Soil phosphorus dynamic, balance and critical P values in longterm fertilization experiment in Taihu Lake region, China

Phosphorus（P） is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment（started 1980） to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen（N） and potassium（K）, only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including： C0（control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure）, CNK treatment（mineral N and K only）, CNPK（balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K）, MNK（integrated organic manure and mineral N and K）, and MNPK（organic manure plus balanced fertilization）. The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P（TP） and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg^（–1）, respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.

Long-term phosphorus accumulation and agronomic and environmtal critical phosphorus levels in Haplic Luvisol soil, northern China

Sufficient soil phosphorus （P） content is essential for achieving optimal crop yields, but accumulation of P in the soil due to excessive P applications can cause a risk of P loss and contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. Determination of a critical soil P value is fundamental for making appropriate P fertilization recommendations to ensure safety of both environment and crop production. In this study, agronomic and environmental critical P levels were determined by using linear-linear and linear-plateau models, and two segment linear model, for a maize （Zea mays L.）-winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） rotation system based on a 22-yr field experiment on a Haplic Luvisol soil in northern China. This study included six treatments： control （unfertilized）, no P （NoP）, application of mineral P fertilizer （MinP）, MinP plus return of maize straw （MinP＋StrP）, MinP plus low rate of farmyard swine manure （MinP＋L.Man） and MinP plus high rate of manure （MinP＋ H.Man）. Based on the two models, the mean agronomic critical levels of soil Olsen-P for optimal maize and wheat yields were 12.3 and 12.8 mg kg-1, respectively. The environmental critical P value as an indicator for P leaching was 30.6 mg Olsen-P kg-1, which was 2.4 times higher than the agronomic critical P value （on average 12.5 mg P kg-1）. It was calculated that soil OIsen-P content would reach the environmental critical P value in 41 years in the MinP treatment, but in only 5-6 years in the two manure treatments. Application of manure could significantly raise soil Olsen-P content and cause an obvious risk of P leaching. In conclusion, the threshold range of soil Olsen-P is from 12.5 to 30.6 mg P kg-1 to optimize crop yields and meanwhile maintain relatively low risk of P leaching in Haplic Luvisol soil, northern China.

Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China

The optimized management of crop fertilization is very important for improving crop yield and reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.Critical nutrient values can be used for evaluating the nutritional status of a crop,and they reflect the nutrient concentrations above which the plant is sufficiently supplied for achieving the maximum potential yield.Based on on-farm surveys of 504 farmers and 60 field experimental sites in the drylands of China,we proposed a recommended fertilization method to determine nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizer input rates for wheat production,and then validated the method by a field experiment at 66 different sites in northern China.The results showed that wheat grain yield varied from 1.1 to 9.2 t ha^(-1),averaging 4.6 t ha^(-1),and it had a quadratic relationship with the topsoil(0-20 cm)nitrate N and soil available P contents at harvest.However,yield was not correlated with the inputs of N,P,and K fertilizers.Based on the relationship(exponential decay model)between 95–105%of the relative yield and topsoil nitrate N,available P,and available K contents at wheat harvest from 60 field experiments,the topsoil critical nutrient values were determined as 34.6,15.6,and 150 mg kg^(-1)for soil nitrate N,available P,and available K,respectively.Then,based on five groups of relative yield(>125%,115–125%,105–115%,95–105%,and<95%)and the model,the five groups of topsoil critical nutrient levels and fertilization coefficients(Fc)were determined.Finally,we proposed a new method for calculating the recommended fertilizer input rate as:Fr=Gy×Nr×Fc,where Fr is the recommended fertilizer(N/P/K)input rate;Gy is the potential grain yield;Nr is the N(N_(rN)),P(N_(rP)),and K(N_(rK))nutrient requirements for wheat to produce 1,000 kg of grain;and Fc is a coefficient for N(N_c)/P(P_c)/K(K_c)fertilizer.A 2-year validated experiment confirmed that the new method reduced N fertilizer input by 17.5%(38.5 kg N ha^(-1))and P fertilizer input by 43.5%(57.5 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1))in northern China and did not reduce the wheat yield.This outcome can significantly increase the farmers’benefits(by 7.58%,or 139 US$ha^(-1)).Therefore,this new recommended fertilization method can be used as a tool to guide N,P,and K fertilizer application rates for dryland wheat production.

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg^(–1) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg^(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg^(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha^(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha^(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.

中国三大棉花种植区域土壤速效钾丰缺指标及推荐施钾量研究

为给西北内陆棉区、长江流域棉区和黄河流域棉区棉花的钾肥施用提供科学依据,采用“零散实验数据整合法”“反正弦-对数矫正模型”以及“养分平衡-地力差减法”,开展了上述三大棉区棉花土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,中国三大棉区土壤速效钾丰缺指标均可划分出5级,西北内陆棉区第1~5级丰缺指标为≥418、166~418、111~166、80~111和<80 mg/kg;长江流域棉区第1~5级丰缺指标为≥357、128~357、81~128、56~81和<56 mg/kg;黄河流域棉区第1~5级丰缺指标为≥213、129~213、102~129、85~102和<85 mg/kg。三大棉区土壤速效钾临界值分别为166.0、127.2和128.4 mg/kg。当钾肥当季利用率为50%,籽棉(皮棉)目标产量为2.5~9.0(1.0~3.6)t/hm^(2)时,第1~5级土壤的推荐施钾量依次为0、30~108、60~216、90~324和120~432 kg/hm^(2)。

潮土小麦和玉米Olsen-P农学阈值及其差异分析

【目的】磷农学阈值是指导不同作物磷肥用量并获取最佳经济产量的重要依据,然而,不同地区不同的耕作制度、土壤类型、作物种类、p H、温湿度条件下,作物的磷农学阈值不同。明确小麦–玉米轮作体系下,典型潮土区小麦和玉米的磷农学阈值,并分析其差异。【方法】本研究基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站"25年的定位试验,选取氮、钾肥施用充足和磷肥用量不同的NK(不施磷肥)、NPK(施用氮磷钾化肥)、NPKM(氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施)、1.5NPKM(高量氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥)、NPKS(氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施)5个处理的试验数据,使用米切里西指数模型(Mitscherlich exponential model)拟合小麦和玉米的Olsen-P农学阈值,并通过对比不同土壤磷水平下两种作物的磷吸收利用特性,分析其阈值不同的原因。【结果】获得最大相对产量的95%时,潮土区小麦Olsen-P农学阈值为13.1 mg/kg,玉米Olsen-P农学阈值为7.5 mg/kg。玉米Olsen-P农学阈值低于小麦主要原因:1)土壤磷水平较低时,小麦对磷缺乏更为敏感,而玉米可保持相对较强的吸磷能力,25年不施磷处理玉米吸磷量是小麦的1.4倍;2)土壤Olsen-P含量达到玉米阈值,而未能达到小麦阈值时,可保障玉米籽粒、茎秆及小麦籽粒正常生长对磷的需求,但小麦茎秆磷浓度仅能达到相对最大磷浓度的68.9%,严重影响了小麦的正常生长和获取较高产量的能力;土壤Olsen-P含量提高到小麦阈值后,小麦茎秆磷浓度提高到相对最大磷浓度的80.5%以上,进而可保障小麦获得较高的产量;3)土壤磷素养分充足时,小麦对磷的吸收量大于玉米,且主要是由于小麦茎秆磷浓度和吸磷量随土壤Olsen-P含量的增加而大幅度增加。【结论】小麦和玉米作为典型潮土区两种重要的粮食作物,Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.1和7.5 mg/kg。由于两种作物的生理特性不同,小麦对磷素的吸收利用率较低,茎秆需要较高的土壤磷浓度维持正常生长,产量形成对磷养分需求更大。因此,小麦–玉米轮作体系下,小麦的磷农学阈值更高,小麦季所需土壤磷供应量大于玉米季。为增强磷肥利用效率,减少磷肥投入量和土壤中磷素的过量累积,玉米季磷肥使用量应适当小于小麦季。当土壤Olsen-P水平高于作物磷农学阈值后,减少或短时间停止施用磷肥并不会对作物产量有明显影响。

Phosphorus Status and Risk of Phosphate Leaching Loss From Vegetable Soils of Different Planting Years in Suburbs of Changsha, China

The aim of the study was to develop an index to assess the environmental risk of P loss potential in vegetable soils with chronic difference of plantation in the suburbs of Changsha, Hunan Province, China. Chemical methodology was used to study soil phosphorus status and the relationships between available P in soil and potential soil leaching P. The results showed that there was a significant linear relationship between Olsen P and CaC12-P or P concentration in soil solution. Olsen P increased sharply when either CaCI2-P or P concentration in soil solution reached a certain level. It was confirmed that 80 mg kg-t of Olsen P was the critical value of soil P leaching in the vegetable soils. P leaching probability over the critical was assessed by GIS and indicator Kriging and four secondary risks of phosphorus leaching loss were defined. In the area with vegetable cropping for over 30 yr （Chenjiadu） and 10-15 planting years （Huangxingzhen）, the indices of phosphorus leaching loss risk were 3 and 2.93, respectively. These two areas belonged to strong secondary of risk of phosphate leaching loss. In the new vegetable planting field less than 2 yr （Ningxiang）, the index was 0.06, which had almost no risk of phosphorus leaching. In vegetable soils in the suburban region of Changsha, the phosphorus leaching peotential is high and the phosphorus leaching loss is related to chronic length of vegetable cropping.

土壤初始有效磷和交换性镁含量改变了小麦生长对pH的响应

酸害阈值作为土壤酸度改良的目标pH,对农业生产和可持续发展具有重要指导意义。通过盆栽试验,分析了5种不同母质土壤上小麦生长对pH的响应及其与土壤初始性质的关系。结果表明,板页岩、第四纪红土、河流冲积物、红砂岩和花岗岩发育的红壤上小麦地上部生物量稳定值分别为2.71、1.17、2.06、1.57和1.70 g·pot^(-1);达到稳定值95%、50%和5%时的pH阈值(即pH_(95%)、pH_(50%)、pH_(5%)),板页岩发育的红壤分别为5.31、4.42和3.53,第四纪红土发育的红壤分别为5.79、4.79和3.80,河流冲积物发育的红壤分别为5.25、4.71和4.16,红砂岩发育的红壤分别为4.94、4.61和4.29,花岗岩发育的红壤分别为5.72、4.66和3.59。小麦地上部生物量稳定值与土壤初始pH、有效磷、交换性镁和交换性钙含量呈显著或极显著正相关,pH_(50%)与有效磷含量呈显著负相关;株高pH_(50%)与土壤初始有效磷含量、交换性镁含量呈显著负相关。结果表明作物酸害阈值受土壤初始有效磷和交换性镁含量的影响,土壤肥力水平和酸度共同决定了作物的最大生物量,为培肥土壤、降低酸害影响提供了科学依据。

云南莴笋高产养分临界值施肥模型研究

为明确云南莴笋科学施肥量,在嵩明、祥云、通海布置田间试验,研究耕层土壤养分、当季施肥量与莴笋产量、净产值的关系。结果表明,各试验点N2P2K2处理产量、净产值最高;各试验点缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理莴笋产量与土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量之间呈正相关关系,产量与速效养分间的Pearson系数分别为0.91、0.98、0.99。土壤校正系数在一定程度上能反映土壤的供肥能力,本研究中莴笋土壤养分校正系数与土壤速效养分含量间的回归方程为yN=0.123-0.0144lnxN,yP=0.2446-0.0474lnxP,yK=0.806-0.118lnxK。根据推荐施肥量和土壤中养分供给量,确定莴笋高产养分临界值,云南莴笋高产养分临界值范围N(286.8±45.6)kg/hm^(2)、P2O5(135.7±4.9)kg/hm^(2)、K2O(346.3±126.1)kg/hm^(2)。在莴笋种植前通过测定土壤养分含量估算土壤供肥能力,用高产养分临界值减去土壤供应量计算莴笋当季施肥量。

河南烟区烤烟叶片含钾量低的原因初探

温室盆栽和大田试验结果揭示．烟叶评吸质量与烟叶含钾量呈正相关。尽管河南植烟土壤含钾量高于南方红壤，但其所产烟叶含钾量却远低于红壤。造成这种现象的主要原因包括土壤水分不足钾素迁移速度低，补充速度赶不上吸收速度的需要；土壤固相对钾的固定，河南烟区上镶中过量的钙对钾吸收的拮抗等。盆栽试验表明烤烟缺钾临界值为烤烟收获后土壤速效钾含量小于150mg／kg。通过调节土壤水分状况，选用吸钾能力高的烤烟品种和调节烤烟的生理活性可以有效地提高烟叶含钾量。

土壤PbCd污染的植物效应Ⅱ——Cd污染对水稻生长和Cd含量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了3种不同类型的人为污染土,即草甸棕壤(辽宁)、红壤(湖北)、灰色石灰土(广西)中不同Cd的含量对水稻生长和吸收Cd的影响。结果表明,除了辽宁土壤中10mgCd·kg-1处理使稻谷产量与对照相比减产约17%外,其余处理对稻草和稻谷产量均无明显影响。水稻吸收的Cd与土壤中的总量Cd(实测值)和DTPA可提取Cd含量之间均有着极显著的相关性,并由此计算了Cd的表观临界含量,其中湖北土壤对Cd的污染十分敏感(表观临界含量为0.22mgCd·kg-1)。

土壤Pb Cd污染的植物效应(Ⅰ)——Pb污染对水稻生长和Pb含量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了3种不同类型的人为污染土,即草甸棕壤(辽宁)、红壤(湖北)、灰色石灰土(广西)中不同Pb的含量(添加量为0,125,250,500,1000,2000mgPb·kg-1,Pb(OAc)2·3H2O)对水稻生长和吸收Pb的影响。结果表明,除了湖北红壤中2000mgPb·kg-1处理使稻草干物重与对照相比减产约20%外,其余处理对稻草和稻谷产量均无明显影响。水稻吸收的Pb与土壤中的添加Pb、总量Pb(实测值)和DTPA可提取Pb含量之间均有着极显著的相关性,并由此计算了Pb的表观临界含量,其中湖北土对Pb的污染十分敏感(表观临界含量为79mgPb·kg-1)。

土壤Cd污染对青菜和蕹菜生长及Cd含量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了草甸棕壤、红壤和灰色石灰土的人为Cd污染对青菜和蕹菜生物量和Cd含量的影响。结果表明,红壤加入Cd浓度为0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0mg·kg-1时,青菜地上部分的生物量与对照相比分别降低了13%、15%、25%和91%;蕹菜地上部分的生物量在添加Cd浓度为0.5、1.0、3.0mg·kg-1时与对照相比分别增加了21%、64%和81%,而添加浓度为5.0和10.0mg·kg-1时则分别降低了63%和86%;生长于草甸棕壤和灰色石灰土中的蕹菜地上部分的生物量随土壤Cd浓度的增加无显著差异。在土壤添加Cd浓度相同的条件下,青菜和蕹菜地上部分的Cd含量在3种土壤中的顺序为:灰色石灰土<草甸棕壤<红壤。在试验条件下,以国家食品卫生标准为依据、以青菜为指示植物计算得到的3种土壤Cd的表观临界含量分别为:以总Cd计算:草甸棕壤为0.33mg·kg-1,红壤为0.066mg·kg-1,灰色石灰土为0.70mg·kg-1;以DTPA提取态Cd计算:草甸棕壤为0.13mg·kg-1,红壤为0.012mg·kg-1,灰色石灰土为0.33mg·kg-1。

我国《土壤环境质量标准》现存问题与建议

环境立法是环境保护的基础 ,《土壤环境质量标准》的制定 ,对于保护我国的土壤资源起到积极的促进作用 ,但其也存在一些不足之处。文章从实际工作出发 ,探讨了本标准的现存问题 ,并对《土壤环境质量标准》的制定原则和污染物一、二级指标的确立及监测提出了一些建议。

基于稻米摄入风险的稻田土壤镉临界值研究：个案研究

研究了浙江富阳某乡土壤Cd的污染,以及水稻对土壤Cd的吸收,并应用基于稻米摄入风险的方法推导了土壤Cd的临界值。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米Cd污染严重。结合土壤总Cd和土壤pH应用多元回归分析建立了稻米Cd含量的预测模型。应用预测模型计算表明,pH分别为5、6、7、8时土壤Cd的临界值分别为0.42mgkg-1、0.79mgkg-1、1.49mgkg-1和2.81mgkg-1。土壤性质差异使得Cd的临界值具有较大的空间变异。在研究区,有73%地区总Cd含量超过了所对应的临界值,因此需要实施合理的风险管理措施。土壤Cd的临界值推导过程中不确定性来源主要为风险评估模型以及水稻Cd的预测模型,土壤pH是最敏感的参数。

褐土施N i对小白菜的生物效应及临界值的研究

研究了褐土施镍（Ni）对小白菜生长发育及矿质营养吸收与积累的影响。依据小白菜生物量的变化，用茎叶Ni含量及土壤有效态Ni含量来表征土壤Ni污染的毒性临界值。结果表明，施Ni量在0—25mg·kg^-1范围促进小白菜鲜重增加、干物质积累降低；随施Ni量增加，生物量呈极显著下降。褐土施Ni影响矿质营养元素的吸收和积累，且随施Ni量的增加表现出一定的协同和拮抗作用。以生物量减产10％为依据，确定褐土施Ni的毒性临界值为：土壤全Ni含量57．22mg·kg^-1，土壤有效态Ni含量8．59mg·kg^-1（用DTPA提取液）和茎叶Ni含量20．51mg·kg^-1。

棕壤小白菜施镍生物效应及临界值

利用盆栽试验，研究了棕壤土施镍（Ni）对小白菜生长发育及矿质营养吸收与积累的影响，并通过小白菜生物量、地上部茎叶Nj含量及土壤有效态Ni含量的变化确定了土壤Ni污染的毒性临界值。结果表明，土壤施Nj量在0—25mg／kg范围，小白菜生物量随施Nj量的增加而增加，施Ni量〉25mg／kg，随施Ni量增加，生物量呈极显著下降。小白菜茎叶和根系中矿质营养吸收与Ni含量表现为一定的协同或拮抗关系。以生物减产量突变点为依据，确定棕壤土施Ni毒害临界值为：土壤全量Ni为66．36mg／kg，有效态Ni含量为6．21mg／kg（DTPA）和茎叶Ni含量为16．40mg／kg。

制定我国土壤环境标准(汞、镉、铅和砷)的探讨

本文依据国内外土壤环境质量标准的研究现状,在提出土壤环境标准制定依据和原则的基础上,对Hg、Cd、Pb和As的土壤环境质量标准进行了研究。研究表明,我国土壤环境质量功能分区可包括:(1)自然保护区或“清洁”无污染区;(2)农牧区;(3)森林区;(4)城市区、废物处置区和工矿区。其相应的土壤环境质量标准,汞为0.10、0.20、0.50和1.00mg/kg;镉为0.15、0.30、0.50和1.00mg/kg;铅为30、60、100和300mg/kg;砷为15、20、27和30(砂土区除外)mg/kg,并论证这些标准值在全国应用的可能性。为全国土壤质量的宏观管理与控制污染提供了科学依据。

4种重金属污染对稻田土反硝化细菌的影响

在实验室条件下,研究Cd2+、As5+、Cu2+和Pb2+处理黄松稻田土、紫色稻田土和红壤稻田土后,4周内重金属污染对反硝化细菌种群数量及其反硝化活性的影响.结果表明,在1kg干土中加入0.5mg Cd2+、30mg As5+、50mg Cu2+和200mg Pb2+时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有促进作用,加入Cd2+、As5+、Cu2+和Pb2+分别超过1.0,60,500,400mg/kg干土时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有明显抑制作用.但反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性能逐渐恢复并接近对照水平,重金属污染越重,恢复所需的时间也越长.同一种重金属元素对不同水稻田土的反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性的影响也有差异.

油菜施钾效果及土壤速效钾临界值初步判断

对湖北省近10多年的80个油菜施钾试验数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,油菜施用钾肥具有明显的增产和增收效果,油菜施钾效果与土壤速效钾含量水平密切相关,与土壤缓效钾含量呈一定的负相关,但相关性不显著。土壤质地明显影响钾肥效果,总体而言,轻质土壤施钾效果高于粘质土壤。土壤速效钾临界值研究结果表明,按照Cate-Nelson方法,以不施钾对照处理占施钾处理产量的90％为依据,初步估计轻质土壤和粘质土壤的速效钾(K)临界值分别为103mg/kg和84mg/kg;以施钾产投比为2作为依据,估计轻质土壤和粘质土壤的速效钾临界值分别为 55mg/kg和 46mg/kg;以施钾产投比为 1.5作为依据,估计其临界值分别为 103mg/kg和 74mg/kg。