Impact of BRICS Trade Facilitation on China's Exports Using Cross-Border E-Commerce

With the rapid growth of the global digital economy, cross-border e-commerce, as an emerging form of trade, has gradually become a powerful engine to promote the development of global trade. BRICS is an important force in the global economy, and the progress of the BRICS countries' trade facilitation level has an important impact on the global trade environment. This paper conducts an in-depth study of the dynamic changes in BRICS trade facilitation from 2013 to 2022, and uses an extended gravity model to analyze the specific impact of this change on China's exports using cross-border e-commerce. The results show that although the BRICS countries have made some progress in trade facilitation, the overall level still needs to be improved, and there are obvious differences among member countries. However, the improvement of trade facilitation among BRICS countries has undoubtedly brought significant positive effects to China's exports using cross-border e-commerce.

Electricity Carbon Quota Trading Scheme based on Certificateless Signature and Blockchain

The carbon tradingmarket can promote“carbon peaking”and“carbon neutrality”at low cost,but carbon emission quotas face attacks such as data forgery,tampering,counterfeiting,and replay in the electricity trading market.Certificateless signatures are a new cryptographic technology that can address traditional cryptography’s general essential certificate requirements and avoid the problem of crucial escrowbased on identity cryptography.However,most certificateless signatures still suffer fromvarious security flaws.We present a secure and efficient certificateless signing scheme by examining the security of existing certificateless signature schemes.To ensure the integrity and verifiability of electricity carbon quota trading,we propose an electricity carbon quota trading scheme based on a certificateless signature and blockchain.Our scheme utilizes certificateless signatures to ensure the validity and nonrepudiation of transactions and adopts blockchain technology to achieve immutability and traceability in electricity carbon quota transactions.In addition,validating electricity carbon quota transactions does not require time-consuming bilinear pairing operations.The results of the analysis indicate that our scheme meets existential unforgeability under adaptive selective message attacks,offers conditional identity privacy protection,resists replay attacks,and demonstrates high computing and communication performance.

Micro,Small,and Medium Enterprises’Cross-Border Business Strategies

This paper explores the operational strategies of cross-border micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Against the backdrop of globalization and digitalization, cross-border trade has become one of the important pathways for many MSMEs to achieve growth and competitive advantage. Firstly, the paper outlines the concept and characteristics of cross-border MSMEs, as well as the analysis of their operational environment in the context of globalization, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Secondly, the paper proposes operational strategies for cross-border MSMEs, including international market selection and positioning, cross-border marketing strategies, supply chain management, cross-border financial management, and cross-border risk management. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance of effectively implementing these strategies for cross-border MSMEs to seize international market opportunities, reduce operational risks, and enhance competitiveness and profitability.

Daily rolling estimation of carbon emission cost of coal-fired units considering long-cycle interactive operation simulation of carbon-electricity market

The high overlap of participants in the carbon emissions trading and electricity markets couples the operations of the two markets.The carbon emission cost(CEC)of coal-fired units becomes part of the power generation cost through market coupling.The accuracy of CEC calculation affects the clearing capacity of coal-fired units in the electric power market.Study of carbon–electricity market interaction and CEC calculations is still in its initial stages.This study analyzes the impact of carbon emissions trading and compliance on the operation of the electric power market and defines the cost transmission mode between the carbon emissions trading and electric power markets.A long-period interactive operation simulation mechanism for the carbon–electricity market is established,and operation and trading models of the carbon emissions trading market and electric power market are established.A daily rolling estimation method for the CEC of coal-fired units is proposed,along with the CEC per unit electric quantity of the coal-fired units.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through an example simulation,and the factors influencing the CEC are analyzed.

Pricing Mechanism of China’s Trans-regional and Trans-provincial Electricity Trading

With the large-scale development of Chinese electric power, the contradiction of China’s energy supply and demand that reverse distributed is very prominent, therefore, promoting electricity trading is one of the important measures to get optimized configuration of energy resources in nationwide. For the two kinds of trading method, the “power point to the grid” trading and the “grid to grid” trading, this paper designed pricing mechanism model, and took one area as an example, we analyzed the impact of the participants by using different pricing mechanism, and put forward reasonable policy proposals for China’s pricing mechanism of trans-regional and trans-provincial electricity trading.

Influences of uncertainties to the generation feasible region for medium- and long-term electricity transaction

For the implementation of power market in China,medium-and Iong-term security checks are essential for bilateral transactions,of which the electricity quantity that constitutes the generation feasible region(GFR)is the target.However,uncertainties from load forecasting errors and transmission contingencies are threats to medium-and Iong-term electricity tradi ng in terms of their in flue nces on the GFR.In this paper,we prese nt a graphic distortio n pattern in a typical threegenerator system using the Monte Carlo method and projection theory based on security constrained economic dispatch.The underlying potential risk to GFR from uncertainties is clearly visualized,and their impact characteristics are discussed.A case study on detailed GFR distortion was included to dem on strate the effectiveness of this visualization model.The result implies that a small uncertainty could distort the GFR to a remarkable extent and that different line-contingency precipitates disparate the GFR distortion patterns,thereby eliciting great emphasis on load forecasting and line reliability in electricity transacti ons.

CMC International Advertising & Exhibition Co.Ltd.-Bridging the Sino-foreign Mechanical and Electrical Trade

CMC International Advertising & Exhibition Co. Ltd.(CMC-IAE) is a specialized subsidiary of China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (CMC) with corporate status. In the past 47 years, the company has played a positive role in the conveyance of information and development of China’s mechanical and electrical trade with other countries in the forms of specialized advertising and exhibitions, contributing greatly to the bridging of Sino-foreign mechanical and electrical trade and expansion of international economic and trade exchanges. CMC-IAE deals mainly in and acts as agent for the advertising business of both Chinese and foreign enterprises, and trading companies. It sponsors large-scale exhibitions and promotional activities both at home and abroad; undertaking to design and produce various advertisements,pamphlets and printing matters; engaging in

On the Cross-border E-commerce Development Strategy in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

As the "Internet +" action plan proceeds, e-commerce further integrates traditional sectors and increasingly promotes development. In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese cross-border e-commerce, through channel expansion and market share increase, is taking the lead in trade and investment development, and facilitating labor division & coordination, resource & product sharing, as well as opening new markets. To promote the long-term economic development of countries along the Belt and Road, a series of development strategies have been designed, which concern constructing an "online silk road" for cross-border e-commerce, building new trade passages and bridges, innovating traditional trade models, and gathering a trade development momentum.

A Cross-Border E-Commerce Intellectual Property Rights

As an intangible property right,intellectual property is a very important economic resource,which is of great significance for merchants to enter the international market.With the development of The Times,more and more merchants begin to look globally and enter the overseas market.In order to gain a foothold and develop in the international market where intellectual property rights are more strictly protected,intellectual property rights have important significance that cannot be ignored by all businesses.Writing significance:Taking NetEase Koala as an example to further understand the IPR protection of cross-border e-commerce.

China's Processing Trade Development for Mechanical and Electrical Products

Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export

考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型研究

近年来,随着我国电力现货市场和碳市场的逐步完善,如何更好地实现电力现货市场和碳市场深度耦合,推进电碳市场向竞争市场发展已经成为一个新的研究重点。该文提出了一个考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型,并对该模型下的电力现货市场均衡问题进行了分析。在模型的第一阶段,建立了市场机组碳配额分配模型;在第二阶段引入阶梯碳交易机制,结合各机组的碳配额,建立考虑电能量成本最小和阶梯碳交易成本最小的电力现货市场出清模型;在第三阶段,结合前两个阶段确定的各机组碳配额和中标信息,建立以电能量成本最小为目标的电价追踪模型和机组碳成本计算模型。最后将该文模型在改进的PJM5节点系统(Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland 5-bus power grid)上实现,并从出清结果和市场均衡结果两个方面验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,该文所提模型能够实现市场出清经济目标与低碳目标之间的平衡,能够在不增加电碳耦合总成本的基础上实现最大的碳减排量,同时通过增强发电机组参与市场竞争的主观能动性,降低了用户侧用电成本。

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

适应新型电力系统的电力互替品市场——(一)理念与构想

新型电力系统重塑了能源生产消费结构,电力市场机制也需随之改变。首先,分析指出提升系统调节能力是新型电力系统下市场机制设计的首要目标;围绕该目标给出了市场机制应具备的特点,包括利于激发调节动力、释放调节能力、接纳各种新型调节资源等。其次,对世界各国现货市场普遍采用的分时交易机制进行了分析,指出其与新型电力系统存在诸多不适应之处,包括市场主体调节贡献无法被量化表征,市场主体连续运行特性与分时交易机制相矛盾、调节能力难以完全释放,以及难以满足海量柔性资源直接参与电力市场的需求等。为此,文中舍弃分时交易的方式,转而提出整体交易机制与电力互替品概念,介绍了形成与交易电力互替品的主要思路,并以电力互替品为核心构想了新型市场机制。该机制可通过调节责任划分量化各主体调节贡献,激发市场主体的调节动力;同时,也能促进市场主体主动优化自身运行方式,释放调节能力;具有易于扩展的优势,可轻松接纳新型电力系统下层出不穷的各类新型主体。

欧盟对中国电动汽车实施反补贴调查的影响及对策

中国逐步掌握了全球汽车产业电气化和智能化转型话语权,对以美日欧为主的传统汽车产业格局产生了冲击,难免会遭遇各种形式的贸易保护主义。欧盟作为我国主要电动汽车企业出口目的地,已于2023年9月13日宣布对中国电动汽车展开反补贴调查。虽然此举无法从根本上阻止我国电动汽车产业全球化进程,但可能在短期内会破坏市场预期,干扰我国电动汽车企业的经营决策和业务布局并提高未来进入欧盟市场门槛和成本,需要警惕并在窗口期内做好应对准备。

电力交易产品细分市场协同机理研究

随着电力市场和可再生能源发电技术的发展,国外典型电力市场在建立电能量市场交易机制后,又相继出现了电力辅助服务和容量等多种电力产品细分市场。我国电力市场建设起始阶段恰逢电力系统转型,系统长期充裕性与短期灵活性不足的问题同时凸显,为有效地发挥市场机制在保障电力系统安全稳定、可靠供电和资源优化配置的多重作用,需对电力细分产品市场的协同机理进行研究,以为电力市场的产品结构体系和关键交易机制设计提供理论基础。该文基于电力系统运行的物理规律,运用市场经济理论,揭示了以“功能互补、时序配合、价本互映、收益互斥”为核心内涵的电力产品细分市场协同机理;以加州电力市场发展沿革为例进行了电力交易产品细分市场协同机理实证分析;并基于所揭示的协同机理,结合宁夏电力系统实际和未来发展需要进行了宁夏电力市场的产品结构体系与关键交易机制设计。通过实证分析与规范设计的实例,验证了所揭示协同机理对电力市场的普适性作用,以期为电力市场协同建设提供理论工具。

多品种电力市场交易下负荷聚合商投标策略及市场均衡分析

中国新型电力系统建设正面临灵活资源短缺等问题,亟须发挥负荷侧调节能力。随着电网与负荷双向交互越发频繁,更多负荷聚合商通过整合辖区灵活资源参与市场交易,导致以往由发电侧占主导的市场均衡被打破。为研究多主体负荷聚合商博弈策略,构建了能量-备用电力市场下负荷聚合商双层投标模型,并引入多场景描述非决策者投标不确定性对市场均衡的影响。通过强平稳算法(SSM)将多个双层模型转化为带均衡约束的均衡问题(EPEC)模型,并采用大M法、二进制展开法等线性化方法进行线性化。算例结果验证了模型及求解算法的合理性和有效性,表明基于EPEC模型的负荷聚合商最优投标策略更加契合实际市场规则,有助于系统优化负荷曲线,缓解灵活资源供需紧张。

计及电-碳交易与综合贡献率的多微网合作运行优化策略

多微网协同互联能够提高系统运行的稳定性与可靠性。针对多微网(multi-microgrids,MMG)系统合作运行过程中由于各微网分属于不同的利益主体而产生的微电网之间的电能交易问题、碳交易问题与利益分配问题,提出一种计及电-碳交易与综合贡献率的多微网合作运行优化策略。首先,分析了含点对点(peer-to-peer,P2P)电-碳交易的多微网合作运行架构,并引入碳捕集系统(carbon capture system,CCS)与电转气(power to gas,P2G)装置,建立了微电网系统及设备模型。其次,在单微网模型构建之后,基于纳什议价理论,构建了含P2P电-碳交易的多微网系统合作运行模型,并将非凸非线性的纳什议价问题转化为易于求解的MMG合作成本最小化与支付收益最大化两个子问题。然后,在合作后的利益分配过程中,量化各微电网对MMG的综合贡献程度并计算出各自的综合贡献率,通过综合贡献率来分配各微网的收益。最后,采用交替方向乘子法(alternating direction multiplier method,ADMM)求解,有效保护了各微网隐私。算例分析与方案对比结果表明,所提策略能够实现微网间的P2P电-碳交易,有效降低MMG总运行成本,减少系统的碳排放量,并且采用的利益分配策略公平合理,能够有效提升各微网参与合作运行的积极性。

计及信誉值的虚拟电厂多主体合作博弈交易方法

随着分布式资源高比例接入,虚拟电厂作为聚合多方交易主体参与电力市场的新兴技术逐渐受到广泛关注。然而分布式资源出力不确定性和个体趋利性可能导致参与电力交易过程中造成违约行为。因此,提出计及信誉值的虚拟电厂聚合多方主体参与合作博弈电力交易方法。首先,针对虚拟电厂内各交易主体建立基于合约电量完成度的信誉值管理机制,并构建基于收益最大化的多主体合作出力模型;其次,采用合作博弈理论的Shapley值法确定初始收益分配方案;再次,为激励交易主体积极履行交易合约,合理转移交易风险,引入信誉值对初始方案进行修正,得出改进的收益分配方案;最后,基于MATLAB对算例进行计算,结果表明:合作前后各交易主体收益合计增长率约为101.16%,对比传统Shapley值法收益分配方案,最高和最低信誉值交易主体的收益增减幅度分别约为1.04%和3.13%,验证了所提交易方法的有效性与合理性。

建立在波特菱形理论上的中国电炉企业对外贸易竞争优势分析

当涉及国家的贸易发展水平时,贸易竞争优势被认为在一定程度上起着决定性的作用。然而,目前关于国家贸易竞争优势的分析研究存在着不完善的问题。为此,本研究利用波特菱形理论对中国电炉企业对外贸易竞争优势展开深入分析。在探讨波特菱形理论的基础上,从生产要素、需求条件、相关产业配套和企业发展战略等方面研究中国电炉企业对外贸易竞争力。再对波特菱形理论和竞争力分析结果进行充分利用,从贸易机会、产业结构等方面进行详细分析,以判断中国电炉企业对外贸易活动所具有的竞争优势。通过综合考量,以深入了解中国电炉企业在全球贸易竞争中的地位和潜力,实现全面评估中国电炉企业在国际市场中的竞争优势的目标,以为其未来的发展提供战略指导。

绿色电力消费与碳交易市场的链接机制研究

区别于国际碳市场仅纳入直接排放(范围1)的普遍设计,中国依据自身的国情除纳入直接排放(范围1),还纳入因外购电力、热力产生的间接排放(范围2)。随着绿证全覆盖制度的推进,企业绿色电力消费如何与碳市场链接成为争论的焦点。为避免重复计算、交叉补贴与“漂绿”风险,提出绿电在间接排放核算时直接扣减对应电量,剩余电量按火电处理。同时,依据绿证的成本额外性与效应额外性提出,不同类型绿电项目产生的绿证应设置不同的时间限制,存量项目6年内的绿证可用于碳市场链接,新增项目签发的绿证使用21个月原则。且需碳市场纳排企业绿电消纳比例超过所在省份可再生能源电力考核权重比例才可以进行链接。该方法较其他方法在简便性、公平性与避免重复计算方面都更优。该机制的提出可为中国电-碳市场耦合的高质量发展提供决策参考。