Experimental Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of an Adjustable Critical-Flow Venturi Nozzle

The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effect of a variation in the cone displacement and liquid content on the critical flow characteristics is examined in detail and it is shown that the former can be used to effectively adjust the critical flow rate.The critical pressure ratio of the considered nozzle is above 0.85,and the critical flow control deviation of the gas flow is within±3%.Liquid flow can reduce the gas critical mass flow rate accordingly,especially for the cases with larger liquid volume and lower inlet pressure.The set of results and conclusions provided are intended to support the optimization of steam injection techniques in the context of heavy oil recovery processes.

Preparation of Layered Potassium Titanate Whiskers with Large Length-diameter Ratio by KDC Method

Pure K2Ti4O9 whiskers were prepared by KDC（Kneading-Drying-Calcination） method with TiO2 and K2CO3 as raw materials. The influences of TiO2/K2CO3 molar ratio（RT/K）, calcination temperature（TC） and cooling process on phase composition and morphology of the whiskers were investigated by TG-DSC（thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimeter）, XRD（X-ray diffraction）, and SEM（scanning electron microscope）. Pure K2Ti4O9 potassium titanate whiskers with large length-diameter ratio（r）（over 250） can be obtained at RT/K = 2.9 and TC = 950 ℃.

Elasto-Plasticity Critical Corrosive Ratio Model for RC Structure Corrosive Expanding Crack

The parameter of filling expanding ratio n, plasticity factor k1 and deformation parameter k2 is raised, and then the elasto-plasticity critical corrosive ratio model for RC structure corrosive expanding crack based on elasto-plasticity theory is constructed in this paper. The influences of parameters such as filling expansion ratio n, plasticity factor kl, deformation parameter k2, Poisson ratio of concrete v, diameter of reinforced bar d and protective layer thickness c on the critical corrosive ratio are researched by theory analysis and experiments. The experimental results validate the accuracy of the model. According to the experimental study, the least squares solution is calculated as n = 1.8 ,k1 =0.61 ,k2 =0.5.

Seasonal shifts in the solute ion ratios of vadose zone rock moisture from the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory

One of the greatest challenges in critical zone studies is to document the moisture dynamics, water flux,and solute chemistry of the unsaturated, fractured and weathered bedrock that lies between the soil and groundwater table. The central impediment to quantifying this component of the subsurface is the difficulty associated with direct observations. Here, we report solute chemistry as a function of depth collected over a full year across the shale-derived vadose zone of the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory using a set of novel sub-horizontal wellbores,referred to as the vadose zone monitoring system. The results of this first geochemical glimpse into the deep vadose zone indicate a dynamic temporal and depth-resolved structure. Major cation concentrations reflect seasonal changes in precipitation and water saturation, and normalized ratios span the full range of values reported for the world's largest rivers.

Critical Cyclic Stress Ratio of Undisturbed Saturated Soft Clay in the Yangtze Estuary under Complex Stress Conditions

There exists a critical cyclic stress ratio when sand or clay is subjected to cyclic loading. It is an index dis-tinguishing stable state or failure state. The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus de-veloped by Dalian University of Technology in China was employed to perform different types of tests on saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze estuary. Undisturbed samples were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consoli-dation parameters. The effects of initial orientation angle of major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress,initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and stress mode of cyclic shear on the critical cyclic stress ratio wereinvestigated. It is found that the critical cyclic stress ratio decreases significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientationangle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate prin-cipal stress is less evident. Under the same consolidation condition, the critical cyclic stress ratio from the cyclic cou-pling shear test is lower than that from the cyclic torsional shear test, indicating that the stress mode of cyclic shear has an obvious effect on the critical cyclic stress ratio. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stressdirections during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.

Factors Affecting the Relation of Fracture Toughness V_(GC) with Critical Void Growth Ratio R_C/R_O

The relationship between fracture toughness VGC and critical void growth RC/RO was studied for ten kinds of Steel. The macroscopic fracture toughness VGC was determined by using notched tensile specimens. and the microscopic parameters of critical void growth ratio RC/RO were quantitatively measured under SEM. Then, the coefhcient C in the relation VGC = C In(RC/RO) proposed in author's past work was specifically explored. The correlation of C with tensile proderty parameter φ=σyδ/(Eφn) was presented for the Steel investigated, and the effects of low temperature on C were also discussed. Results show that the coefficient C is linearly related to the parameter and insensitive to low temperature.

Effect of fiber-reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of sand approaching the critical state

Several types of ground improvement methods that employ fiber-reinforcement have been developed in recent years.A series of consolidated drained triaxial compression tests has been conducted here to examine the effect of short fibers on the mechanical properties of Toyoura sand.Sand with 0%,0.2%,0.4%,and 1%fiber contents,prepared to yield random distribution,was sheared under several confining pressures and controlled via their initial relative densities.The test results showed that the maximum and residual deviatoric stresses increased,whereas the volumetric expansion decreased with an increase in fiber content.Although the stress ratio h(=q/p′)and specific volume changed depending on the fiber content and confining pressure with shear progression,they each reached the same values for a definite fiber content at the end of shearing,independent of initial relative density.In other words,the unique critical state line can be found for a definite fiber content.Moreover,the greater the fiber content,the larger the slope of the critical state line at the end of shearing.Additionally,as the length of fibers shortened with the same percentage of fiber inclusions in sand,the deviatoric stress and the stress ratio decreased,approaching the shear-strain-volumetric response of unreinforced sand.

Critical weight on bit of double-driven bottomhole assembly during vertical and fast drilling

It is difficult to determine the optimal weight on bit (WOB) of the double-driven bottomhole assembly (DD-BHA, with double stabilizers and a bent housing positive displacement motor (PDM)) which is employed during vertical and fast drilling. High WOB leads to well deviation out of control, and low WOB leads to low rate of penetration (ROP). So considering the rock physical properties, the anisotropy index function of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit was derived with the structure and cutting performance parameters of the bit, and the effect of natural hole deviation tendencies on the performance of DD-BHA resisting deviation was represented. The concept of elliptic deformation ratio was used to characterize the performance of DD-BHA resisting deviation. Eventually, a model calculating the critical WOB was established. By comparing the model predictions with the measured hole angle changes in the field, the results show that the model predictions are accurate with error less than 5.8%, which can meet the operational requirements in the projects. Furthermore, the model was adopted to justify and guide the operating conditions and parameters during drilling, which shows that the optimum WOB predicted by the model can not only control deviation but also improve ROP effectively. The model is independent on the formation characteristics of blocks, so it can be expanded widely to other oilfields.

Modeling for critical state line of granular soil with evolution of grain size distribution due to particle breakage

Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.

Determination of the Critical Value of Deflection for Embedded Cylindrical Structures

An embedded cylinder is a large-diameter cylinder embedded in a soil foundation. The state of failure of such an embedded cylindrical structure shows large deflection instead of slide and overturn of the traditional gravity type of structure placed on a rubble base or foundation base. The critical value of deflection of the embedded cylindrical structure, which is the maximum allowable deflection for stability calculation of the cylinder, is a vital control value. Through investigation on deflection and soil pressures on an embedded cylinder by model experiments, the variations of the angle of rotation θ of a cylinder with effective anti-overturning ratio η and moment MH of thrust are discussed. On the basis of experimental study, the critical value of deflection of the cylindrical structure is proposed in the paper. Meanwhile, the formulas for calculating deflection of cylinders are derived.

基于CRITIC法和转换比率法的公立医院医师需求测算研究

医师人力资源是医院核心资源,科学测算医院医师人力资源需求有助于合理配置医师人力资源,提升公立医院可持续发展能力,实现高质量发展。以某高校附属医院为例,分别运用文献法、专家咨询法、CRITIC赋权法和转换比率法确定测算指标,设置指标权重,计算科室医师理论需求人数,探索完善公立医院医师人力资源需求测算方法,提出科学制定引人计划、加强人才梯队建设、健全人力资源管理规划的建议,为科学配置医师人力资源提供参考。

沿面放电光脉冲发展特征与临界击穿判据研究

绝缘沿面放电是引起高压开关柜中滑闪及电弧击穿的主要原因和前期阶段,准确有效地对绝缘异常爬电进行监测、跟踪和预警对保障设备安全运行非常关键。该文通过试验研究强垂直分量绝缘爬电的光脉冲阶段特征,并提出基于多波段光谱辐射强度信息的放电发展阶段划分方法和临界击穿判据,从而建立基于多波段光谱强度比值的放电跟踪预警方法。首先,搭建多波段单光子试验系统,采用自制多波段光学传感装置对沿面放电发展全过程跟踪测量,获得表征放电发展过程光谱比率的统计参量;其次,借助模糊聚类算法和支持向量机,构建放电发展临界特征空间边界,并对放电严重程度进行量化评估,结果表明该方法对放电阶段的正判率达到96.9%以上;最后,确立基于光谱比率的放电危险性主动预警逻辑,并开发了放电光脉冲跟踪预警系统,为开关柜放电和弧光监测的创新应用提供了参考。

超固结黏土不排水剪切的屈服与临界状态

以研究超固结黏土的屈服与临界状态为目的,通过GDS三轴剪切试验仪(GDS triaxial shear testing apparatus)开展了一系列不同超固结状态的黏土不排水剪切试验。为对黏土的应力路径进行分析,选取了能描述超固结状态不同时土的屈服特性的ALPHA(α)模型。分析了黏土的偏应力/孔压-应变曲线变化趋势,并确定了孔压达到峰值时土体为破坏状态。根据应力破坏点拟合出临界状态线,提出了针对不同超固结比的不排水抗剪强度的计算公式。试验结果表明:不排水剪切试验中,前期固结压力相同时,超固结比越小,抗剪强度越高,但是屈服强度并非随超固结比的降低而单调递增变化;超固结比相同时,前期固结压力越大,抗剪强度越高,屈服强度也越高;正常固结和轻超固结土的破坏应变皆在5%左右,而重超固结土则呈现明显的剪胀现象和脆性破坏,破坏应变小于2.5%;正常固结和轻超固结土的应力路径呈“S”形,重超固结土的应力路径呈不断增长的趋势。根据破坏标准,重超固结土和轻超固结土、正常固结土共用一条临界状态线,不排水抗剪强度计算公式参数较少,易获取,易嵌入本构模型中,应用方便。

单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳换算长细比的一般计算式

单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳的换算长细比是计算其极限荷载的重要参数。基于单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳的平衡微分方程,采用Galerkin法推导了4种边界约束条件弯扭失稳临界荷载的一元二次方程,并进一步得到了基于荷载比、双长细比的弯扭失稳换算长细比理论式。基于理论式,分别对比了我国现行标准GB 50017—2017中双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳的换算长细比,揭示了其中存在的问题;提出了新的双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳换算长细比的计算式,并与理论式的计算结果进行对比。结果表明,对于不同边界约束条件的轴压构件,其弯扭失稳临界荷载或换算长细比的形式不尽相同;相较于GB 50017—2017中的公式,所建议的双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳的换算长细比具有更高的精度,且适用于4种边界约束条件和115个等边双角钢组合T形截面、71个长肢相并的不等边双角钢组合T形截面和71个短肢相并的不等边双角钢组合T形截面。

油气管道焊缝凹陷韧性损伤研究

针对含焊缝凹陷管道的失效问题,以X80管线钢为研究对象,采用临界空穴扩张比韧性失效准则与数值模拟相结合的方法对管道焊缝凹陷损伤程度进行了研究,探讨了焊接残余应力应变、焊缝余高、凹陷深度、压头尺寸、内压和偏移距离对焊缝凹陷损伤的影响。结果表明:焊接残余应力应变和焊缝余高使管道焊缝凹陷损伤值增大;焊缝凹陷损伤值随凹陷深度的增加而增大;随着内压的增加,损伤值增幅最大值点在凹陷侧部;压头与管道接触面积越小,焊缝凹陷损伤值越大;凹陷偏移达到一定距离时,凹陷附近的损伤值超过焊缝附近的损伤值,此时凹陷可以视作普通凹陷。

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

高气液比水平井临界携液流量预测新模型

明确气井积液机理和携液规律对于掌握井下流体的流动状态至关重要。目前现场应用的临界携液流量模型较多,但是不同模型计算结果差异较大,Turner等模型计算的长北区块气井携液流量偏大,不利于指导生产。通过开展水平井流动模拟正交实验,捕捉典型流态,发现管斜角在45°~60°出现过渡流,通过编制流态识别程序进一步确定管斜角为46°时开始出现过渡流,此时携液最困难。基于液滴理论,引入井斜修正系数,建立了新的临界携液流量模型,新模型在长北区块气井中具有良好的适用性。新模型敏感性分析结果表明,由强到弱影响气井携液能力的因素依次为油管内径、井底流压、井斜角、井底温度。绘制的临界携液流量图版为后期开展停喷井治理措施的时机提供了依据。

轴压荷载下装配式SCCT剪力墙钢板屈曲行为研究

为探究装配式SCCT剪力墙钢板屈曲机制及钢板屈曲对墙体轴压承载性能的影响,建立了考虑钢材初始缺陷的装配式SCCT剪力墙非线性数值分析模型,对模型受力机理及钢板临界屈曲应力进行了分析,并根据参数分析结果提出了钢板临界屈曲应力计算方法。结果表明:墙体承载力主要由管内混凝土承担,各部件间协同工作,应力及变形传递性能良好;当管外混凝土厚度大于20 mm、钢材初始缺陷低于1/1000时,二者对钢板临界屈曲应力影响可忽略不计;对于Q235和Q355常用钢,要求钢板不发生弹性屈曲的距厚比限值分别为44.9、36.6。

配置抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点受冲切承载力计算

为计算配有常用抗冲切钢筋(箍筋和栓钉)的钢筋混凝土(RC)板柱节点的受冲切承载力,结合梁斜拉破坏机理和修正压力场理论(MCFT)提出一种配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的受冲切承载计算方法.首先根据MCFT推导出配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的临界斜裂缝倾角计算式;然后,假定冲切破坏时临界截面周长范围内的抗冲切钢筋达到屈服强度,将临界斜裂缝倾角代入MCFT推导出板柱节点的受冲切承载力计算方法;最后,使用该方法和美国规范(ACI 318-19)方法计算62个配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点试验的冲切承载力,并分析了混凝土强度、板有效厚度、柱截面边长、抗弯钢筋配筋率及抗冲切钢筋配筋率对节点抗冲切承载力的影响.结果表明:由MCFT推导出的节点受冲切承载力计算值与试验值吻合较好,均值为0.96,变异系数为0.20;节点的冲切承载力与上述影响因素呈非线性正相关.该方法可用于配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的受冲切承载力计算.

地下连续墙受力变形光纤监测与数值模拟研究

地下连续墙是一种常见的深基坑支护方式,具有刚度大、防渗性能好、适应范围广等优点,但其受力变形规律较为复杂。基于超弱光纤光栅感测技术,对某地铁车站基坑地下连续墙水平位移进行实时监测。将监测数据与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了数值分析模型选取的合理性,并基于该数值分析模型研究了不同厚度软土层中,地下连续墙水平位移的变化规律,通过墙体位移梯度(D_(w))和软土位移梯度(D_(r))进行临界厚度比计算。研究结果显示:水平位移随软土厚度的变化呈“凸肚”状,沿深度方向划分为相对稳定区、线性增长区、最大变形区和线性下降区。利用D_(w)和D_(r)标定出临界厚度比为0.24;土压力变化在基坑前四步开挖过程中较为稳定,而在第五步开挖与施工后40 d变化显著。上述研究结果为类似工程的设计、施工和监测方案的制定提供了重要参考。