An investigation of flow characteristics and critical heat flux in vertical upward round tube

Prediction of critical heat flux (CHF) in annular flow is important for the safety of once - through steam generator and the reactor core under accident conditions. The dryout in annular flow occurs at the point where the film is depleted due to entrainment, deposition, and evaporation. The film thickness, film mass flow rate along axial distribution, and CHF are calculated in vertical upward round tube on the basis of a separated flow model of annular flow. The theoretical CHF values are higher than those derived from experimental data, with error being within 30%.

Accurate prediction of the critical heat flux for pool boiling on the heater substrate

While the influence of liquid qualities,surface morphology,and operating circumstances on critical heat flux(CHF)in pool boiling has been extensively studied,the effect of the heater substrate has not.Based on the force balance analysis,a theoretical model has been developed to accurately predict the CHF in pool boiling on a heater substrate.An analytical expression for the CHF of a heater substrate is obtained in terms of the surface thermophysical property.It is indicated that the ratio of thermal conductivity(k)to the product of density(ρ)and specific heat(cp)is an essential substrate property that influences the CHF.By modifying the well-known force-balance-based CHF model(Kandlikar model),the thermal characteristics of the substrate are taken into consideration.The bias of predicted CHF values are within 5%compared with the experimental results.

The Corrected Simulation Method of Critical Heat Flux Prediction for Water-Cooled Divertor Based on Euler Homogeneous Model

An accurate critical heat flux（CHF） prediction method is the key factor for realizing the steady-state operation of a water-cooled divertor that works under one-sided high heating flux conditions.An improved CHF prediction method based on Euler＇s homogeneous model for flow boiling combined with realizable k-ε model for single-phase flow is adopted in this paper in which time relaxation coefficients are corrected by the Hertz-Knudsen formula in order to improve the calculation accuracy of vapor-liquid conversion efficiency under high heating flux conditions.Moreover,local large differences of liquid physical properties due to the extreme nonuniform heating flux on cooling wall along the circumference direction are revised by formula IAPWSIF97.Therefore,this method can improve the calculation accuracy of heat and mass transfer between liquid phase and vapor phase in a CHF prediction simulation of water-cooled divertors under the one-sided high heating condition.An experimental example is simulated based on the improved and the uncorrected methods.The simulation results,such as temperature,void fraction and heat transfer coefficient,are analyzed to achieve the CHF prediction.The results show that the maximum error of CHF based on the improved method is 23.7%,while that of CHF based on uncorrected method is up to 188%,as compared with the experiment results of Ref.[12].Finally,this method is verified by comparison with the experimental data obtained by International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor（ITER）,with a maximum error of 6% only.This method provides an efficient tool for the CHF prediction of water-cooled divertors.

Critical Heat Flux in Forced Convective Boiling with a Wall Jet

The critical heat flux (CHF) in the forced convective boiling with a wall jet has been investigated.The experiments of CHF with a wall jet have been performed over a wide range of ρ l/ρ g=6.6-1 603 and ΔT sub =0-60 K. The mechanism on CHF is discussed and a CHF model based on heat balance in sublayer can provide a good clue for analyzing and deriving CHF.Finally,a generalized correlation is presented, which can predict CHF for saturated and subcooled conditions.

Heat Flux Analysis in Electrical Transformers through Integral Operators of Mechanics

Considering the continuous functioning of a power transformer under charge of high capacity of 50 MVA, predicted studies are proposed to be performed of their thermal behavior under perma nent and variable regimens of flow of charge, using noninvasive methods based in integral trans forms that measure and determine parameters of geometrical, analytical and physical type of the transformer. In before works, we have studied a basic geometry of a winding composed of high and low voltage sections with a uniform heat generation and heat convection boundary conditions. The heat conduction equation representing the phenomena of heat generation in a cylindrical structure was solved by using an integral transform. In this sense, this new study considers the basic geometry composed of a three cylindrical windings (high and low voltage turns) and a rec tangular core. Thus it is proposed to solve magnetic flow equations using integral transforms (Han kel transforms and Bessel integrals) in order to obtain the heat source distribution in the core due to the magnetization currents which are developed in function of the magnetic field flow equations. Based on this, it is proposed as a second step to use this heat source distribution to obtain the corresponding temperature distribution in the core by solving the cylindrical heat conduction equation for the core (cylindrical). Bearing this in mind, it is proposed finally to solve the 3D cylindrical heat conduction equation for the one winding using the calculated heat convection coefficients, the conductivity of the winding, behavior of the mineral oil and the non uniform winding heat generation predicted in recent researches. This equation will be solved by using integral methods (Radon, Hankel and Fourier transforms). This methodology will be useful to establish a new design of a power transformer based on the values of their integrals and the results that throw the inverse methods for this case. Finally if possible we will use the programs of Fluent and/or Phoenics for the validation of functional proposed models of prediction and prevention of heat flow and charge based on the obtained results.

低碳钢表面氧化效应对加热面朝下CHF的影响

先进压水堆压力容器下封头采用材料为低碳钢SA508,其表面容易氧化,可能对堆内熔融物滞留(IVR,in-vessel retention)策略临界热流密度(CHF,critical heat flux)产生显著影响,从而影响该策略安全余量。针对这一问题,本文首先研究了低碳钢SA508不同程度表面氧化对加热面朝下CHF的影响,其次研究了在低碳钢表面氧化情况下纳米流体强化CHF效果。结果发现,低碳钢SA508表面氧化对加热面朝下池式沸腾CHF具有显著影响,随着氧化程度的加深,CHF快速增长并最终达到稳定,表面完全氧化情况下CHF稳定值是表面轻微氧化情况下的2倍左右;将完全氧化低碳钢表面放入纳米流体中进行沸腾实验,发现纳米流体可以继续提高完全氧化表面CHF但效果大幅减弱,CHF增强原因在于表面纳米颗粒沉积层具有很强的吸水性。

基于平板热管技术的电子器件热管理研究进展

随着电子器件不断趋于小型化和高度集成化发展,电子器件功率过高引发的散热问题亟待解决。平板热管由于具有均温性好、散热效率高等优势已为许多大功率电子元器件的散热问题提供了有效的热管理解决方案。但面对如今越来越多元化的散热需求,开发适应新型电子设备散热需求的高效平板热管仍是当前研究的热点。基于此,在对平板热管工作原理及结构特点进行阐述的基础上,对平板热管的传热性能、影响传热性能的因素(毛细芯结构、腔体厚度、工质、充液率、倾角和热源)、强化平板热管传热性能的措施(不同润湿性表面和支撑柱结构等)及其在小型化电子设备、IGBT晶体管、LED和电池组等电子器件散热应用等方面进行了系统性综述,指出研究不同毛细芯结构与腔体厚度下平板热管内部流动传热特性、散热性能强化的机制和综合优化方法,以及如何在不同电子器件热管理需求下设计出空间适应性强而散热性能高效的平板热管等仍是当前平板热管有待进一步突破的关键技术,将为平板热管在电子器件散热领域的进一步深入研究与优化提供一定参考。

Critical Heat Flux(CHF)Correlations for Subcooled Water Flow Boiling at High Pressure and High Heat Flux

The subcooled water flow boiling is beneficial for removing the high heat flux from the divertor in the fusion reactor,for which an accurate critical heat flux(CHF)correlation is necessary.Up to now,there are many CHF correlations mentioned for subcooled water flow boiling in the open literatures.However,the CHF correlations’accuracies for the prediction of subcooled water flow boiling are not satisfactory at high heat flux and high pressure for reactor divertor.The present paper compiled 1356 CHF experimental data points from 15 independent open literatures and evaluated 10 existing CHF correlations in subcooled water flow boiling.From the evaluation,the W-2 CHF correlation performs best for the experimental CHF data in all existing critical heat flux correlations.However,the predicted mean absolute error(MAE)of the W-2 correlation is not very ideal for all database and the MAE of the W-2 correlation is from 30%to 50%for some database.In order to enhance the CHF prediction accuracy in subcooled water flow boiling at high heat flux and high pressure,the present paper developed a new CHF correlation.Compared with other existing CHF correlations,the new CHF correlation greatly enhances the prediction accuracy over a broad range of pressures and heat fluxes which are desired in the cooling of high heat flux devices,such as those in the fusion reactor divertor.The validation results show that the new correlation has a MAE of 10.05%and a root mean squared error(RMSE)of 16.61%,predicting 68.1%of the entire database within±10%and 81.5%within±15%.The MAE of the new CHF correlation is 7.4%less than that of the best existing one(W-2 correlation),further confirming its superior prediction accuracy and reliability.Besides,the new CHF correlation works well not only for a uniform power profile but also for a non-uniform power profile in subcooled water flow boiling at high pressure and high heat flux.

纳米流体饱和池沸腾传热及CHF模型研究

纳米流体传热是一种新兴的换热方式,目前研究多集中在单相研究领域,而纳米流体沸腾传热特性的相关研究较少。本文采用热通量拆分方法,将壁面传热分为4种模型(微液层蒸发、气泡脱离前的瞬态导热、气泡脱离后的瞬态导热以及微对流换热),对这4种模型的传热量分别进行计算,结合壁面核化中心密度等参数,计算了壁面平均传热系数和CHF。结果表明,本文计算结果与国际上已发表的实验数据符合较好,充分验证了所建立模型的合理性。

粗糙度对微细通道纳米流体临界热流密度(CHF)和不稳定性的影响

分别以去离子水和质量分数为0.3%的Al2O3-H2O纳米流体为实验工质,在水力直径为1.24mm的矩形微细通道内进行饱和流动沸腾传热实验研究。首先运用酸性抛光技术对矩形微细通道的壁面粗糙度进行处理,再采用SFS法获得壁面粗糙度的显微图像,然后借助MATLAB对图像进行灰度化处理,从而获得粗糙度分别为25.3、38.7、51.2的3种实验矩形微细通道。对比研究了去离子水和0.3%Al2O3-H2O(质量分数)纳米流体在饱和流动沸腾传热过程中不同壁面粗糙度对临界热流密度(CHF)和纳米流体流动不稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:相同工况下,0.3%Al2O3-H2O纳米流体的CHF比去离子水可提高18.37%~226.28%;随着壁面粗糙度的增大,两种工质的CHF均略有增大,但相比去离子水,0.3%Al2O3-H2O纳米流体CHF随壁面粗糙度增大而增大的趋势更为明显;通过对大量实验数据综合评估分析,发现微细通道壁面粗糙度的增大会使微细通道内流体流动的不稳定性增大。

严重事故条件下反应堆压力容器下封头CHF模型应用研究

根据堆芯熔融物滞留(IVR)措施与压力容器的传热特点,对界面脱离临界热流密度(CHF)分析理论模型和考虑单个汽泡汽-液界面动力学的CHF分析理论模型分别进行改进,建立综合的CHF预测模型以应用于压力容器下封头CHF分析。结果表明,本文的综合模型预测的下封头CHF结果与国际上一些大尺寸的弯曲表面实验结果基本一致。

液钠沸腾两相流流型与临界热流密度(CHF)机理实验研究

通过大量的液态金属钠临界热流密度 (CHF)的实验研究 ,结合液钠两相传热流动特性及液钠的物性特点 ,分析了起始沸腾流型 ,泡状流 ,块状流 ,环状流和双向环状流的热工水力特性 ;并从实验结果出发 。

基于流固共轭传热的两相流动数值模拟及燃料子通道CHF预测研究

为对过冷沸腾两相流动进行准确模拟,并探索临界热流密度(CHF)预测方法,本文基于共轭传热和两相C FD分析的方法,通过流固界面耦合,建立流固共轭传热两相流动耦合求解的数值模型.首先通过典型燃料棒栅元过冷沸腾两相流动的模拟,验证数值模型的正确性.随后对燃料子通道内两相流动进行模拟,并在两相流动模拟的基础上,通过准瞬态的方法,建立与CHF试验过程非常近似的CHF预测方法,将加热壁面的温度飞升作为CHF判定的标准,实现对燃料组件子通道CHF的数值预测.研究表明,本文建立的数值模拟方法,可为燃料组件或其他换热系统的CHF预测奠定基础,为燃料组件的设计提供新的辅助手段.

神经网络在CHF预测中的应用

利用人工神经网络理论对均匀加热垂直上升圆管内的临界热流密度（ＣＨＦ）进行预测和参数趋势分析。本研究采用局部条件假设，并选用Ｇｒｏｅｎｅｖｌｄ的ＣＨＦ查询表数据为本文神经网络训练的样本，采用训练成功的网络预测ＣＨＦ值可以得到比常规方法更好的效果，其均方差为１４．９％。

Forced Convection Boiling Heat Transfer and Dryout Characteristics in Helical Coiled Tubes with Various Axial Angles

对水和水蒸汽汽液两相流体在螺旋轴呈各种倾角放置的螺旋管内强制对流沸腾传热与烧毁特性进行了系统地试验研究，试验中系统及结构参数范围如下：压力：Ｐ＝０．４～３．０ＭＰａ质量流速：Ｇ＝１００～２４００ｋｇ／ｍ２·ｓ进口水温：Ｔ＝３０～８０℃出口干度：ｘ＝－０．０５～１．２管内壁面热负荷：ｑ＝０～５４０ｋＥ／ｍ２试验段结构参数：总长Ｌ＝６４４８ｍｍ，管内径ｄ＝１１ｍｍ，螺旋直径Ｄ＝２５６ｍｍ，螺旋升角β＝４．２７°螺旋管轴向放置倾角：水平位置（０°）、向上倾斜４５°（＋４５°）、垂直向上（＋９０°）、向下倾斜４５°（－４５°）．共进行了１０５０个工况的试验．试验结果表明，螺旋管内汽液两相流强制对流沸腾传热可以划分为核态沸腾区、两相流强制对流区、烧毁及烧毁后传热区等３种区域．通过数据处理和分析总结，给出了３区域间转变的边界方程，和３个区域内两相流传热系数的计算公式．根据试验观察和数据结果，对烧毁现象及烧毁点或区域发生的条件及机理进行了深入的分析研究，发现一系列有关现象的规律和特点，指出了其主要影响因素，并给出了烧毁点临界质量干度的预报公式．

铜表面-氧化石墨烯纳米涂层池沸腾换热特性实验

石墨烯材料因其优异的导热性能和化学惰性,在核反应堆先进换热设备领域有很大的应用前景。为探索石墨烯材料的强化换热性能,本文采用沸腾沉积法制备氧化石墨烯纳米涂层,开展了氧化石墨烯涂层-去离子水池沸腾换热特性实验。氧化石墨烯纳米流体工质浓度为0.001、0.003、0.005 mg/mL,加热时间控制为1 h和2 h,通过沸腾沉积在裸露铜表面制备6种氧化石墨烯涂层。以此为基础开展池沸腾实验,结果发现氧化石墨烯涂层对池沸腾换热系数的影响很小,但可显著增强池沸腾临界热流密度。从涂层表面润湿性、热导率及形貌结构变化等角度分析了氧化石墨烯涂层对池沸腾换热特性的影响机理。