The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

Fiscal Expenditure and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents: An Empirical Study Based on Malmquist Index and Spatial Econometrics

Based on the analysis methods of non-parametric Malmquist index and spatial econometrics as well as the provincial panel data in 2007-2010, this paper estimates the efficiency of fiscal expenditure from local governments in china in terms of reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents for the first time and evaluates the spatial correlation and heterogeneity of this efficiency. The results have shown that the fiscal expenditure of most provinces is of low efficiency in reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents, and the expenditure efficiency of local governments is not relevant to their levels of economic development. Besides, the efficiency on reducing the urban-rural income gap between different regions of China has a tendency of convergence. But this is mainly reflected inside the regional economic belt. There is significant difference between the efficiency of each economic belt. The central region has the highest efficiency in a rising trend, the western region has the lowest efficiency in a downward trend, while the eastern region is relatively stable.

The Impact of China's Fiscal Expenditure in Agriculture on Farmer's Income

Based on the account of the vital role which the national finance played in supporting agriculture,the thesis presents the current situation of financial support for agriculture in China,in terms of the limited scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.On the basis of the brief introduction of the current level of Chinese farmers' income,the thesis discusses the effects of scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture on the farmers' income,according to the related data of financial support expenditure in agriculture and rural per capita net income.The results indicate that the calculating regression equation has a remarkable explanation power,reflecting the positive role of financial support expenditure in agriculture played by national finance in increasing the farmers' income.As regards the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture at present,according to the proportion from high to low,the expenditure primarily consists of three parts from high to low in sequence as follows:productive expenditure and funds for public undertakings,capital construction expenditure,and rural relief expenditure plus science and technology funds.Such sequence deviates from the marginal production effects of financial support expenditure in agriculture and the correlation of farmers' income,which demonstrates the severe irrationality of the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:on one hand,we should continue intensifying the efforts to support agriculture financially in order to form a regular increase mechanism;on the other hand,we should adjust and optimize the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture,and further crystallize the investment flows.

The Changes of Fiscal Agriculture-Supporting Expenditure and Farmers' Income Based on Grey Correlation Theory

According to the relevant data of China Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Rural Statistical Yearbook in the year of 2009,the changes of grey correlation degree of farmers' net income,various items of incomes,national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure and various items of expenditures,farmers' net income and various items of fiscal agriculture-supporting expenditure in the Eighth Five-Year Plan,Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan by using grey correlation degree and the by choosing seven indicators covering income from wage and salary,income from household business,transfer income and property income,agricultural production-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure,expenses of three items of agricultural technology and the fee of rural relief.The results show that the grey correlation degree of each time period and household net income shows the downward trend;from overall perspective,the grey correlation degree of national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure and agricultural production-supporting expenditure shows the descending trend;the grey correlation degree of fiscal agricultural supporting expenditure and the expenditure of three items of agricultural technology and fee of rural relief show the upward trend;the influence of agricultural production-supporting expenditure on farmers' income shows downward trend;the influence of agricultural basic construction on farmers' income shows upward trend;the fee of rural relief play an active role in the promoting the farmers' income increase;the role played by fee of rural relief in promoting farmers' income increase should be further increased;the increase of farmers' income shows great reliance on agricultural science and technology.In the end,the relevant suggestions on establishing stable increase mechanism of fiscal agricultural support and insisting on the dynamic adjustment of the structure of fiscal agricultural supporting capital are put forward.

The Relation between Financial Expenditure for Agriculture( FEA) and Per Capita Net Income of Farmers( PCIF):A Case Study of Jiangsu Province

Agricultural development is indispensible to financial support. On the basis of data of the financial expenditure for agriculture( FEA) and per capita net income of farmers( PCIF) of Jiangsu Province in 1990-2012,with the aid of software R,this paper established the linear regression model for the relation between financial expenditure for agriculture and per capita net income of farmers through the function lm. Using the function summary,this paper obtained the summary statistical data,and made diagnostic check of regression model from image command plot and variance analysis table. Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations including increasing financial expenditure for agriculture,optimizing expenditure structure,and balancing regional development.

China’s Cross-Border E-Commerce: Evolution Pattern and Influencing Factors

In recent years,while the traditional trade sectors have been shrinking,China’s cross-border e-commerce has undergone rapid development and has become a new driver of its international trade.Based on analysis of the evolution pattern of China’s cross-border e-commerce,this paper uses a revised gravity model to test empirically the driving factors and the resistance factors in the development of the country’s cross-border e-commerce.The results show that the total GDP,per capita disposable income of urban residents,total imports and exports,and the scale of the online shopping market have a positive relationship with cross-border e-commerce transactions,which are conducive to the development of cross-border e-commerce,while logistics costs inhibit the development of cross-border e-commerce.Accordingly,the paper puts forward several policy recommendations.

Changes of Food Expenditure and Food Consumption of People Living in Ba Vi District, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013

Background: During the nutrition transition period which began in the early 1990s in Vietnam, dietary intake had been changed significantly because of changes in lifestyle and living standard. Objectives: This paper aims to describe the trend for food expenditure and the frequency of meat consumption in households in Ba Vi district, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013. Methods: This is a longitudinal study conducted in Ba Vi district, Hanoi. Semi-annual, face-to face interviews were conducted by well-trained interviewers with 11,922 households to collect data of the household’s income, spending for food and meat consumption. Chi-square test for trend was performed to evaluate the changes of food expenditure over the years. P-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were ten times increase in household’s mean income and five times increase in mean food expenditure from 1999 to 2013. The percentage of household food expenditure per total family expenditure was really high (55% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure per total food expenditure decreased dramatically from 59.9% in 1999 to 33.1% in 2013 while spending for other animal-based, high-protein food was an upward trend, particularly meat (10.7% in 1999 to 24.2% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure in well-off households was lower than poor households (55% vs. 61.8% in 1999 and 31.4% vs. 36.5% in 2013). However, the percentage of spending for meat in well-off households were much higher than that of poor households (>10%). Conclusion: Our finding indicated that mean income and food expenditure, particularly meat intake, of households had increased dramatically from 1999 to 2013. The increase of meat intake requires reallocation and direction of Vietnam public health funding and strategy.

Booming local economy a key to whetting rural consumption—Empirical study based on the decomposition of rural household income

Based on the decomposition of China’s rural household income,we made quantitative analyses of the factors affecting rural consumption by using co-integration and other econometric tools.By comparing the results with the ongoing economic stimulus package rolled out by the central government,we analyzed the effects of different policies on rural consumption.The empirical study and policy analysis show that:(1) income from household business operation, wages,and fiscal relief funds are the three main factors affecting rural household consumption;(2) the ongoing stimulus package,which includes both short-term measures like consumption subsidies and long-term policies aiming to increase rural household income and improve the rural consumption environment,are effective in promoting rural consumption;(3) in boosting rural consumption,emphasis should be put on various long-term policies.Fiscal expenditure should put more weight on consumption than on agriculture,forestry and irrigation;and(4) intra-county economies are crucial in kicking off rural consumption.Policies should be stressed for integrating rural consumption and the development of local economies.

中国数字普惠金融的收入效应:来自家庭调查微观数据的证据

利用中国家庭调查微观数据探讨数字普惠金融对中国城乡居民的收入增长不平等的直接影响及其机制,结果表明,数字普惠金融直接降低了城市和农村地区贫困的持续性,具有明显的减贫效应和增长效应,但对收入不平等具有马太效应,而且数字普惠金融发展对居民收入分配具有库兹涅茨效应和门槛效应。机制分析发现,城乡居民在银行贷款可获得性和贷款额度、居民创业成功概率以及人力资本提升等方面的差异性,解释了马太效应存在的原因。政府的财政支出政策减轻了数字普惠金融对居民收入不平等的马太效应。因此,应当加强信息通信技术基础设施建设,强化数字普惠金融知识的宣传和传播,同时实施合适的财政政策,这是减轻数字普惠金融收入分配马太效应的有效机制。

共同富裕进程中低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理与治理路径

低收入群体是我国共同富裕进程中的重点帮扶对象,创新低收入群体致贫、返贫治理路径,是新时期巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的重要举措。文章聚焦低收入群体支出型返贫,反思性借鉴生态系统理论并构建本土化分析框架,从个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度出发,系统阐释低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理;引入发展型社会政策理念,构建低收入群体支出型返贫的治理路径。低收入群体支出型返贫是个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度辩证互构的实践产物,具有嬗变性、复杂性、历史性等特征。从发生机理来看,个体与家庭彼此之间的双向建构导致了返贫恶性循环,文化网络再生产加剧了返贫的内生固化和代际传递,来自制度层面的结构性排斥进一步压缩了低收入群体可持续生计重建的社会空间,个体生命历程中的突发意外增加了低收入群体的生活负担;低收入群体支出型返贫也是经济发展和结构转型的历史产物。因此,创新低收入群体支出型返贫治理路径必须摒弃传统补缺型救助模式,积极引入发展型社会政策理念,从可行能力、文化网络、帮扶制度等不同维度协同推进。

沿江典型区域杨树大径材人工林复合经营技术研究

本文对杨树大径材培育周期内的5个典型复合经营模式生长和经济效益进行分析,选择出适宜长江沿江典型区域种植的杨树大径材复合经营模式。结果表明:参试林农复合经营模式下杨树的胸径、树高、单位面积蓄积量分别比纯林增加15.31%(YM)~20.92%(YYD)、9.52%(YM)~11.31%(YY)、45.66%(YM)~61.38%(YYD)。采用间作模式的6年生杨树复合经营总收益均大于杨树纯林,杨树间作模式的总产值为杨树纯林的2.78(YM)~4.47倍(YYD)。采用多作物间作模式总收益及总产值明显高于单作物间作模式。其中套种6年杨树-油菜-黄豆(YYD)模式累计总收益(11 905元/667m^(2))最高,杨树-小麦-黄豆(YMD)累计总收益(11 599元/667m^(2))次之。5个模式下6年生杨树木材收益由高到低依次为:YYD(7 244元/667m^(2))>YMD(7 197元/667m^(2))>YY(7 106.5元/667m^(2))>YM(6 539.6元/667m^(2))>YC(4 408.48元/667 m^(2))。杨树-油菜-黄豆(YYD)是促进大径材杨树生长、材积和经济效益最高的优选模式。此研究旨在为长江沿江典型区域杨树的大径材培育和复合经营策略提供参考。

人力资本投资税收激励与企业劳动收入份额

人力资本是决定劳动收入的基础性因素,对劳动收入份额具有重要影响。本文将企业职工教育经费税前扣除政策视为一项准自然实验,采用双重差分模型识别该税改政策与企业劳动收入份额的因果关系。研究发现,职工教育经费税改提升企业劳动收入份额。机制分析表明,职工教育经费税改引致的人力资本水平提升使员工平均工资增加,进而使企业劳动收入份额提高,员工议价能力的提升能够加大其对企业劳动收入份额的促进作用。异质性分析表明,企业规模越小、所在行业集中度越低,劳动收入份额所受的正向影响越大。进一步分析结果表明,职工教育经费税改缩小了企业内部高管与普通员工的收入差距,并促进了企业数字化转型。本文的研究发现为从职工教育视角提升劳动收入份额提供了政策启示。

中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势与效应评估

本文回顾了改革开放以来中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势,基于1988—2018年六轮CHIP调查数据,运用收入再分配效应分解方法,从政策规模和累进性等角度研究了以个人所得税、社会保障支出为代表的收入再分配政策的总效应和分解效应。研究发现,中国收入再分配政策具有显著缩小居民收入差距的作用,且这种改善收入分配的作用在三十多年间持续增强。特别是随着农村社会保障网络覆盖范围和政府转移支付规模的逐步扩大,政策累进性日益提升,收入再分配政策发挥着越来越重要的收入再分配作用。本文为深入理解中国收入再分配制度的发展历程、提高收入再分配政策的针对性和有效性提供了重要参考。

共同富裕背景下扩大中等收入群体的财税制度优化路径

扎实推进共同富裕关键在于扩大中等收入群体,这对现代财税制度的构建提出了更高的要求。财税制度一方面可通过优化收入分配,提高低收入群体收入、稳定中等收入群体、调节高收入群体;另一方面可通过提高生活质量、积累人力资本,达到优化和培育中等收入群体的目的。扩大中等收入群体,需充分发挥财税制度的重要作用,优化个人所得税的税率结构及专项附加扣除政策,探索构建负个人所得税,加强税收监管;加大中央转移支付下沉力度,加强财政支出在住房保障、技能培训、教育方面的倾斜;提升农民养老保险待遇和养老服务水平,解决农民工社会保障问题,不断完善社会救助体系。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

养老金收支平衡视角下延迟退休的激励性政策研究

以城镇人口结构预测为基础构建精算模型,对多种情况下养老金的收支平衡进行测算并设计两种优化政策,研究不同的优化政策实施力度与延迟退休落实效果之间的关系,测算两种政策对养老金收支平衡的影响。结果显示:两种优化政策对于推进延迟退休进程均有积极作用,对于养老金收支平衡的影响存在差异。基于此,建议尽快推行延迟退休政策,增加相关配套的激励性政策;针对财政收支状况和老龄化程度实施不同的收入端和支出端优化政策。