On the Perfection of Legislation on Property Rights Protection of Criminal Suspects in Investigation Process

The property rights of a criminal suspect are an important component of human rights,but,unfortunately,may be restrained by factors in the investigation process like judicial stereotypes,legal regulations,and a lack of initiative on the part of the rights holder,which,from time to time,may result in infringements of such rights.Thus it is necessary for us to probe into the reasons why such infringements occur and sort out the contents about enhancing property rights protection of criminal suspects in the amendment to Criminal Procedure Law.To counter the existing disregard for property rights protection of criminal suspects and its legislative deficiency,judicial reform must be carried out as to three aspects:procedural improvement,institutional establishment,and judicial transformation property rights ideas in criminal proceedings.

Globalization of Criminal Justice and Human Rights Basic Dilemma

In this era of dramatic,rampant,and incessant political change,predictions about the future can no longer be based either on conventional wisdom or historical precedent.Criminals have learned to take advantage of the dynamic globalization and the opening of borders in new and dangerous ways.In response to the global crime and human rights problems,this paper is an introduction to some of these developments in criminal justice system to fight crimes and to prevent human rights.Furthermore,this paper will also examine“sense of justice in criminal process”,and identifies“basic dilemma”problems in existing legal of criminal justice and human rights.It contains a series of new ideas that a disruptor to the judiciary system and policy-maker reforms aid in the prevention of criminalization to citizen rights and change impacts the criminal justice system to protect human rights to be seen globalization change justice for societies.

Objects of Criminal Legal Aid--Center On Judicial Justice and Human Rights Protection

The object of criminal legal aid refers to the person in a criminal case who has the right or eligibility toapply for legal assistance and who receives it. According to jurispru- dence, the object （or aid recipient） is a party in a given legal case, who is granted legal aid. They are often among the disadvantaged group in criminal cases, since most of them are mentally challenged, lack free- dom or have health problems.＇ Both international and domestic laws have certain norms regarding objects of criminal legal aid. Our domestic law places more emphasis on ＂defen- dants＂ while downplaying ＂suspects＂ and ＂victims＂ in identifying objects.

China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

Human Rights Safeguards in Criminal Procedure——An interview with Prof.Fan Chongyi

The issue relating to human rights safeguards in criminal procedure has of late attracted extensive attention. A Human Rights reporter recently interviewed Prof. Fan Chongyi of China University of Political Science and Law on the issue. Following are excerpts of the interview.

Commentary on the Newly Implemented Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law Concerning Children’s Rights in China

Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of the PRC, which went into effect on hMay 1, 2011, is not only in line with the basic spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and relevant international human rights treaties, but also is related to the priority area of the Program for The Development of Chinese Children （2011- 2020）. Thus, it helps to safeguard the rights of juveniles and strengthens criminal law protection of their rights and interests. In consideration of the weak position of juveniles and the criminal law means of protecting their rights and interests,

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

International Seminar on Criminal Penalty Execution and Human Rights Protection

An International Seminar on Criminal Penalty Execution and Human Rights Protection was held in Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province from November 28-29, 2005. Sponsored by the Chinese Supreme People＇s Procuratorate, the UNDP, the Norway Parliament Administrative Supervisor＇s Office and the China International Economic and Technical Exchange Center of the Ministry of Commerce, the seminar was attended by more than 190 Chinese and foreign representatives from the International Prosecutors＇ Association,

Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection for Criminals

Protection of criminals＇ human rights is an important issue that has received full atten- tion at home and abroad. The Communist Party of China （CPC） has always attached much importance to the protection of criminals＇ human rights. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the state have paid full attention to protecting the human rights of criminals.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System:“With Liberty and Justice for All?”

Racial discrimination remains a prevalent issue in the contemporary U.S.despite efforts to promote equality.Many young African American and Hispanic males are easy target for law enforcement agents.Minorities experience a higher and more unfair form of racial discrimination,racial profiling,police brutality,unfair sentencing,and mass incarceration for offences which are the same or less than those committed by White males.The rate of incarceration in the United States is five to eight times higher than most developed countries,and Black males constitute the largest percentage of inmates in the U.S.prison system.Once arrested,Black Americans are more likely to remain in prison longer,and await trial for minor offenses at a higher rate than Whites.Black and Latino males sentenced in state and federal courts face significantly greater odds of incarceration than White offenders for the same or even higher crimes.Vagins and McCurdy in a 2006 ACLU on“cracks in the system”reported that“There is no rational medical or penological reason for the 100:1 disparity between crack and powder cocaine and instead it causes an unjustified racial disparity in our penal system”(p.7).There is a racial disparity in the proportion of Black males in prison serving sentences of life without the possibility of parole(LWOP).In addition,The United States Criminal Justice System needs to be carefully examined as a top priority agenda needing immediate call of action that needs reform to guarantee the constitutional rights accorded to every American“with liberty and justice for all”.

坚持和发展民主集中制原则推进新时代中国刑事诉讼制度现代化

全国人大已将《刑事诉讼法》的修改列入本届人大的工作规划之中。作为规范刑事诉讼程序、约束诉讼主体行为的基本法律,应该明确刑事诉讼中公权力机关之间职能分工的工作原则。民主集中制是我国《宪法》规定的国家机构组织和活动原则,同时也是我国现行刑事诉讼确立的公权力机关之间职能分工的指导原则,具体表现为公检法等机关在刑事诉讼中“分工负责、互相配合、互相制约”的工作原则。民主集中制决定了我国刑事诉讼中权力的集中本位及其分工的相对性。新时代应该发展刑事诉讼中的民主集中制原则,顺应权力本位向权利本位转变的时代潮流,以实现民主集中制原则与刑事诉讼制度的根本自洽,推进刑事诉讼现代化。

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

德国刑事诉讼中的基本权保障

《刑事诉讼法》修改增加的“尊重和保障人权”条款是我国刑事诉讼立法上的巨大进步,但是,我国刑事司法人权保障在制度和实践中仍有提升空间。观诸域外法制,德国法上的刑事司法人权保障关联到宪法上的基本权保障,将刑事诉讼中的基本权干预上升到宪法审查高度,联邦宪法法院遵循法治国原则为强制措施、侦查干预、审前羁押等刑事诉讼行为设置严格的宪法上的程序保护机制,不失为一种完善我国刑事司法人权保障可借鉴的制度模式。在德国刑事诉讼制度中,以惩罚犯罪名义实施的刑事诉讼行为被认定为基本权干预行为时,均需获得宪法上的正当化;刑事侦查中的基本权保障根据法官保留原则进行实质性审查,对全部侦查行为设定分级审查程序机制,并在刑事个案办理中对查明犯罪真相设定具体的审查限制;刑事司法的基本权保障所覆盖的权利主体范围在宪法法院判例中得到不断扩展,明确保障被追诉人、被害人、证人、辩护人等刑事诉讼主体及其基本权利;与合宪性意义上的刑事诉讼原则共生的一系列程序权利,构成基本权保障较为完整的程序保护机制。

刑事诉讼领域个人信息权的限制与规范

个人信息保护兹事体大,重视对个人信息权的保护已成共识,即便在刑事诉讼领域亦不例外。但刑事诉讼中个人信息权的行使可能与犯罪控制的利益和公众知情权、信息开放利益、科学和艺术研究利益等发生冲突,因此有必要遵循目的限制、必要性、区分对待等原则对刑事诉讼领域的个人信息权予以适当限制。在此基础上,可以提出刑事诉讼中个人信息权行使的四方面考量因素,并由此确立个人信息权行使的方式及其救济途径,以实现个人信息权在刑事诉讼领域的良性发展。

论环境领域刑事诉权与民事公益诉权的协调

严重的环境损害行为是刑事诉权和民事公益诉权共同的适用对象,但我国立法并未明确规定两诉权同时行使时的关系如何处理,实践中呈现出环境民事公益诉讼附从于刑事诉讼,后者却疏离前者的现象。这是由于环境民事公益诉讼在客体范围、主体资格、诉求实现方面,与刑事诉权具有高度的亲缘性,但在办案时限、诉权成本、财产刑执行方面又与刑事诉权不相协调。因此,应当在立足两诉权适用对象具有同一性的基础上,以优先修复受损的生态环境为导向,在刑事办案过程中实行公益损害审查的法定化模式,从批捕或介入侦查环节开始即可启动民事公益诉权,遵循“附带为原则,不附带为例外”的要求,与法院的审判权良性互动,实现两诉权的有效协调。

操纵体育比赛行为的侵害法益及其刑法保护

刑法惩罚操纵体育比赛行为的目的是要保护体育比赛的公平性和真实性,这是一项具有宪法和体育法依据的实质法益,直接表现为公平竞赛权和观看真实比赛权。然而,在当前实践中,多以赌博罪和非国家工作人员受贿罪等方式间接规制操纵体育比赛行为,此种间接规制模式呈现保护不周、体系阙如和类推解释等问题。为了更为全面、直接和系统地保护体育比赛的公平性和真实性,需要从解释论走向立法论。在前实定法阶段,应在我国刑法中增设操纵体育比赛罪,并将之设定为不真正身份犯、结果犯和法定犯,如此才能保持刑法处罚限度、理顺刑法与前置规范之间的关系。在实定法阶段,基于刑事立法的类型性原则、体系性原则和明确性原则,对妨害兴奋剂管理罪进行必要的修正和释明,使妨害兴奋剂管理罪成为操纵体育比赛罪的特殊罪名,明确二者之间的交叉型法条竞合关系。