果关系限定不明等问题。从实证层面分析,存在经济利益博弈影响、科层管理体制拘囿、法律监督能力限制、基层执法短板等弊端。提升本罪实施效能须以科学理论完善优化环境监管立法、以法治政府建设提高环境监管执法水平、以监督手段创新加大环境侵权行为追责及以严格法律惩戒力度提升民众环境保护法规敬畏四个方面着力。

从消极惩罪到积极治理:中国特色轻罪治理体系的反思与完善

当今中国社会的犯罪现象正在经历从重罪到轻罪的重大变化,我国轻罪治理体系也应与时俱进地进行完善。这要求我们取轻罪之长,避轻罪之短。首先,要明确轻罪的定义,可以法定刑3年有期徒刑为上限、以处带有保安处分性质的限制或剥夺人身自由措施为下限,这一轻罪概念既契合我国刑事立法和司法的现实,也是面向未来轻罪立法的一种前瞻性考虑。然后,对轻罪扩张现象进行反思,厘清轻罪扩张带来的正面功能和负面效应,指明其具有回应民意、完善立法、规范行为的优势,也揭示其简化司法、异化刑罚、附随后果过剩的缺陷。在此基础上,对我国轻罪治理体系进行完善,在实体层面依据《刑法》第13条的但书规定和第37条的定罪免刑规定,建立多元的轻罪处遇模式;在程序法层面贯彻“三分原则”;在附随后果上严格限制适用主体、对象和内容;在前科消灭上逐步建立犯罪记录封存、注销和复权制度。这样多措并举,推动我国轻罪治理体系从消极惩罪向积极治理的现代化转型。

刑事合规与单位犯罪立法的完善

在肯定法人犯罪的基础上,法人犯罪立法中的关键问题主要集中在法人犯罪的范围、法人犯罪的归责基础以及法人犯罪中法人与相关法人成员的关系。在刑法分则中挑出部分罪名进行立法的方式,固然有助于控制法人犯罪的范围,但还存在着罪名稳定性缺乏、选择标准模糊等难以解决的问题,法人犯罪的成立范围宜采取普遍性的立法。由于替代责任与刑法责任主义原则相悖,容易导致法人责任认定过于宽泛,故法人犯罪的归责基础应采用组织体责任,法人成员的意思一旦转化为单位整体意志,该意志即成为单位犯罪的意志。基于组织体责任,立法应明确企业事前合规对法人犯罪成立的阻却作用。同时,在两罚制视野下,法人犯罪中法人与法人成员属于两个不同的犯罪主体,法人成员的犯罪并不依附于法人,立法应统一规定,法人成员的犯罪按自然人犯罪定罪量刑。

具体犯罪保护法益的确定方法

在基本犯与加重犯的保护法益不同的情形下,应当分别确定基本犯与加重犯的保护法益。如果拟制罪名与基本罪名的构成要件不同,就不应按罪名确定保护法益,而应分别确定拟制罪名与基本罪名的保护法益。阻挡层法益与背后层法益是就不同犯罪或者基本犯与加重犯的关系而言,并不是任何具体犯罪的保护法益都包含阻挡层法益与背后层法益。应当根据法益主体与被害人同意或承诺的有效性等要素区分个人法益与公共法益,不应当在对个人法益的犯罪中随意添加公共法益内容,也不宜随意在对公共法益的犯罪中任意添加个人法益内容。此外,需要区分具体犯罪的保护法益与阻却违法性的优越利益,不应将阻却违法性的优越利益当作相关犯罪的保护法益。

中国拐卖儿童犯罪活动网络时空演变及形成机制——基于寻亲成功案例的分析

拐卖儿童犯罪活动屡禁不绝,给家庭和社会带来诸多负效应,打击拐卖儿童犯罪活动对人类社会可持续发展和国家权益保障意义重大。以“宝贝回家”公益平台数据资料为研究样本,借助GIS空间分析与社会网络分析方法,探讨中国拐卖儿童犯罪活动网络时空演变与形成机制。结果表明:(1)在时序演变上,1978—2020年中国拐卖儿童犯罪活动呈现“中段高发、两端低发”的倒V形态势,于1989年达到峰值后逐步回落。(2)在网络拓扑上,拐卖儿童犯罪活动网络总体规模先增后降,网络结构日趋疏松、联系强度与通达性降低,网络核心由豫、闽等中东部地区向川、黔等西南地区转移,买方、卖方市场分化显著。(3)在空间演化上,犯罪活动集中于胡焕庸线东南部,拐卖男童南方高于北方;犯罪活动空间分布格局重心转移显著,拐出高值区趋向于西南地区,拐入高值区多为中东部地区;贩运路径由“数地高发”转向“全国频发”后逐渐萎缩,跨省与省内贩运现象并存;犯罪网络形成了4个以滇-粤-桂-冀贩运社团为主导的犯罪社团,内部联系紧密,呈现地理邻近性与跳跃性并存的区位特征。(4)在形成机制上,网络节点、网络联系、网络社团3个层面对拐卖儿童犯罪活动的影响逐级递进,且受多因素影响,具有波动性、阶段性和地域性特征。

《刑法修正案(十二)》下行贿犯罪的均衡适用

《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修改,旨在实现与受贿犯罪惩处的实质均衡,并增强行贿犯罪处罚条款的积极预防功能。这体现的是对行贿犯罪的预防性严惩,而非单纯对其进行严厉惩治。司法应遵循该修法精神指引,确保罪名适用的稳健性。为实现修正案关于贿赂犯罪的处罚均衡性目标,需要将预防性严惩的修法精神与宽严相济、从严治吏等一贯的刑事政策相结合,将“入罪认定总体稳健,量刑评价适度从严”作为新法适用方向。贿赂犯罪的保护法益为职务行为的自主决策权,对行贿犯罪的惩处力度取决于侵害该法益的具体形式,而非“受贿行贿同等罚”。新增的行贿罪从重处罚情节仅为量刑情节,应根据从重处罚的实质依据对各个情节进行目的性限缩解释,以确保司法适用的精确性与均衡性。

侵犯数据产品权利行为的刑法认定

通过刑法手段有效保护数据产品的权利,促进数据产品的安全高效流通与利用,是新质生产力发展的重要推动力,也是数字经济时代网络空间刑法之治进一步发展的必由之路。侵犯数据产品权利行为的刑法认定中面临界定数据产品法律属性、确定侵犯数据产品权利行为之刑法认定最优方案,以及如何适配传统罪刑规范体系对侵犯数据产品权利的行为进行有效规制等现实问题。三个问题之间环环相扣、层层递进,是数字经济时代构建有效保护数据产品权利的刑法机制时不可回避、必须解决的问题。于前者,数据产品的使用价值和交换价值应得以肯认;于中者,“数据犯罪说”“数据犯罪与财产犯罪竞合说”面临规范认定或方法论层面的障碍;于后者,需要根据数据产品的特征与存在形态,对财产犯罪中非法占有目的、占有转移、数额等对财产犯罪认定具有重要影响的事实重新进行构成要件符合性的判断,从而将传统财产犯罪的构成要件重新适配于侵犯数据产品权利行为的认定。

On People’s Worries about Becoming a Victim of Events or Conditions Often Blamed on Those up There

The authors study people’s worries about becoming victimized by events and conditions often blamed on“those up there”.Excessive worries are bad for people’s performance because they lead to risk avoidance and lower self-confidence.In two representative surveys conducted in Germany,it is found that victimization concerns are positively correlated with people’s gender,previous victimization,their estimated likelihood of being victimized,their fear of crime,their crime-avoidance behavior,their striving for tradition and security,and their negative attitudes toward crimes.Negative correlations are found for people’s education,their striving for universalism,and their social capital.When considering all predictors combined,people’s expected likelihood to become victimized is found to be the optimal predictor of victimization concerns.It is recommended that management concentrates on setting realistic levels of such risk estimates to avoid negative effects on people’s performance.