This paper examines the historical evolution of crop-livestock integration in China with a specific focus on its role in mitigating non-point source pollution.Extensive examination of existing literature has unearthed...This paper examines the historical evolution of crop-livestock integration in China with a specific focus on its role in mitigating non-point source pollution.Extensive examination of existing literature has unearthed the roots of croplivestock integration dating back to the Western Zhou Dynasty(1046 to 771BCE), ultimately culminating in a multifaceted and intricately interwoven system of rural development policies seen in contemporary China. This paper identifies and characterizes four distinct stages in the historical trajectory of crop-livestock integration: the era of self-sufficient subsistence production in traditional times(1046 BCE to 1948);the period where crop-livestock integration emerged as a pivotal strategy for augmenting grain and meat production under collectivist policies(1949-1977);the phase marked by the industrialization and expansion of the livestock sector during the early years of economic reforms(1978-2011);and the present era in which crop-livestock integration is harnessed as a mechanism for pollution control and ecological preservation in contemporary China(2012 to present). This paper illuminates the diverse contributions of crop-livestock integration in different epochs of rural development within China, which contributes to a nuanced and more theoretically grounded comprehension of circular agriculture. This understanding has the potential to be leveraged to promote sustainable rural development in broader contexts.展开更多
坚毅品质,作为重要的积极心理因素,是二语习得研究中的新兴课题。研究基于布朗芬布伦纳(Urie Bronfenbrenner)的生态系统理论,采用个案研究法探讨内容语言融合(Content and Language Integration,CLI)课堂中英语专业学生坚毅品质的发展...坚毅品质,作为重要的积极心理因素,是二语习得研究中的新兴课题。研究基于布朗芬布伦纳(Urie Bronfenbrenner)的生态系统理论,采用个案研究法探讨内容语言融合(Content and Language Integration,CLI)课堂中英语专业学生坚毅品质的发展特点及其影响因素。研究发现:CLI课堂中,学生的坚毅品质不仅呈现历时动态变化,亦体现鲜明的个体差异,高水平学习者的坚毅状态稳定在中上水平,中等水平学习者的坚毅状态具有高低交替波动的特点,低水平学习者的坚毅状态呈上升趋势。造成此类差异的因素与生态系统中各个子系统密不可分,其中微观系统对学生坚毅品质的影响最为凸显,自我效能感是学习者克服挫折的重要因素。展开更多
Crop-livestock integration(CLI)is a significant practice for livestock grazing systems in alpine rangelands.It offers the potential to achieve sustainable crop and livestock production.However,the separate crop and li...Crop-livestock integration(CLI)is a significant practice for livestock grazing systems in alpine rangelands.It offers the potential to achieve sustainable crop and livestock production.However,the separate crop and livestock systems that exist today have led to issues of intensive agriculture,rangeland degradation and forage shortage in the Tibetan Plateau.Developing crop-livestock integration through sown pastures can be an effective way to lift pasture productivity and improve livestock production.Thus,to explore the potential for integrating crop and livestock production in alpine grazing systems,an assessment of potential forage and livestock production using multiple datasets was carried out in Burang County,China.Results showed the marginal land potentially available for sown pastures was about 560 ha,located mostly in the Burang township of the Karnali basin.Accumulated temperature was the dominant limiting factor for establishing sown pastures,therefore cold tolerance of forage species and growth period should be taken into consideration.Furthermore,the number of livestock decreased during the period 2012–2016;yet often,the number of livestock in rangeland landscape was greater than that in agro-pastoral landscape.The average number of livestock was about 110000 standard sheep units(SU)in the study area,but forage from sown pastures and crop residues could potentially feed about 11000 SU,accounting for 50%of the livestock population in the Karnali basin.We found that integrating crop and forage production could fill feed gaps for grazing systems,particularly in the agro-pastoral landscape of the Karnali basin.The results of this study provide scientific support to guide future forage production and to promote further crop and livestock integration in Burang County.展开更多
Crop-livestock integrated systems have been identified as an excellent option to use land efficiently. This study investigates how the intercropping between corn and three palisade grass cultivars affects the species ...Crop-livestock integrated systems have been identified as an excellent option to use land efficiently. This study investigates how the intercropping between corn and three palisade grass cultivars affects the species productivity and the physiological and structural characteristics of swards grazed under 95% light interception under mob stocking. Evaluations were performed before corn harvest and during three grazing cycles. Similarity between the cultivars on the proportion of corn morphological components has shown that none of the studied forage plants had influence on the growth of corn. The crop-livestock integrated system with corn modified the proportion of palisade grass cultivars’ morphological components, promoting the development of Xaraes cultivar. In the pre-grazing in the grazing cycles, considering 95% of light interception the Xaraes cultivar showed higher height (0.47 m) compared with Marandu (0.37 m) and similar to Piata (0.42 m). Forage density was higher in the second grazing cycle only when the forage mass was also greater with greater contribution of both leaves and stems compared to the other cycles. Mass of leaves, stems and dead material was similar between the cultivars both pre- and post-grazing. The corn and forage intercropping did not affect the growth and development of palisade grass pastures and it is a viable alternative for the crop-livestock integrated system. Corn production is not affected by the palisade grass cultivars but production can be affected by environmental conditions mainly rainfall. The Marandu, Xaraes and Piata cultivars can be recommended for integration farming system in crop-livestock integrated system and are recommended for sward managed under 95% light interception and 15 cm high residue.展开更多
This study evaluated the dry matter production and chemical composition of Brachiaria forage grasses in the offseason after corn harvest in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was conducted at the Federal...This study evaluated the dry matter production and chemical composition of Brachiaria forage grasses in the offseason after corn harvest in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Goiás, Rio Verde Campus, using a randomized complete block experimental design, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the forages: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu;Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes;Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata;Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-4;Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis, intercropped in oversown corn for implantation of integrated crop-livestock system. The results showed that intercropping corn with Brachiaria grasses favors the production of high-quality forage in the offseason, and the cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens showed higher dry matter production. And cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu palisadegrass, Xaraes palisadegrass and Piata palisadegrass) are the most suitable for presenting food of better quality, compared with Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-4, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis.展开更多
Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to in...Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration(CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation Youth Project “Research on the Realization Mechanism,Enriching People Effect and Path of Agricultural Carbon Reduction and Increase Value under the Background of Double Carbon Target”(22CJY030)
文摘This paper examines the historical evolution of crop-livestock integration in China with a specific focus on its role in mitigating non-point source pollution.Extensive examination of existing literature has unearthed the roots of croplivestock integration dating back to the Western Zhou Dynasty(1046 to 771BCE), ultimately culminating in a multifaceted and intricately interwoven system of rural development policies seen in contemporary China. This paper identifies and characterizes four distinct stages in the historical trajectory of crop-livestock integration: the era of self-sufficient subsistence production in traditional times(1046 BCE to 1948);the period where crop-livestock integration emerged as a pivotal strategy for augmenting grain and meat production under collectivist policies(1949-1977);the phase marked by the industrialization and expansion of the livestock sector during the early years of economic reforms(1978-2011);and the present era in which crop-livestock integration is harnessed as a mechanism for pollution control and ecological preservation in contemporary China(2012 to present). This paper illuminates the diverse contributions of crop-livestock integration in different epochs of rural development within China, which contributes to a nuanced and more theoretically grounded comprehension of circular agriculture. This understanding has the potential to be leveraged to promote sustainable rural development in broader contexts.
文摘坚毅品质,作为重要的积极心理因素,是二语习得研究中的新兴课题。研究基于布朗芬布伦纳(Urie Bronfenbrenner)的生态系统理论,采用个案研究法探讨内容语言融合(Content and Language Integration,CLI)课堂中英语专业学生坚毅品质的发展特点及其影响因素。研究发现:CLI课堂中,学生的坚毅品质不仅呈现历时动态变化,亦体现鲜明的个体差异,高水平学习者的坚毅状态稳定在中上水平,中等水平学习者的坚毅状态具有高低交替波动的特点,低水平学习者的坚毅状态呈上升趋势。造成此类差异的因素与生态系统中各个子系统密不可分,其中微观系统对学生坚毅品质的影响最为凸显,自我效能感是学习者克服挫折的重要因素。
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0502001,2016YFC0501803)Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative from ICIMOD
文摘Crop-livestock integration(CLI)is a significant practice for livestock grazing systems in alpine rangelands.It offers the potential to achieve sustainable crop and livestock production.However,the separate crop and livestock systems that exist today have led to issues of intensive agriculture,rangeland degradation and forage shortage in the Tibetan Plateau.Developing crop-livestock integration through sown pastures can be an effective way to lift pasture productivity and improve livestock production.Thus,to explore the potential for integrating crop and livestock production in alpine grazing systems,an assessment of potential forage and livestock production using multiple datasets was carried out in Burang County,China.Results showed the marginal land potentially available for sown pastures was about 560 ha,located mostly in the Burang township of the Karnali basin.Accumulated temperature was the dominant limiting factor for establishing sown pastures,therefore cold tolerance of forage species and growth period should be taken into consideration.Furthermore,the number of livestock decreased during the period 2012–2016;yet often,the number of livestock in rangeland landscape was greater than that in agro-pastoral landscape.The average number of livestock was about 110000 standard sheep units(SU)in the study area,but forage from sown pastures and crop residues could potentially feed about 11000 SU,accounting for 50%of the livestock population in the Karnali basin.We found that integrating crop and forage production could fill feed gaps for grazing systems,particularly in the agro-pastoral landscape of the Karnali basin.The results of this study provide scientific support to guide future forage production and to promote further crop and livestock integration in Burang County.
文摘Crop-livestock integrated systems have been identified as an excellent option to use land efficiently. This study investigates how the intercropping between corn and three palisade grass cultivars affects the species productivity and the physiological and structural characteristics of swards grazed under 95% light interception under mob stocking. Evaluations were performed before corn harvest and during three grazing cycles. Similarity between the cultivars on the proportion of corn morphological components has shown that none of the studied forage plants had influence on the growth of corn. The crop-livestock integrated system with corn modified the proportion of palisade grass cultivars’ morphological components, promoting the development of Xaraes cultivar. In the pre-grazing in the grazing cycles, considering 95% of light interception the Xaraes cultivar showed higher height (0.47 m) compared with Marandu (0.37 m) and similar to Piata (0.42 m). Forage density was higher in the second grazing cycle only when the forage mass was also greater with greater contribution of both leaves and stems compared to the other cycles. Mass of leaves, stems and dead material was similar between the cultivars both pre- and post-grazing. The corn and forage intercropping did not affect the growth and development of palisade grass pastures and it is a viable alternative for the crop-livestock integrated system. Corn production is not affected by the palisade grass cultivars but production can be affected by environmental conditions mainly rainfall. The Marandu, Xaraes and Piata cultivars can be recommended for integration farming system in crop-livestock integrated system and are recommended for sward managed under 95% light interception and 15 cm high residue.
文摘This study evaluated the dry matter production and chemical composition of Brachiaria forage grasses in the offseason after corn harvest in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Goiás, Rio Verde Campus, using a randomized complete block experimental design, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the forages: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu;Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes;Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata;Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-4;Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis, intercropped in oversown corn for implantation of integrated crop-livestock system. The results showed that intercropping corn with Brachiaria grasses favors the production of high-quality forage in the offseason, and the cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens showed higher dry matter production. And cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu palisadegrass, Xaraes palisadegrass and Piata palisadegrass) are the most suitable for presenting food of better quality, compared with Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-4, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis.
基金国家社科基金一般项目“中国英语学习者互动语用能力发展研究”(编号:19B Y Y227)教育部首批新文科研究与改革实践项目“新文科建设背景下外语学科国别区域学专业建设探索”(编号:2021040005)的阶段性成果北京外国语大学北京高校高精尖学科“外语教育学”建设项目(编号:2020SYLZDXM011)的支持。
基金The National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFC0502001)。
文摘Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration(CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.
