An approximate nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion with critical state for intact rocks

In this paper, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion is modified by mobilising the cohesion and internal friction angle with normal stress, in order to capture the nonlinearity and critical state concept for intact rocks reported in the literature. The mathematical expression for the strength is the same as the classical form, but the terms of cohesion and internal friction angle depend on the normal stress now,leading to a nonlinear relationship between the strength and normal stress. It covers both the tension and compression regions with different expressions for cohesion and internal friction angle. The strengths from the two regions join continuously at the transition of zero normal stress. The part in the compression region approximately satisfies the conditions of critical state, where the maximum shear strength is reached. Due to the nonlinearity, the classical simple relationship between the parameters of cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength from the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion does not hold anymore. The equation for determining one of the three parameters in terms of the other two is supplied. This equation is nonlinear and thus a nonlinear equation solver is needed. For simplicity, the classical linear relationship is used as a local approximation. The approximate modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been implemented in a fracture mechanics based numerical code FRACOD,and an example case of deep tunnel failure is presented to demonstrate the difference between the original and modified Mohr-Coulomb criteria. It is shown that the nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion predicts somewhat deeper and more intensive fracturing regions in the surrounding rock mass than the original linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. A more comprehensive piecewise nonlinear shear strength criterion is also included in Appendix B for those readers who are interested. It covers the tensile, compressive, brittle-ductile behaviour transition and the critical state, and gives smooth transitions.

Critical embedment depth of a rigid retaining wall against overturning in unsaturated soils considering intermediate principal stress and strength nonlinearity

The overturning stability is vital for the retaining wall design of foundation pits, where the surrounding soils are usually unsaturated due to water draining. Moreover, the intermediate principal stress does affect the unsaturated soil strength; meanwhile, the relationship between the unsaturated soil strength and matric suction is nonlinear. This work is to present closed-form equations of critical embedment depth for a rigid retaining wall against overturning by means of moment equilibrium. Matric suction is considered to be distributed uniformly and linearly with depth. The unified shear strength formulation for unsaturated soils under the plane strain condition is adopted to characterize the intermediate principal stress effect, and strength nonlinearity is described by a hyperbolic model of suction angle. The result obtained is orderly series solutions rather than one specific answer; thus, it has wide theoretical significance and good applicability. The validity of this present work is demonstrated by comparing it with a lower bound solution. The traditional overturning designs for rigid retaining walls, in which the saturated soil mechanics neglecting matric suction or the unsaturated soil mechanics based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion are employed, are special cases of the proposed result. Parametric studies about the intermediate principal stress, matric suction and its distributions along with two strength nonlinearity methods on a new defined critical buried coefficient are discussed.

The Antifreeze Critical Strength of Low-temperature Concrete Effected by Index

The antifreeze critical strength and the pre-curing time of low-temperature concrete were studied by means of guaranteed rate of compressive strength and antifreeze performance for the structural safety requirement of concrete engineering,suffering once freeze damage under air environment.It is shown that the antifreeze critical strength is 3.7-4.4MPa,pre-curing time is 18-32 h by guaranteed rate of compressive strength,and the antifreeze critical strength is 3.7-4.4MPa,pre-curing time is 18-32 h by guaranteed rate of antifreeze performance.It can be found that the method of guaranteed rate of compressive strength is sensitive to the defect which generated by freeze damage in the concrete interior.The method is fit to evaluate the antifreeze critical strength of low-temperature concrete.

Critical crack tip opening displacement of different strength concrete

Critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc) of concrete using experimental and analytical evaluation with seven different compressive strengths ranging from 30 up to 150 MPa was studied based on two types of fracture tests:three-point bending (TPB) and wedge splitting (WS).In the tests,the values of CTODc were experimentally recorded using a novel technique,in which fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used,and two traditional techniques,in which strain gauges and clip gauges were deployed.The values of CTODc of tested concrete were also predicted using two existing analytical formulae proposed by JENQ & SHAH and XU,respectively.It is found that the values of CTODc obtained by both experimental measurements and analytical formulae exhibit a negligible variation as the compressive strength of concrete increases,and the test geometry adopted has little impact on the value of CTODc.Regarding the experimental measurement of CTODc,the clip gauge method generally leads to a larger value of CTODc and shows a more significant scatter as compared with the other two methods,while the strain gauge method leads to a slightly lower CTODc as compared with the FBG sensor method.The analytical formula proposed by JENQ and SHAH is found to generally lead to an overestimation,while the analytical formula proposed by XU shows a good accuracy.

Research on the Critical Conditions for Clay Particle Release During Saline Aquifer Freshening Process

Water sensitivity phenomenon occurs during saline aquifer freshening process in seawater intrusion area, and clay particles released in the phenomenon can damage the infiltration capacity of the aquifer. In order to find out the factors and mechanisms for clay particle release, laboratory column infiltration experiments simulating saline aquifer freshening process were designed to measure the critical conditions(critical flow velocity, critical salt concentration and critical ionic strength) and force analysis for clay particle according to DLVO electric double layer theory was employed to illustrate the mechanisms for particle release. The research results showed that critical flow velocity for clay particle release is influenced by salt concentration of injecting solution. When salt concentration of injecting solution is very high, clay particles are not released, indicating that there does not exist a critical flow velocity in this situation. As salt concentration of injecting solution decreases, particles start to be released. The critical salt concentration for clay particle release is 0.052 mol L-1 in our work, which was determined by a constant-flux experiment for stepwise displacement of high concentration Na Cl solution. The critical ionic strength for clay particle release decreases as Ca2+ molar content percentage of the mixed solution of Na Cl and Ca Cl2 increases following the first-order exponential decay equation y = 0.0391e-0.266 x + 0.0015.

Sub-Criticality Measurement with Source Term for Research Reactor in Inverse Kinetics Method

In reactor physics tests, it is important to monitor sub-criticality continuously during criticality approach. Reactivity measurements by the inverse kinetics method are widely used during the operation of a nuclear reactor. This technique is successfully applied at sufficiently high power level or to a core without an external neutron source where the neutron source term in point reactor kinetics equations may be neglected. For operation at low power levels or in the sub-critical domain, the increase in the fluctuation of the neutron signal may cause difficulties in the evaluation of reactivity and the effect of direct emission from the external neutron source may not be neglected. Therefore, contribution of the neutron source must be taken into account and this implies knowledge of a quantity proportional to the source strength, which calls the source term and then it should be determined. The research work has been conducted to measure reactivity with source term using a dedicated reactivity measurement system by the Least Square Inverse Kinetics Method (LSIKM). Application to a simulator of HANARO research reactor, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), with known source strength and reactivity worth has showed consistent and satisfactory agreement.

A Critical Analysis of Group Work in Chinese University EFL Classes

In the past few years,group activities have been warmly welcomed by EFL(English as a foreign language)classes in Chi-na,but few studies have discussed it from a critical perspective.Thus,this study explores from students’experiences what and whythe strengths and weaknesses of group work in actual contexts appear.The findings reveal that Chinese learners regard group workas an effective interactive activity for language,personal,and emotional development.However,the possible pitfalls,such as pseu-dogroups,unequal participation,groupthink,L1(first language)influence may prevent learners from obtaining the benefits of CL(collaborative learning).Finally,some suggestions are given,with the purpose of creating a more suitable facilitative EFL classroomenvironment for future Chinese EFL teaching and learning.

微波脉冲大气击穿临界场强估计

针对高功率微波在大气传输中可能出现的击穿现象,研究了脉冲序列中首次击穿时的延迟脉冲数,发现其与种子电子、脉冲击穿概率以及微波场强密切相关。研究发现,微波场强可通过作用于种子电子间接影响脉冲击穿概率和延迟脉冲数,由此提出利用延迟脉冲数估计微波击穿临界场强的方法,并定义在脉冲击穿概率大于一定值时的微波临界场强作为击穿阈值。推导了脉冲击穿概率的估计公式,并对估计量的性能进行了分析,随后利用S波段微波大气击穿模拟装置开展了实验验证。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,重复频率微波脉冲击穿延迟脉冲数仅与种子电子产生率和脉宽成反比,能用于估计脉冲击穿概率,进而给出击穿临界场强。

高强钢弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶的刚体临界侵彻速度研究

刚体临界侵彻速度的理论准确预测是高强钢弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶研究中的关键问题,本文中利用二级轻气炮开展了克级高强钢(G50)卵形头长杆弹以1010~1660 m/s的速度侵彻C40混凝土靶实验研究,获取了刚体临界侵彻速度和侵彻深度实验数据,并开展了刚体临界侵彻速度和考虑弹体头部磨蚀的侵彻深度理论分析,得到结论如下:(1)克级G50卵形头长杆弹侵彻C40混凝土靶时的刚体临界侵彻速度区间为1320~1520 m/s;(2)基于已有侵彻模型,建立了新的刚体临界侵彻速度理论模型,模型计算结果与本文及文献中的系列实验结果吻合较好;(3)建立了考虑头部侵蚀的侵彻深度模型,与实验结果吻合较好;(4)弹体屈服强度对刚体临界侵彻速度有显著影响,靶体无围压抗压强度对刚体临界侵彻速度有较小影响,实验前的弹体头形系数和弹体尺寸对刚体临界侵彻速度无显著影响。

超固结黏土不排水剪切的屈服与临界状态

以研究超固结黏土的屈服与临界状态为目的,通过GDS三轴剪切试验仪(GDS triaxial shear testing apparatus)开展了一系列不同超固结状态的黏土不排水剪切试验。为对黏土的应力路径进行分析,选取了能描述超固结状态不同时土的屈服特性的ALPHA(α)模型。分析了黏土的偏应力/孔压-应变曲线变化趋势,并确定了孔压达到峰值时土体为破坏状态。根据应力破坏点拟合出临界状态线,提出了针对不同超固结比的不排水抗剪强度的计算公式。试验结果表明:不排水剪切试验中,前期固结压力相同时,超固结比越小,抗剪强度越高,但是屈服强度并非随超固结比的降低而单调递增变化;超固结比相同时,前期固结压力越大,抗剪强度越高,屈服强度也越高;正常固结和轻超固结土的破坏应变皆在5%左右,而重超固结土则呈现明显的剪胀现象和脆性破坏,破坏应变小于2.5%;正常固结和轻超固结土的应力路径呈“S”形,重超固结土的应力路径呈不断增长的趋势。根据破坏标准,重超固结土和轻超固结土、正常固结土共用一条临界状态线,不排水抗剪强度计算公式参数较少,易获取,易嵌入本构模型中,应用方便。

大型耙吸挖泥船结构设计要点

为实现大型耙吸挖泥船结构设计安全、合理、可靠,以某大型耙吸挖泥船为例,分析大型耙吸挖泥船结构设计特点,从结构设计、强度评估、疲劳评估和振动评估等角度论证其设计要点,通过对泥舱结构设计分析,给出泥舱设计的关键节点,对关键节点进行强度分析和疲劳分析,结果表明,该船局部关键区域应力水平较高,低周疲劳在关键区域的疲劳中占据主要地位,建立三维有限元模型计算挖泥船固有频率,对比该大型耙吸挖泥船激励频率与固有频率,结果表明,船体总振动固有频率通常可以避开激励频率,生活楼固有频率与激励频率较为接近。

间断级配散粒土侵蚀过程及强度演变机理研究

旨在探究相同应力条件下不同密实度间断级配散粒土管涌侵蚀机理及其侵蚀后强度变化特性,制备干密度为1.80,1.84,1.88 g/cm^(3)的3种土体试样,通过管涌三轴试验深入地探讨了干密度对其破坏临界水力梯度、累计涌砂量、体积变化量及侵蚀后强度变化的影响规律。研究表明:试样破坏临界水力梯度随其干密度增大而增大,且利用Terzaghi公式(F1)、毛昶熙公式(F2)及水利水电科学研究院公式(F3)对其渗流临界水力梯度进行分析,发现在该应力环境下各公式计算结果与试验结果均较接近(优劣度为F2>F3>F1)。试样累计涌砂量与体积变化量均与其干密度呈负相关性变化趋势,其涌砂速率随管涌侵蚀不断发展而逐渐衰减;土的强度受干密度与侵蚀率二者影响,表现为侵蚀后土体强度折减程度随侵蚀进行而逐渐增加,随干密度增大而减小。

隧道临界稳定断面确定方法及应用

文中提出一种基于参数化建模和强度折减法的隧道临界稳定断面确定方法.通过定义数值模型的关键点坐标,实现了基于FLAC3D的多心圆断面隧道参数化建模.定义一个尺寸调整系数,为强度折减计算得到的安全系数和安全系数目标值的比值.当尺寸调整系数大于1时,说明计算安全系数大于目标安全系数,隧道开挖断面小于临界稳定断面,可将隧道几何尺寸乘以尺寸调整系数,使得隧道开挖断面等比例扩大;反之,则说明隧道开挖断面大于临界稳定断面,将隧道几何尺寸乘以尺寸调整系数,使得隧道开挖断面等比例缩小.通过FLAC3D内置的FISH语言编程,根据尺寸调整系数,对隧道开挖断面进行等比例调整,直至尺寸调整系数等于1,迭代终止,得到最终临界稳定断面.

Rigorous back analysis of shear strength parameters of landslide slip

A rigorous back analysis of shear strength parameters of landslide slip was presented. Kinematical element method was adopted to determine factor of safety and critical failure surface, which overcomes the disadvantage of limit equilibrium method. The theoretical relationship between the combination of shear strength parameters and stability state was studied. The results show that the location of critical slip surface, F/tan f and F/c depend only on the value of c/tan f. The failure surface moves towards the inside of slope as c/tan f increases. According to the information involving factor of safety and critical failure surface in a specific cross-section, strength parameters can be back calculated based on the above findings. Three examples were given for demonstrating the validity of the present method. The shear strength parameters obtained by back analysis are almost consistent with their correct solutions or test results.

CGF固化/稳定化重金属污染土强度及浸出特性

通过CGF(由电石渣、粒化高炉矿渣、粉煤灰组成的固废基固化剂)固化/稳定化不同土质种类(由不同黏粒、粉粒、砂粒配比调配)、不同复合重金属(Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量的污染土,借助宏微观试验研究固化/稳定化污染土的强度特性、重金属浸出特性以及固化/稳定化机理.研究结果表明:CGF固化/稳定化重金属污染土强度和重金属浸出浓度主要由养护龄期、重金属含量和土质种类共同决定;随着养护龄期的增加,固化/稳定化污染土强度逐渐增加,但不同重金属含量的强度变化规律不同,存在重金属“临界含量”;随着养护龄期的增加,重金属浸出浓度逐渐减小,其浸出浓度变化规律亦存在重金属“临界含量”,该“临界含量”由养护龄期和土质种类控制,固化/稳定化Clay污染土在7,28,90d的“临界含量”分别为200,300,600mg/kg,28d时固化/稳定化Clay、CSSM511、CSSM111污染土“临界含量”分别为300,200,200mg/kg,固化/稳定化CSSM011污染土不存在“临界含量”.CGF固化/稳定化重金属污染土作用机理包括固化剂对重金属离子的化学沉淀、包裹、吸附、离子交换等稳定化作用和土中黏土矿物对重金属离子的稳定化作用.

热态C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体电击穿特性研究

热态气体的临界击穿场强是评估高压断路器弧后电击穿特性的基础数据,文中研究了C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体在C_(5)F_(10)O混合比例k=0~10%、压强0.1~2.0 MPa、温度300~4 000 K范围内的临界击穿场强。基于质量作用定律数学模型,得到不同温度下混合气体的平衡组分,采用两项近似方法求解玻尔兹曼方程,分析混合气体的电子能量分布函数、折合电离和吸附系数,获得混合气体的临界折合击穿场强和临界击穿场强。结果表明:0.6 MPa下,温度低于3 000 K时,随着温度降低,k=0~10%混合气体的临界击穿场逐渐低于SF_(6);在温度高于3 000 K时,混合气体的临界击穿场强为SF_(6)的1.2倍以上,具有较强的绝缘能力。研究结果可为C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体高压断路器弧后电击穿特性研究提供参考。

气压湿度对空气隙绝缘特性的影响研究

外界环境条件影响以空气为介质的电力设备外绝缘性能,为了研究空气放电的物理特性,文中基于Boltzmann方程研究空气中电子与分子碰撞的微观过程,计算分析气压、湿度对空气隙绝缘性能的影响规律。结果表明,温度为300 K,气压为1.0 atm(1 atm=101 kPa)时,空气相对湿度的升高会改变电子能量分布函数和电子输运参数。相对湿度每升高30%,电子平均能量下降约0.2 eV,约化电子迁移率下降约0.25×10^(23)(V∙m∙s)^(-1),约化电子扩散系数下降约0.2×10^(24)(m∙s)^(-1),空气相对湿度从0%升高到30%,临界击穿场强升高486 V/cm,空气相对湿度从30%升高到60%,临界击穿场强升高729 V/cm,空气隙绝缘性能增强;温度为300 K,相对湿度为0%时,气压每升高0.2 atm,临界击穿场强升高约6 kV/cm,空气隙绝缘性能增强。

双层土质滑坡临界滑动面判识与失稳机理研究

研究层状土质边坡的临界滑动面和失稳机制是岩土工程中经典的研究课题。聚焦引起边坡失稳破坏的不同诱发机制和触发因素,关注边坡的破坏模式和失稳过程,有利于提供更具针对性的加固措施。针对岩土工程中常见的非均质边坡,研发了适合双层土质边坡的有限元程序。研究了土坡在不同几何形态下,稳定性态、临界滑动面位置、失稳模式及破坏机制的演化规律;推导了非均质土坡的安全系数FS与土体特性和几何形态之间的内在函数关系式;提出了双滑面失稳机理与临界强度比的概念,给出了边坡稳定性态与失稳破坏的临界转折点和双滑面失稳的判别准则;揭示了双层不排水边坡的破坏机制,建立了不排水边坡稳定性态和失稳机理的相关设计图表。工程验证表明,计算所得的边坡稳定数及稳定状态与工程实际非常接近,该运算程序能够精准快速地判定潜在临界滑动面,准确评估边坡破坏机制,为双层土质边坡稳定性分析提供了新的思路和途径。

垢对蜡沉积物强度及聚乙烯管道清管特性的影响

油井采出原油中含有泥沙、垢等颗粒物,在管输过程中颗粒物与原油中的蜡分子协同沉积,导致管道输量降低,严重时可能造成管道堵塞,影响原油管道安全输送。对掺垢蜡沉积物进行了屈服应力测试实验和显微特性实验;对室内聚乙烯管道进行了清管实验;基于清管实验结果,利用π定理建立了清管效率预测模型。结果表明,碳酸钙垢对蜡沉积物强度的影响存在临界垢质量分数;沉积物中含垢,会提高清管器的蜡层破坏力和清管效率;通过室内实验和第三方文献实验数据,验证了所建立的模型。

砂岩强度的动态尺寸效应机理研究

试验研究发现岩石强度的动态尺寸效应与静态尺寸效应相反,但岩石动态尺寸效应的内在微细观动力机理还没有澄清。本文以砂岩为例,基于岩石的翼状裂纹模型,联合求解裂纹的加载方程和运动方程,研究了在动载作用下试件尺寸对岩石强度的影响机理,即岩石强度的动态尺寸效应。结果表明:在相同动力加载率条件下,试件尺寸越大,裂纹连接所需要的时间越长;试件破坏时的施加的应力(也即动态强度)越大,试件的动态尺寸效应越显著,岩石动态强度近似以幂律关系增长;对于一定的试件尺寸范围,根据数值分析,得到岩石的临界应变率范围,在该临界应变率以下,静态的尺寸效应占主导地位,在该临界应变率以上,动态尺寸效应占主导地位,且临界应变率随试件尺寸增加而降低;试件临界尺寸随着应变率增加而降低。