Development of a stable attenuated double-mutant of tobacco mosaic virus for cross-protection

Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum)and tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)are two major economic crops in China.Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV;genus Tobamovirus)is the most prevalent virus infecting both crops.Currently,some widely cultivated tobacco and tomato cultivars are susceptible to TMV and there is no effective strategy to control this virus.Cross-protection can be a safe and environmentally friendly strategy to prevent viral diseases.However,stable attenuated TMV mutants are scarce.In this study,we found that the substitutions in the replicase p126,arginine at position 196(R^(196))with aspartic acid(D),glutamic acid at position 614(E^(614))with glycine(G),serine at position 643(S^(643))with phenylalanine(F),or D at position 730(D^(730))with S,significantly reduced the virulence and replication of TMV.However,only the mutation of S^(643) to F reduced the RNA silencing suppression activity of TMV p126.A double-mutant TMV-E614G-S643F induced no visible symptom and was genetically stable through six successive passages in tobacco plants.Furthermore,our results showed that TMV-E614G-S643F double-mutant could provide effective protection against the wild-type TMV infection in tobacco and tomato plants.This study reports a promising mild mutant for cross-protection to control TMV in tobacco and tomato plants.

Floristic Diversity, Stand Structure and Plant Life Traits in the Forest-Savanna Mosaic at Ndjole (Centre Cameroon)

With the aim of assessing floristic diversity, stand structure and vegetation ecology, the present work was carried out in the savanna mosaic forest of the locality of Ndjole (Centre Cameroon). A total of 30 floristic plots of 40 m × 40 m (1600 m2) were delineated in the different ecosystems (forest, forest-savanna contact zone and the savanna). Within each plot, all individuals with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm at 1.30 m were taken into account. ANOVA was used to compare the means of the diversity indices of the different ecosystems, and the DUNCAN test at 5% significance level (XLSTAT 2016) to separate these means. A total of 85 species belonging to 67 genera and 33 families were recorded. That is, 68 species in semi-caducifolia forest, 45 in forest-savanna contact zone and 18 in savanna. Urticaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae, Myristicaceae and Euphorbiaceae are the most diverse families in the forest. On the other hand, in contact zones, the Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Annonaceae and Moraceae families are the most diversified, while in the savannas, the Combretaceae, Fabaceae and Annonaceae families are the most diversified. Shannon’s diversity index values (1.7 to 2.37 bits) reflect low specific diversity;Piélou’s equitability (0.86 to 0.9) shows good distribution of individuals within species. The diametric structure of woody species shows an inverted “J” shape in all plant communities. This indicates a high regeneration potential characterized by a greater number of small trees than large trees. Mesophanerophytes and megaphanerophytes are dominant in forests and forest-savanna contact zones, and microphanerophytes in the savannas. Endozoochory is the main mode of diaspore dissemination. As regards the distribution of phytogeographical types, it shows the overall dominance of Guineo-Congolese species in all plant communities. Our study provides detailed data on forest-savanna floristic and plant life traits in the mosaic and recommends further studies on the impact of environmental parameter variations on the forest encroachment into savanna.

Turnip mosaic virus pathogenesis and host resistance mechanisms in Brassica

Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)is a devastating potyvirus pathogen that infects a wide variety of both cultivated and wild Brassicaceae plants.We urgently need more information and understanding of TuMV pathogenesis and the host responses involved in disease development in cruciferous crops.TuMV displays great versatility in viral pathogenesis,especially in its replication and intercellular movement.Moreover,in the coevolutionary arms races between TuMV and its hosts,the virus has evolved to co-opt host factors to facilitate its infection and counter host defense responses.This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the viral factors that contribute to the TuMV infection cycle and the host resistance mechanism in Brassica.Finally,we propose some future research directions on TuMV pathogenesis and control strategies to design durable TuMV-resistant Brassica crops.

Reactions of Maruca Resistant Transgenic Cowpea to Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Virus

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. [Walp.]) in one of the main grain legumes contributing to food security and poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To control the highly damaging legume pod borer Maruca vitrata F., transgenic cowpea lines expressing the insecticidal Cry1Ab Bt protein were developed. In this study, we evaluated the impact of Cry1Ab transgene expression on the susceptibility of four cowpea lines (named IT97K-T, IT98K-T, Gourgou-T and Nafi-T) and their respective non-transgenic near isogenic lines (IT97K, IT98K, Gourgou and Nafi) to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in greenhouse conditions. In a preliminary quality control test by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the presence of Cry1Ab protein in transgenic seed lots ranged from 59% to 72%, with no significant differences among the lines (χ2 = 3.26;p = 0.35). Upon virus inoculation, all cowpea lines exhibited mosaic symptoms with similar severity between 7- and 11-day post-inoculation. No significant differences were observed in symptom severity. Significant differences were found between cowpea lines for time of symptom onset, virus accumulation in plants and days to 50% flowering. However, while comparing pairs of transgenic lines and corresponding non-transgenic lines, virus accumulation showed not significant differences whatever the pair. Time of symptom onset and days to 50% flowering did not also differ significantly between pairs of cowpea lines except Nafi/Nafi-T in which transgenic Nafi-T showed earlier symptoms (7.4 ± 0.7 vs. 8.9 ± 0.8 days post-inoculation) and shorter flowering time (37.3 ± 0.6 vs. 42 ± 1.7 days after sowing). Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the effects of Cry1Ab gene mediated genetic modification on cowpea infection by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, with potential implications for environmental safety assessment.

Clinical manifestations and the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 7 mosaicism:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of trisomy 7 mosaicism are diverse and nonspecific,so prenatal diagnosis is very difficult.CASE SUMMARY Two pregnant women with abnormal prenatal screening results were included.One was a 22-year-old woman(G1P0).At 31st week of gestation,ultrasound revealed that the posterior horn of the left lateral ventricle was 10 mm and the right renal pelvis had a separation of 7 mm.The other pregnant woman was 33 years old(G2P1L1A0),and her fetus was found to have a cardiac malformation at the 24th week of gestation.Copy number variation sequencing,whole-exome sequencing and karyotype analysis were carried out after amniocentesis,and both fetuses were diagnosed with trisomy 7 mosaicism.After parental counseling,one woman continued the pregnancy,and the other woman terminated the pregnancy.CONCLUSION In trisomy 7 mosaicism,the low proportion of trisomy does not lead to abortion,but can result in abnormal fetal development,which can be detected via ultrasound.Therefore,clinicians need to pay more attention to various aspects of fetal growth and development,combining with imaging,cellular,molecular genetics and other methods to perform comprehensive evaluations of fetuses to provide more reliable genetic counseling for pregnant women.

An image mosaic technique with non-overlapping regions based on microscopic vision in precision assembly

Microscopic vision has been widely applied in precision assembly.To achieve sufficiently high resolution in measurements for precision assembly when the sizes of the parts involved exceed the field of view of the vision system,an image mosaic technique must be used.In this paper,a method for constructing an image mosaic with non-overlapping areas with enhanced efficiency is proposed.First,an image mosaic model for the part is created using a geometric model of the measurement system installed on a X-Y-Z precision stages with high repeatability,and a path for image acquisition is established.Second,images are captured along the same path for a specified calibration plate,and an entire image is formed based on the given model.The measurement results obtained from the specified calibration plate are utilized to identify mosaic errors and apply compensation for the part requiring measurement.Experimental results show that the maximum error is less than 4μm for a camera with pixel equivalent 2.46μm,thereby demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed method.This image mosaic technique with non-overlapping regions can simplify image acquisition and reduce the workload involved in constructing an image mosaic.

General mapping of one-dimensional non-Hermitian mosaic models to non-mosaic counterparts:Mobility edges and Lyapunov exponents

We establish a general mapping from one-dimensional non-Hermitian mosaic models to their non-mosaic counterparts.This mapping can give rise to mobility edges and even Lyapunov exponents in the mosaic models if critical points of localization or Lyapunov exponents of localized states in the corresponding non-mosaic models have already been analytically solved.To demonstrate the validity of this mapping,we apply it to two non-Hermitian localization models:an Aubry-Andre-like model with nonreciprocal hopping and complex quasiperiodic potentials,and the Ganeshan-Pixley-Das Sarma model with nonreciprocal hopping.We successfully obtain the mobility edges and Lyapunov exponents in their mosaic models.This general mapping may catalyze further studies on mobility edges,Lyapunov exponents,and other significant quantities pertaining to localization in non-Hermitian mosaic models.

GmTOC1b negatively regulates resistance to Soybean mosaic virus

Soybean(Glycine max)is a major oil and feed crop worldwide.Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is a globally occurring disease that severely reduces the yield and quality of soybean.Here,we characterized the role of the clock gene TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1b(GmTOC1b)in the resistance of soybean to SMV.Homozygous Gmtoc1b mutants exhibited increased tolerance to SMV strain SC3 due to the activation of programmed cell death triggered by a hypersensitive response.Transcriptome deep sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis suggested that GmTOC1b likely regulates the expression of target genes involved in the salicylic acid(SA)signaling pathway.GmTOC1b binds to the promoter of GmWRKY40,which encodes a protein that activates the expression of SA-mediated defense-related genes.Moreover,we revealed that the GmTOC1bH1 haplotype,which confers increased tolerance to SMV,was artificially selected in improved cultivars from the Northern and Huang-Huai regions of China.Our results therefore identify a previously unknown SMV resistance component that could be deployed in the molecular breeding of soybean to enhance SMV resistance.

The Clinical Outcomes of Mosaic Embryo Transfer in Preimplantation Genetic Testing Cycles

Purpose: We aimed to analyze the pregnancy outcomes and perinatal follow-up of mosaic embryo transfer in the preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles. Method: We retrospectively selected 27 mosaic embryo transfer cycles as the study group and 97 euploid embryo transfer cycles as the control group after propensity score matching, which were performed in the reproductive medicine center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, from March 2019 to September 2023. The biopsy cells from blastocyst were undertaken next generation sequencing (NGS). Results: No significant difference in pregnancy outcomes compared between the two groups. According to the size of aneuploid, fragment the level of mosaicism or blastocyst morphological gradings, there were no significant difference in mosaic embryo transfers. Conclusion: Mosaic embryo detected in the PGT cycle can lead to clinical pregnancy and live birth of healthy offspring, which can be considerate suitable for transfer.

Mosaicism of a novel variant in the ANKRD11 gene in a child with a mild KBG phenotype:A case report

BACKGROUND KBG syndrome is likely underdiagnosed because of mild and non-specific features in some affected patients especially before the upper permanent central incisors eruption at about the age of 7-8 years.Somatic mosaicisms are usually recognized in the parents only after a typically affected son is diagnosed with KBG syndrome.We describe for the first time the mosaicism of a novel variant in a child with a mild KBG phenotype.CASE SUMMARY Our patient presented at 24 mo of age with short stature,hand abnormalities,facial dysmorphism and mild developmental delay.Pituitary hypoplasia and central hypothyroidism were also detected.By next generation sequencing(NGS)analysis we found a novel deletion in the ANKRD11 gene(c.4880_4893del.),that can be classified as likely pathogenic for the syndrome,with the percentage of mutated allele of 36%.We considered this finding as causative of the mild and non-specific phenotype for KBG syndrome in our patient,as previously reported in adults.A heterozygous variant in HESX1 gene,classified as variant of uncertain significance,but suspected of causing pituitary hypoplasia and hormonal deficiency,was also found.The patient started levothyroxine and growth hormone treatment.CONCLUSION The increased use of NGS analysis may expand the phenotypic spectrum of KBG syndrome because it allows genetic diagnosis of somatic mosaicisms also in children.

淮北石台煤矿接触变质煤速热碳化的微组构解译

作为岩浆吞噬煤层的信息记录者和物质承载者,接触变质煤是揭示煤层速热碳化过程和机理的重要研究对象。为此,本研究采集了淮北石台煤矿不同热变质程度的接触变质煤样品,利用镜质组反射率测试、元素分析、工业分析、偏光显微镜(PLM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等实验手段,表征其微组构特征,以期揭示煤层速热碳化的机理和过程。结果显示,从未受影响煤、浅热变质煤到天然焦,样品最大镜质组反射率、灰分产率升高,氢、氮元素以及挥发分含量降低。未受影响煤显微组分以胶质结构体为主,局部发育丝质体;浅热变质煤中裂隙发育、少见脱挥发孔;靠近岩体的块状天然焦中镶嵌结构炭和脱挥发孔发育,孔径多介于20~150μm;岩体内的细脉状天然焦,主要由多孔炭和炭微球组成,富含圆形—椭圆形气孔,孔径多介于1~3μm。分析表明,趋近岩体,接触变质煤热变质程度连续增加:浅热变质煤是煤层受较弱热变质而脆性断裂的结果;天然焦是浅热变质煤热解脱挥发分和中间相化的产物;至岩体附近,天然焦被液化成多孔炭和炭微球,后二者最终被氧化为气态碳氧化物而消失。我们认为,岩浆接触变质煤速热碳化的实质就是固态煤岩被岩浆热解而中间相化、液化和氧化气化的过程。

基于“马赛克战”的水下有人-无人作战使用探讨

通过对“马赛克战”概念的背景和特点进行分析,提出基于马赛克的水下攻防作战运用构想,构建基于马赛克的水下有人-无人作战网络,分析多域背景下水下OODA作战网络的构成,利用OODA作战环理论对水下马赛克作战网络作战能力进行分析,并提出水下马赛克作战网络对抗单个平台和对抗作战网络的使用方法。最后,从通信组网、集群使用、人工智能、察打一体等4个方面对“马赛克战”概念下水下无人航行器装备使用提出建议。

ToMMV病残体中病毒存活力及其传病作用

因番茄斑驳花叶病毒(ToMMV)寄主范围广,传染性和致病力强,以ToMMV为对象,对其产生的植株病残体进行了病毒分布和存活时间检测、侵染活性分析以及传毒作用测试。结果表明:烟草植株病残体的叶、茎、根中均含有病毒,ToMMV可在病残体存活较长时间,病死枯叶室温存放90 d后病毒依然存在,且仍保持侵染活性,刀片刮划枯叶模拟农事操作接毒后发现病残体具有传毒作用;ToMMV可在病残体中长时间保持侵染活力,田间病残体很可能会成为下茬作物的初侵染源;土壤无直接传毒作用,但混有病残体的土壤也可成为初侵染源,且沾染在农具表面的离体病毒依然可以在一定时间内维持侵染活力,成为潜在的初侵染源。综上,清除植株病残体(减少初侵染源)是预防和控制ToMMV传播和扩散的重要环节,生产上应给予充分重视。

我国斯里兰卡木薯花叶病毒的分子特征及致病性分析

为进一步探究我国斯里兰卡木薯花叶病毒(Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus,SLCMV)的分子特征及致病性。以感染SLCMV的木薯叶片基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得DNA-A和DNA-B基因组全长,通过生物信息软件分析比较其核酸及氨基酸序列特征;构建了强、弱致病力分离物(SLCMV-Colombo和SLCMV-DG1922)的侵染性克隆,分别将2种致病力分离物的DNA-A和DNA-B组分进行重组,接种烟草(Nicotianatabacum),比较2种分离物的致病性差异。结果显示:我国SLCMV为“旧世界”双组份菜豆花叶病毒,编码包括AV2基因在内的8个开放阅读框(ORFs);具有双生病毒典型的共同序列(CR)、重复序列、TATABox和TAATATT↓AC茎环结构,Rep蛋白羧基末端有7个氨基酸缺失;我国SLCMV的基因组、编码和非编码区与柬埔寨、泰国和越南分离物的相似性在97.0%~100.0%之间,与印度和斯里兰卡早期的分离物相似性为86.5%~98.6%,DNA-B组份与印度木薯花叶病毒株系(ICMV)编码区序列相似性为95.0%~97.6%,与其他9个非洲木薯花叶病毒株系序列之间的序列相似性均低于80.0%。侵染性克隆接种结果证实,强致病力分离物SLCMV-Col的DNA-A(Col-A)组份在烟草叶片表现典型花叶症状中起主要作用,而我国分离物的DNA-B(DG1922-B)能协同Col-A对烟草产生强致病性。本研究分析了我国SLCMV的全基因组结构,建立的侵染性克隆及其技术为进一步解析SLCMV致病性机理提供重要的研究基础。

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒,对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年,在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份,利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示,在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV,检出率为64.28%,有3份样品检测出TMV,检出率为21.43%,2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测,结果显示,在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高,为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高,均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。

煤矿井下无人驾驶轨道电机车障碍物识别

针对现有煤矿井下无人驾驶轨道电机车因巷道环境恶劣导致障碍物识别精度低的问题,提出用于无人驾驶电机车障碍物精准实时检测的PDM-YOLO模型.基于YOLOv5,将模型C3模块中的传统卷积替换为部分卷积,构建C3_P特征提取模块,有效减少模型的浮点运算量(FLOPs)与计算延迟.采用改进后的解耦头,对传统YOLOv5的预测头进行解耦,提高模型的收敛速度及对障碍物的识别精度.优化Mosaic数据增强方法,丰富训练图像的特征信息,提高模型的普适性和鲁棒性.实验结果表明,PDM-YOLO模型在自制数据集上的平均检测精度(mAP)达到96.3%,平均检测速度达到109.2帧/s,PDM-YOLO模型在PASCAL VOC公共数据集上的检测精度高于现有主流的YOLO系列模型.

基于双目视觉的柔性塑胶套壁厚检测系统研究

为了完成锥形波纹管形状的柔性塑胶防尘套壁厚的检测,建立一个基于双目立体视觉模型的测量系统。该系统中的两个工业数字摄像机通过PLC给予的外触发对工件同时进行图像采集,对采集的多组图像进行相应的预处理后,采用特征点提取方法实现图像拼接,运用特征匹配算法提取出相应待测点三维坐标信息,完成柔性塑胶防尘套壁厚检测。该测量系统,使用气动柔性夹爪夹取工件,减少柔性工件的夹取变形影响,使用高精度移动滑台带动工件运动到拍照位置,通过控制滑台特定的移动距离和对图形特征提取结合方法对多次拍照后的工件图像进行特征点筛选和图像拼接,完成工件壁厚的高精度检测。实验数据表明,该测量系统绝对检测精度达±0.05mm以内,简单快捷,缩短了工件生产工作中的设备调整时间。

多矢量姿态测量算法研究综述

将矢量测量转化为姿态测量,该问题在姿态估计中被称为Wahba问题。介绍了最小化Wahba问题的损失函数的不同算法,包括最优四元数估计器(ESOQ)、四元数估计器(QUEST)、快速最优姿态矩阵(FOAM)、矩阵的奇异值分解(SVD)等广泛使用的算法,以及基于快速线性四元数姿态估计器(FLAE)、黎曼流形等近年来提出的算法。给出了简单的计算原理与推导过程,并通过计算机仿真对照,归纳各类算法在计算旋转矩阵时的计算精度、鲁棒性。针对姿态测量算法应对当前应用场景的性能需求,简要介绍其在惯性测量单元(IMU)动态对准、协同集群视觉定姿、图像拼接等方面的适用可能和工作原理,并在此基础上简述了姿态测量算法当前的缺陷与未来的发展趋势。

基于匹配的车载环视图像拼接标定研究

车载环视系统是辅助安全驾驶、消除车身四周盲区的重要有效装备,为改善图像拼接标定的精度及实现自动标定,设计图像拼接标定板,提出形状匹配的标定方法。标定板采用圆形图案并按矩形及对角五点布局方式,适用于“F-B-L-R”和“F-B-L-R-Z-Y”及多节牵引挂车场合,基于形状匹配的算法融合最小二乘法、图像金字塔及模板预训练的方法,实现了图像拼接标定。仿真实验表明,标定板具有良好的鲁棒性、算法具有良好的标定精度,能够实现自动化标定。

信前胡烟草花叶病毒lncRNA测序鉴定、原核蛋白表达及其序列分析

本研究对信前胡烟草花叶病毒进行鉴定、原核蛋白表达和序列分析,为信前胡脱毒苗的培育和鉴定提供理论依据。通过lncRNA测序和RT-PCR鉴定信前胡烟草花叶病毒蛋白基因,利用大肠杆菌重组技术表达信前胡烟草花叶病毒蛋白,并采用生物信息学方法进行序列分析。信前胡烟草花叶病毒蛋白基因包括复制酶(ORF1)、运动蛋白(ORF2)和外壳蛋白(ORF3);信前胡烟草花叶病毒复制酶、运动蛋白和外壳蛋白均可通过RT-PCR检测到,并可实现大肠杆菌重组表达,表明信前胡烟草花叶病毒的lncRNA测序结果准确;信前胡烟草花叶病毒复制酶、运动蛋白和外壳蛋白基因cDNA总长度分别为3351 bp、807 bp和480 bp;信前胡烟草花叶病毒复制酶、运动蛋白和外壳蛋白与烟草花叶病毒的亲缘关系较近,同源性分别为99.64%、98.88%、98.74%。信前胡烟草花叶病毒(Peucedanum praeruptorm tobacco mosaic virus,PpTMV)在江西省上饶市信前胡主产区信州、广信、玉山、广丰、婺源、德兴、弋阳的7个区或县均有发生。这是首次报道在信前胡上检测到PpTMV。