Introduction: Online gambling is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. With its well-crafted visual and audio marketing, it is attracting more and more young people in Africa, where problems linked to employment an...Introduction: Online gambling is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. With its well-crafted visual and audio marketing, it is attracting more and more young people in Africa, where problems linked to employment and poverty are undermining youth. The consequences of gaming-related practices for health in general, and mental health in particular, are not negligible. The aim of this study was to measure the extent of the phenomenon within an urban community in Benin. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical aim conducted in the general population of Parakou, northern Benin, from December 2021 to November 2022. A self-administered questionnaire incorporating DSM 5 criteria for pathological gambling was used to collect data. Results: A total of 576 subjects divided into 30 clusters of 19 to 20 individuals consented to participate in the study. The proportion of gamblers was 30.56%. The prevalence of pathological gambling calculated according to DSM 5 criteria was 24.65% [21.31% - 28.33%] in the general population. The prevalence of severe pathological gambling was estimated at 8.16% [5.96% - 10.44%] in the general population. The prevalence of anxiety was 28.30% ([24.62% - 31.98%]), compared with 15.10% ([12.18% - 18.02%]) for depression. Factors with a significant association with pathological gambling were: age, access to online gambling, access to video games, exposure to gambling advertisement, having gambling friends, debt accumulation. A statistically significant link was also found between pathological gambling and anxiety/depression. Conclusion: The reality of pathological gambling in northern Benin calls for effective preventive action among vulnerable groups at national level, involving various actors at different levels.展开更多
线上博彩合同的效力以及玩家在合同被认定为无效后能否要求返还所投入赌注的问题,向来存在争议。就前一问题,作者提出,因《德国博彩业州际协议》(2012)第4条第4款以及《德国刑法典》第284条都可被认定为《德国民法典》第134条意义上的...线上博彩合同的效力以及玩家在合同被认定为无效后能否要求返还所投入赌注的问题,向来存在争议。就前一问题,作者提出,因《德国博彩业州际协议》(2012)第4条第4款以及《德国刑法典》第284条都可被认定为《德国民法典》第134条意义上的禁止性规定,故线上博彩合同在民法上应被认定为无效;而在无效后的具体法律效果问题上,作者认为可能会产生非债清偿型不当得利(condictio indebiti)以及不正当原因之不当得利(condictio ob iniustam vel turpem causam)的竞合。前者固然可能因博彩玩家明知无给付义务而被排除(《德国民法典》第814条),但这一排除效力并不及于不正当原因的不当得利;后者的适用则取决于对不法原因给付制度的把握。作者主张从该规定的主观要件与规范目的出发,避免对玩家赌资返还请求权施以不当限制。一方面,不当得利返还请求权的排除对玩家而言是一项重大不利,因此在适用上要求其具备违反某一法律规定的意识;另一方面,该制度旨在贯彻“法律保护之拒绝”的规范理念,纵使认定博彩玩家一方具有不法性,考虑到其远低于博彩平台运营者所具备的不法性以及禁止性规定的规范目的,均应对之进行目的性限缩,承认玩家的赌资返还请求权。展开更多
文摘Introduction: Online gambling is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. With its well-crafted visual and audio marketing, it is attracting more and more young people in Africa, where problems linked to employment and poverty are undermining youth. The consequences of gaming-related practices for health in general, and mental health in particular, are not negligible. The aim of this study was to measure the extent of the phenomenon within an urban community in Benin. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical aim conducted in the general population of Parakou, northern Benin, from December 2021 to November 2022. A self-administered questionnaire incorporating DSM 5 criteria for pathological gambling was used to collect data. Results: A total of 576 subjects divided into 30 clusters of 19 to 20 individuals consented to participate in the study. The proportion of gamblers was 30.56%. The prevalence of pathological gambling calculated according to DSM 5 criteria was 24.65% [21.31% - 28.33%] in the general population. The prevalence of severe pathological gambling was estimated at 8.16% [5.96% - 10.44%] in the general population. The prevalence of anxiety was 28.30% ([24.62% - 31.98%]), compared with 15.10% ([12.18% - 18.02%]) for depression. Factors with a significant association with pathological gambling were: age, access to online gambling, access to video games, exposure to gambling advertisement, having gambling friends, debt accumulation. A statistically significant link was also found between pathological gambling and anxiety/depression. Conclusion: The reality of pathological gambling in northern Benin calls for effective preventive action among vulnerable groups at national level, involving various actors at different levels.
文摘线上博彩合同的效力以及玩家在合同被认定为无效后能否要求返还所投入赌注的问题,向来存在争议。就前一问题,作者提出,因《德国博彩业州际协议》(2012)第4条第4款以及《德国刑法典》第284条都可被认定为《德国民法典》第134条意义上的禁止性规定,故线上博彩合同在民法上应被认定为无效;而在无效后的具体法律效果问题上,作者认为可能会产生非债清偿型不当得利(condictio indebiti)以及不正当原因之不当得利(condictio ob iniustam vel turpem causam)的竞合。前者固然可能因博彩玩家明知无给付义务而被排除(《德国民法典》第814条),但这一排除效力并不及于不正当原因的不当得利;后者的适用则取决于对不法原因给付制度的把握。作者主张从该规定的主观要件与规范目的出发,避免对玩家赌资返还请求权施以不当限制。一方面,不当得利返还请求权的排除对玩家而言是一项重大不利,因此在适用上要求其具备违反某一法律规定的意识;另一方面,该制度旨在贯彻“法律保护之拒绝”的规范理念,纵使认定博彩玩家一方具有不法性,考虑到其远低于博彩平台运营者所具备的不法性以及禁止性规定的规范目的,均应对之进行目的性限缩,承认玩家的赌资返还请求权。
