论Criminal Justice的汉语翻译问题——兼与曹立群教授商榷

英语中的criminal justice一词是犯罪学中最为关键的概念之一,它至少有3方面的含义:作为工作系统;作为专门活动;作为研究领域。将这个术语翻译为"刑事司法"是比较恰当的,而将其翻译为"法务学"或者"刑事审判",都是不恰当的。

Objects of Criminal Legal Aid--Center On Judicial Justice and Human Rights Protection

The object of criminal legal aid refers to the person in a criminal case who has the right or eligibility toapply for legal assistance and who receives it. According to jurispru- dence, the object （or aid recipient） is a party in a given legal case, who is granted legal aid. They are often among the disadvantaged group in criminal cases, since most of them are mentally challenged, lack free- dom or have health problems.＇ Both international and domestic laws have certain norms regarding objects of criminal legal aid. Our domestic law places more emphasis on ＂defen- dants＂ while downplaying ＂suspects＂ and ＂victims＂ in identifying objects.

Globalization of Criminal Justice and Human Rights Basic Dilemma

In this era of dramatic,rampant,and incessant political change,predictions about the future can no longer be based either on conventional wisdom or historical precedent.Criminals have learned to take advantage of the dynamic globalization and the opening of borders in new and dangerous ways.In response to the global crime and human rights problems,this paper is an introduction to some of these developments in criminal justice system to fight crimes and to prevent human rights.Furthermore,this paper will also examine“sense of justice in criminal process”,and identifies“basic dilemma”problems in existing legal of criminal justice and human rights.It contains a series of new ideas that a disruptor to the judiciary system and policy-maker reforms aid in the prevention of criminalization to citizen rights and change impacts the criminal justice system to protect human rights to be seen globalization change justice for societies.

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System:“With Liberty and Justice for All?”

Racial discrimination remains a prevalent issue in the contemporary U.S.despite efforts to promote equality.Many young African American and Hispanic males are easy target for law enforcement agents.Minorities experience a higher and more unfair form of racial discrimination,racial profiling,police brutality,unfair sentencing,and mass incarceration for offences which are the same or less than those committed by White males.The rate of incarceration in the United States is five to eight times higher than most developed countries,and Black males constitute the largest percentage of inmates in the U.S.prison system.Once arrested,Black Americans are more likely to remain in prison longer,and await trial for minor offenses at a higher rate than Whites.Black and Latino males sentenced in state and federal courts face significantly greater odds of incarceration than White offenders for the same or even higher crimes.Vagins and McCurdy in a 2006 ACLU on“cracks in the system”reported that“There is no rational medical or penological reason for the 100:1 disparity between crack and powder cocaine and instead it causes an unjustified racial disparity in our penal system”(p.7).There is a racial disparity in the proportion of Black males in prison serving sentences of life without the possibility of parole(LWOP).In addition,The United States Criminal Justice System needs to be carefully examined as a top priority agenda needing immediate call of action that needs reform to guarantee the constitutional rights accorded to every American“with liberty and justice for all”.

英文词汇在法学教学中的应用--以law,justice,criminal等词为例

法学源自西方,许多法律词汇的教学如果借助其英文表达将会事半功倍。像"法律"这样的基本法学概念,借助英文law能够更准确地揭示其内涵;像"司法"这样的法律理念,借助英文justice能够更深刻地传达其精神;像criminal(罪犯)这样的法律术语,借助中英文的不同表达,更容易让学生在比较中把握中西法律文化的不同。

Juvenile Criminal Justice Reform Regarding to Children's Welfare

Juvenile criminal justice is a reflection of the new approach to children and criminal penalty. The juvenile justice reform is onginated from the changes in criminal penalty and the approach to children. When criminal penalty is no longer pure revenge, education and individualization dominate criminal penalty; when children are regarded as being different from adults and should be treated differently, the new approach to children is taking shape and made more scientific. The orientation of juvenile criminal justice reform is to differentiate the juvenile crimes from adult crimes, set up case heating organizations, methods and treatment measures that are appropriate with the psychology of children. This paper will give an analysis of the current reform of the juvenile criminal justice in conjunction with the development of juvenile justice systems of other countries and probe into the orientation and development trend of the reform of China＇s juvenile criminal justice.

The Governance of Complementary Global Regimes Dealing With War and Crime:The Interaction Between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court

The establishment of an international judicial institution responsible to verify on a case-by-case basis when serious humanitarian crimes would fall within the competence of domestic judicial authorities,and when an international judiciary would be required is a visible accomplishment advocated for years.The important paradigm shift refers to governing the transitional challenges characterizing massive humanitarian escalations in conflict and post-conflict situations between the responsibility to protect civilians and the fight against the impunity of international crimes.In the current legislation of the UN the civilian protection duties are associated to the maintenance of peace and security and to the right of intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign States for humanitarian reasons,extending further the reach of a criminal jurisdiction to punish the perpetrators.This has been the case in Darfur,Sudan,and Libya.Both these situations have been referred by the UN Security Council to the International Criminal Court(ICC).From an empirical perspective,it is still not demonstrated whether international criminal justice would have an impact on the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security,while its complementary role with global political regimes is in transition and deserves attention.The questions arising are as follow:how to rely on international criminal justice for the preservation,maintenance,and restoration of peace and security in extreme conflict zones,without solving the governance gaps during mass atrocity escalations characterized by jurisdictional referrals?Is this realistic considering the traditional concept of international security relying on old models of militarization,such as in the case of Libya?Are there political and strategic reasons for a postponement of accountability during such humanitarian interventions?In short,what kind of public authority is desired for the emerging regime of international criminal justice,and how would such tool function in the complexity of international governance?

Ideology and the Legislative Turn in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Criminal Justice

Envisioning a well-ordered society composed of filial subjects who obeyed the law,avoided disputes,shunned religious heresy,paid their taxes,and peacefully engaged in agriculture,the Kangxi emperor’s“Sacred Edict of Sixteen Maxims”(圣谕十六条)has often been considered a declaration of the alien Qing dynasty's Confucian bonafides.While the rhetoric of the pronouncement echoed traditional moral values,the political acumen of the Qing rulers was readily apparent in the eighth maxim,“explain the laws to warn the ignorant and obstinate.”Melding moral and legal education,the eighth maxim specifically endorsed the efficacy of the law.The importance placed on legal knowledge was abundantly clear in one of the earliest commentaries,which explained all sixteen maxims with examples of applieablc legal guidelines.Thus,the“Sacred Edict”wfas a shrew d maneuver that endorsed traditional moral values,but it also foreshadowed a“legislative turn”in the Qing rule that was discernible in the evolving ethos of criminal justice.Despite the extensive efforts to propagate the“Sacred Edict,”violent crime was on the rise in the Kangxi.Yongzheng,and Qianlong reigns.When transformation through moral “teaching and cultivation”(jiaoyang 教养) failed to alleviate social conflict,Qing rulers reconsidered and revised the established practice of criminal justice and the existing concept of criminal behavior.By the end of the eighteenth century,the effort to stem the tide of violent crime relied less on ideological exhortation and more on legislation that articulated harsh punishments.This“legislative turn”in Qing criminal justice resulted in an aggressive policy of deterrence that facilitated the greater use of capital punishment.

Intimate partner violence against women. Does violence decrease after the entry of the alleged offender into the criminal justice system?

Intimate partner violence(IPV)is simultaneously assumed as a serious crime and a major public health issue,having recurrences as one of its main characteristics and,consequently,re-entries of some alleged offenders in the criminal justice system(CJS).The main goal of this study is to assess if in cases of female victims of IPV,violence decreases after the first entry of the alleged offender in the CJS.A retrospective study was performed based on the analysis of police reports of alleged cases of IPV during a 4-year period.The final sample(n=1488)was divided into two groups according to the number of entries in the CJS(single or multiple)followed by a comparative approach.Results suggest that violence decreases after the first entry of alleged offenders in the CJS.Re-entries were found in only 15.5%of the cases but they were accountable for 3.3 times more crimes on average.Besides,victims of recidivism presented more injuries and required more medical care.Thus,a small group of alleged offenders seems to be more violent and accountable for most of the IPV crimes registered in the CJS suggesting that regardless of legal sanctions aiming to deter violence,these measures may not be enough for a certain group of offenders.This study sustains the need for a predictive model to quantify the risk of repeated IPV cases within the Portuguese population.

DOING FIELDWORK ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CHINA

This study examines fieldwork-methodology problems in China that few scholars have discussed in social science, criminology and law, and describes the author＇s experiences in conducting fieldwork for an empirical study of criminal justice in mid- and western China in three aspects： general access to the courts and procuratorates, informed consent in interviews, and access to courtroom trials and case files. It argues that researchers need to understand and exercise social, cultural and political sensitivities in overcoming various challenges and difficulties in data collection. Making use of guanxi, building up trust, and developing friendship are essential to the access to the field in China.

SPECIAL ISSUE： ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGIES IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA-- China＇s Anti-corruption Strategies from the Viewpoint of Criminal Justice

腐败案件的高发案率是中国当前所处的社会转型期的突出特点。为了适应治理腐败犯罪的需要，中国刑事司法形成了一整套独具特色的侦查体制、办案原则，并且注重依靠群众查办腐败案件，注重打击重点的随时调整。中国刑事司法注重提高腐败案件的侦查能力和加强反腐败刑事司法的规范化建设等，这是中国反腐败策略在刑事司法领域的具体体现。同时，中国在反腐败刑事程序如何与国际公约对接等方面面临着一些挑战，这也指引着中国刑事司法改进的方向。

刑事司法领域自动化决策的风险与规制

自动化决策在中外各国的刑事司法领域已有广泛应用,其原因在于自动化决策符合刑事司法预防和打击犯罪、提高诉讼效率、实现案件公正办理的需求,也有相应的观念和技术条件予以支持。然而自动化决策在刑事司法中的应用可能带来准确性不足、公正性偏离和机械性三方面的风险,应采取措施对自动化决策进行规制,以达到补足准确性、保障公正性和消解机械性的效果,实现自动化决策在刑事司法领域的法治化应用。

《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改与中国特色未成年人司法的发展完善

《刑事诉讼法》对于我国未成年人司法的发展起到了重要的支撑与引领作用,中国特色未成年人司法具有与刑事诉讼紧密捆绑的阶段性特征。更好地调整《刑事诉讼法》与未成年人司法之间的互动关系,以推动我国未成年人司法的进一步发展完善,应当作为《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改中涉未成年人部分修改的基本立场,并处理好两个整体性问题。一是通过吸收未成年人专门法律的普适性内容、根据其他涉未法律的新规定新增或调整专章规定、为其他法律中新增的涉未制度提供程序支撑和吸收已有司法解释或规范性文件的合理内容,来有效对接其他涉未法律规范。二是通过减少刑事诉讼整体框架和普通程序对涉未特别程序的限制,明确与成年人案件规定的梯级递进关系,来处理好与普通程序的关系。本次修改还应当整体增补与未成年被害人相关的规定,对转处制度和犯罪记录封存制度进行体系化与优化,并明确低龄严重暴力犯罪核准追诉程序的基本设置。

轻罪时代刑事司法柔性治理

轻罪时代,面对社会治理现代化的新要求与我国当前犯罪态势逐渐呈现出明显的轻罪化趋势,刑事司法应对犯罪逐渐从以偏重事后惩罚威慑向注重事前预防、多方协同、深化诉源精准治理、多措并举的“治罪”与“治理”相结合的标本兼治观念转变。“依法有效治理犯罪与强化人权司法保障”是我国刑事司法治理的核心任务,实践中通过贯彻“少捕慎诉慎押”政策与适用“认罪认罚从宽”“社区矫正”等制度,展现了犯罪治理的新思维与新作为,但也存在一些与刑事司法柔性治理要求相抵牾并亟待解决的问题。为了积极回应人民群众对公平正义的新期待与准确把握大量轻罪入刑后“法益保护”与“人权保障”之衡平问题,刑事司法就须明确把“以人为本”作为犯罪治理的根本价值遵循,并将“宽缓、审慎、谦抑”理念贯穿于犯罪治理的全过程。

论涉罪企业合规的刑行衔接

涉罪企业合规刑事司法与行政执法的有效衔接,是企业合规预防违法犯罪功能得以完整实现的必然要求。企业合规刑行衔接关涉刑事合规整改监督评估衔接、合规不起诉后的接续监管衔接以及其他相关企业合规建设衔接三个方面。为保障刑事合规企业合规预防功能、激励功能的充分实现,检察机关需要与行政机关加强理念沟通、操作配合,优化刑行衔接机制,推动涉罪企业及关联企业、行业企业的合规建设。

生成式人工智能赋能数字检察的路径、风险与纾解

数字时代,生成式人工智能技术成为发展人工智能刑事司法的重要技术力量。理论层面,数字检察改革以数字技术推动法律监督模式改革为核心的理念与生成式人工智能技术具备融合基础。应用路径层面,生成式人工智能可从构建应对预测性侦查的法律监督模式、完善类案监督机制、辅助认罪认罚量刑建议程序、赋能检察机关参与社会治理方面为数字检察改革提供技术支撑。由于技术的两面性,在风险层面,生成式人工智能数字检察可能会引发司法“工具主义”、技术风险因素、非传统国家安全风险问题,可从保证检察人员的司法亲历性、搭建联盟区块链破除数据壁垒、算法监管与安全法治体系建设并重等路径纾解应用风险,推动生成式人工智能赋能数字检察,助力检察机关成为实现数字时代国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要力量。

轻罪治理背景下酌定不起诉的扩张适用

近二十年的司法实践表明,我国犯罪结构已发生显著变化,轻罪案件占比大幅上升,轻罪治理模式成为刑事法治和社会治理的未来走向。基于慎诉的刑事司法政策而一定程度地扩大酌定不起诉的适用,能够有效发挥不起诉制度的审前分流功能,符合我国轻罪治理的情势需要和中国式刑事司法现代化的发展方向。在制度基础已具备的前提下,我国应通过适度扩展并规范起诉裁量范围与标准,以满足慎诉目的下的合理需求;通过与认罪认罚从宽制度的深度融合、加强刑罚替代措施的有效适用、完善权力监督审查机制,增强起诉裁量权扩张的正当性、合目的性与可接受性,在中国式刑事司法现代化建设的背景之下,为更新我国酌定不起诉制度提供可替代的优化方案。

再论环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接

环境犯罪具有行政从属性,是国家基于宏观政策对行政处罚与刑罚的整体考量,旨在用较小成本实现高效管理的同时,避免违反罪刑法定原则。环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接是为了实质性解决环境犯罪问题,在此过程中应遵循刑事优先原则,当行政手段无法起到充分评价其社会危害性和保护法益之效用时,适用震慑力更强的司法程序。在实践中,环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接仍存在标准不明确、证据转化难等问题,这些问题会导致案件移送不力、以罚代刑等现象长期存在。故而,在衔接过程中应明确移送案件的标准、完善证据转化制度以及加强检察监督,构建环境行政执法与刑事司法的有效衔接机制,更加充分地保护生态环境。