Federalism and Euro-Regions in Europe： What Have We Learned From Twenty-Five Years of Cross-Border Cooperation in the Euro-region of Galicia-North Portugal？

The present paper is focused on the analysis of the European building processes from the historical perspective of federalism （from ethnic federalism to current federalism） applied to the current framework of Europeanization and cross-border cooperation in Europe. With the objective of reviewing some of its processes and impacts, an analysis structure has been set, being the main purpose to extract conclusions on the long Europeanization process undertaken by the EU institutions. One of these recent processes reached the consolidation of Euroregions as cross-border cooperation institutions within the framework of multilevel governance. For the main purpose of the paper, the following questions are raised： How has contributed the perspective of federalism to the building of cross-border institutions, namely Euroregions？ After three decades of implementation of the formal cooperation in Europe through institutions as the Euroregions, can it be confirmed that the Eurnregions are consolidated as an institutional benchmark within the cross-border cooperation in Europe （CBC-E）？ In order to answer these questions, a review of the historic perspective of ethnic federalism applied to the classical models of formal cooperation is undertaken. From this historical revision, the development of the Euroregion within the EU will be analyzed. Finally, the present paper is focused on the case study of the cross-border space that are the Autonomous Region of Galician and the Regiao Norte de Portugal, as well as its most important cooperative institution, the Euro-region Galicia-North Portugal.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Land Use in the Dja-Odzala-MinkébéLandscape between Cameroon, Congo and Gabon: Influence on the Evolution of Forest Cover in a Context of Cross-Border Cooperation

This study is being carried out in the cross-border area of the tri-national Dja-Odzala-Minkébé (TRIDOM), subject of a cooperation agreement between Cameroon, Congo and Gabon in 2005. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of changes in land use in the context of cross-border cooperation. Geographic information systems and remote sensing were used to produce the various land use maps. For this purpose, the MERIS satellite images for the periods 1992, 2005 and 2018 were used. The exploration of the different images and the field visits made it possible to identify the following six land use classes: dense forests, degraded/deforested forests, savannas, swamp forests, buildings and bare soils, water surfaces. It emerges that the TRIDOM landscape is mainly occupied by dense forests which represent 97.02%, 96.72% and 96.52% respectively in 1992, 2005 and 2018. Then, degraded/deforested forests and savannas which would correspond to cultivation areas and fallow land only represent respectively 1.06% and 0.68% of the landscape in 1992. This proportion in 2005 is respectively 1.22% and 0.77%, whereas in 2018, it is respectively 1.36% and 0.81% of the massif. The landscape of TRIDOM has not experienced any significant land use change during the period after the signing of the cooperation agreement. Historical rates of deforestation are low during the period under study. They are estimated at 0.042% and 0.030% respectively for the period 1992-2005 and the period 2005-2018. These low rates of deforestation seem to be due to the measures taken to secure and sustainably manage the massif taken by the three countries, the low population density in this area and the still difficult level of accessibility of a large part of the massif.

Research on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity among the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation countries

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most extensive and populous comprehensive regional cooperation organization in the world,covering about half of the world's population,with not only a huge consumer market,but also rich natural resources and strong productivity.As one of the important platforms for the implementation of the Green Belt and Road Initiative,it is an important opportunity for the SCO to actively participate in global governance and contribute to building a community of global life.To investigate the status of biodiversity conservation in the SCO countries,we used literature analysis approach.We surveyed the performance and international cooperation status of the SCO countries in the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),listed facing problems and threats to biodiversity conservation,including not optimistic biodiversity conservation project implementation status,contradiction between ecological protection and economic development,impacts of human activities,lack of funds and talents,etc.,and analyzed the biodiversity protection needs of the SCO countries from the perspectives of project and policy implementation status and international cooperation.According to the cooperation between China and the other SCO countries on biodiversity conservation and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework goals,we gave some recommendations:(1)promoting access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing;(2)integrating multiple funds and innovating the implementation of funding mechanism;(3)developing talent training and exchange programs and deepening multilateral cooperation;(4)strengthening cross-border cooperation and improving cooperation network;and(5)establishing a coordination mechanism for biodiversity conservation within the framework of the SCO.

Research on the Construction of China-Europe Cross-border E-com-merce Ecosphere Based on Blockchain Technology

Based on the blockchain technology to construct the relevant research on the China-Europe cross-border e-commerce ecosystem,we must first define the main significance and combine the core technology application of blockchain to explore the blockchain China-Europe cross-border e-commerce ecosystem,thereby drawing effective measures such as establishing a cross-border e-commerce integrated service system,improving e-commerce credit risk management and establishing a blockchain supply chain intelligence system,which comprehensively elaborates on the importance of blockchain technology to build a China-Europe cross-border e-commerce ecosystem.

Enhancing Cross-Border Interoperability to Advance International Digitalization Cooperation

This paper delves into the national standards for e-invoices,the seamless integration of fully-digitalized e-invoices with international norms,and the digital identity system,shares the explorations and practices made by China’s tax authorities in cross-border interoperability,and proposes suggestions and outlook for future development.

企业社会责任的“责任”究竟是什么

企业社会责任是从企业主体性出发,在保持好组织绩效的基础上,对员工和在地社区负责,并传递、展示和倡导积极的社会公共价值。企业社会责任是“有限”责任。企业是一种具有特殊性质的组织形式,负担的社会责任也必须与企业组织的固有特征以及特定企业的目标与使命相关。社会也应当适当降低对企业社会责任的预期,大致界定企业与其他社会组织的边界,防止企业承担无限责任。企业社会责任的履行应当寻求内生性的约束机制。传统的外部监管机制成本巨大,且不可能消除监管漏洞。企业社会责任履行机制的设计应当更多地考虑利用企业的存续高度依赖于其他社会成员合作的特性,以社会信用机制提高企业的合作成本与自律成本,形成有效约束力。为克服企业社会责任的履行困境,应改变观念,并从内生性约束角度规约企业行为,而不是通过无节制地加强监管或惩罚去实现,那样做只会耗费更多的社会成本却收效甚微。管理者必须做出根本的改变,理解企业组织和管理者自身的存在意义,拒绝功利主义的诱惑,敢于承担企业的“有限”社会责任,不负企业使命。

日本跨境数据流动监管的制度实践及中日合作展望

当前,全球性的跨境数据流动治理体系尚未形成。为实现数据有序流动与安全发展的目标,积极参与国际数据治理规则制定、推动国内数据管理立法成为各国共通的做法。日本的跨境数据流动监管模式在借鉴欧美等国家数据治理经验,融合多元目标的基础上,形成了自身的“协调性特色”。这表现在日本坚持多边主义理念,对内不断完善数据治理立法,对外积极参与双边、多边国际规则的制定,并进一步提出数据安全流动全球性倡议。基于Line案的实证分析可以发现,当前中日之间开展跨境数据流动监管合作拥有广阔前景,但在具体规则制度协调中仍面临挑战。为此,中日两国可通过推进规则协调、优化机制建设方式,积极探求两国在跨境数据流动监管领域的合作空间,提升监管治理效果。

论网络平台的混合式监管

伴随网络平台在网络交易秩序管控中的地位提升,行政立法不断强化网络平台对网络交易秩序的管理责任,片面依靠强化网络平台管理责任来保障网络交易安全的立法思路,混淆了企业与政府在网络交易监管中的责任边界,难以有效实现对网络交易安全与市场秩序的管控,甚至间接推动了平台垄断的形成。随着平台反垄断的深入,在日益复杂的网络交易关系之下,网络交易秩序的治理问题应当置于更广、更开放的社会系统中考虑,对此,应当创新网络监管职权履行模式,引入分布式的平等交互机制,构建科技驱动式监管模式,提高监管效率;同时,拓展网络职权履行的主体,发展协作式的混合管理机制,结合合作监管与自律监管,优化监管效果,从而实现平台与政府在互联网经济模式下对网络交易秩序的合作治理。

数据主权视阈下数据跨境流动监管合作及中国因应

“业务目的数据跨境”与“执法司法目的数据跨境”的互动关系使得全球数据跨境流动监管呈现出分治和协同并存的特征,美国“长臂管辖”和欧盟“充分性判定”的规制模式均忽略了该特征,造成数据跨境监管协作不充分,发达国家实际上掌握着数据跨境流动治理的话语权。鉴于此,文章以数据主权为视角,梳理了中国数据跨境流动治理的基本思路,剖析各国数据主权战略对两类数据跨境流动监管规则的影响及动因,旨在寻找全球数据跨境流动的共同关切。以此为依据,文章从规则体系与实施路径两个层面提出了构建数据跨境流动监管合作的中国方案。

技术性贸易措施领域良好规制实践研究进展与关键问题

近年来,良好规制实践在重要经贸谈判中广泛应用,正在成为全球经贸治理的重要规范。作为实施良好规制实践的关键领域,技术性贸易措施将其应用在标准、技术法规和合格评定程序等方面,推动规制的协调与统一。本文通过梳理技贸领域良好规制实践相关文献,厘清良好规制实践相关概念,并对该领域的研究热点和关键问题进行总结。

监管科技的研究进展、热点演进及其对琼粤监管合作的启示

基于琼粤相向发展视角,系统梳理监管科技的研究进展、热点演进,既可助力琼粤金融市场协同对外开放和金融机构持续联动发展,为琼粤经济与金融深度融合提供有力支撑和基本保障,也能有效防范和化解琼粤之间系统性金融风险的跨区域、跨市场传递。以2017—2023年CSSCI来源期刊中174篇监管科技专题文献为研究样本,借助CiteSpace生成知识图谱开展文献计量分析,发现监管科技专题研究快速发展,研究热点主要包括“金融科技”“金融监管”“监管沙盒”和“区块链”等,研究前沿涵盖“监管原则”“审慎监管”和“金融创新”,研究范畴主要分为理论框架构建、逻辑关系辨识和底层技术应用,研究视野正在从底层技术向顶层设计、从事后治理到事前防范逐步转变。构建琼粤相向发展金融监管联动应加强顶层设计协同,携手防范化解风险,加速先进技术应用。

高质量贸易开放下双向FDI协进对数字鸿沟弥合的影响研究

评价研究高质量贸易开放格局下双向FDI协进对数字鸿沟弥合的影响效应,对构建中国式现代化制度型开放具有举足轻重的意义。选取2008—2020年我国30个省市自治区的省际面板数据,在利用耦合度和主成分分析法计算出双向FDI协进和数字鸿沟弥合的基础上,构建了以双向FDI协进为门槛变量的门槛模型和以贸易开放为调节变量的调节效应模型,对贸易开放、双向FDI协进与数字鸿沟弥合三者之间的关系进行了实证检验。结果显示,双向FDI协进对数字鸿沟弥合存在单一门槛效应;贸易开放对这一影响效应有显著的正向调节作用。这一研究结论有助于进一步激发国内要素配置内生潜力促进数字鸿沟域际之间的有效弥合,以双向FDI协进来拓宽贸易开放的广度与深度,谋求高质量贸易开放条件下国内国际双循环互促形成新发展格局的数字赋能示范效应。

加入PIC/S与推进我国药品监管国际化的思考

目的:回顾和分析了全球药品监管合作实践及我国药品监管的国际化历程,为我国尽早加入药品检查合作计划(PIC/S)从而实现GMP检查互信提出建议。方法:根据PIC/S对申请机构的要求,为迎接PIC/S对我国检查机构的评估做好准备,本文结合文献综述、检查现状分析和PIC/S审计清单指标解读,分析我国药品检查体系目前存在的差距。结果与结论:加入PIC/S有助加强各国监管机构间的合作和实现GMP检查互信,进一步推进我国药品监管的国际化进程。为顺利通过PIC/S对我国药品检查机构的正式评估、尽早成为PIC/S成员机构,我国应尽快在GMP标准提高、检查流程优化、检查员能力提升、检查机构质量体系建设等方面开展对标工作。

美国FDA药品监管科学合作模式

目的明确美国FDA在药品监管科学研究中实施的合作模式,为我国药品监管科学的发展提供参考和借鉴。方法在对美国FDA药品监管科学的内容进行检索分析的基础上,结合监管科学合作实例对美国药品监管科学合作模式进行归纳研究。结果药品监管科学已经逐步成为美国FDA关注的重点领域,FDA在推进药品监管科学过程中采用了转让内部技术、直接提供资助和融合多方资源这三种合作模式。结论由于药品监管科学的综合性和交叉性,合作模式在FDA药品监管科学发展的过程中发挥着重要的作用。我国监管机构可以设立专门的部门来推动监管科学的合作,同时鼓励和扶持药品监管科学领域第三方机构的发展。

Towards a Global Regulatory Framework for Cross-Border Data Flows——Fundamental Concerns and the China’s Approach

Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues,but also severely challenge personal information protection,national data security,and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.As the current digital trade negotiations could not accommodate these challenges,China has initiated the concept of secure cross-border data flow and has launched a dual-track multi-level regulatory system,including control system for overseas transfer of important data,system of crossborder provision of personal information,and system of cross-border data request for justice and enforcement.To explore a global regulatory framework for cross-border data flows,legitimate and controllable cross-border data flows should be promoted,supervision should be categorized based on risk concerned,and the rule of law should be coordinated at home and abroad to promote system compatibility.To this end,the key is to build a compatible regulatory framework,which includes clarifying the scope of important data to define the“Negative List”for preventing national security risks,improving the cross-border accountability for protecting personal information rights and interests to ease pre-supervision pressure,and focusing on data access rights instead of data localization for upholding the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.

可解释性框架下人工智能国际合作监管理念与机制

人工智能的迭代发展对国际合作构建相应的监管理念与机制提出了前所未有的挑战。目前,可解释性框架下的人工智能国际合作监管存在着理念层面的创新与规制权衡、社会层面的伴生风险以及监管层面的重叠、浪费等问题,蔓延全球各国,致使单一国家难以独善其身。质言之,以可解释性为中心的人工智能国际合作监管的理念与机制应运而生,包括探索性地提出“协调性”、“包容性”以及“开放性”等以问题为导向的监管理念,并且通过完善相关法律规范以及构建法律与技术相互为用的体制机制,希冀拓展更为广泛的人工智能国际合作,引导人工智能健康、有序发展。

Balancing Openness and Protection:Homogenization of Regulatory Laws in Digital Service Trade

Digital service trade has emerged as a pivotal engine for global economic transformation and development.However,the implementation of differentiated regulatory measures for trade in digital services among economies has led to increasingly frequent trade disputes.This paper constructs a regulatory homogeneity network for digital service trade in 60 major economies,and systematically evaluates the structural characteristics of the network and the regulatory homogeneity among economies from 2014 to 2021.Furthermore,this paper empirically examines the impact of the partnership characteristics of regulatory homogenization in the network of major economies on their exports.The analysis of the network structure shows that major economies are more inclined to optimize and simplify existing trade partnerships,and are moving towards more diversified restrictive measures in the regulatory model of digital services trade,which has led to the rise of trade protectionism.The empirical text results show that expanding and deepening the regulatory homogeneous partnership of trade in digital services promotes the export of digital services in major economies.This promotion effect is mainly achieved by reducing the cost of digital service trade and enhancing business trust.In addition,the export promotion effect of developing regulatory homogenization partnerships is better than that of increasing the openness of digital service trade,and the homogenization of policies between openness and protection is more important.This paper provides important implications for coordinating the openness and security of digital services trade:China should actively cooperate with multilateral and bilateral digital service trade partners to jointly build a homogeneous environment for regulatory regulations.In particular,it is necessary to deepen the regulatory homogeneity partnership with Asian and developing economies to expand the infl uence of the“China model”in the global regulation of digital services trade.

农民合作社生态位演化机理研究——基于组织合法性视角

基于组织生态学理论,从认知合法性、管制合法性、利益相关者合法性三个维度,采用案例研究法和扎根理论研究法,以HQ合作社和SL联合社为案例,分析合作社的生态位演化过程和演化机理。结果表明,在初创期生态位,合作社通过企业家市场机制和政府支持机制获得认知合法性和管制合法性,是解决“新进入缺陷”问题的关键所在。在成长期生态位,合作社通过组织声誉机制和内部合作增益机制获得认知合法性和利益相关者合法性,是增强影响力、改善发展环境的重要条件。在成熟期生态位,合作社通过外部合作增益机制提升利益相关者合法性,是其发展壮大的重要动力。在分化期生态位,合作社若能通过管理创新机制提高利益相关者合法性,就能迈上高阶生态位。

论CPTPP规制合作的新范式及中国应对

CPTPP协定作为亚太地区唯一的大型区域贸易协定,代表了亚太地区高水平自由贸易协定的方向。CPTPP协定整体保留了TPP协定首次纳入的“规制一致性”议题的内容,以肯定各国国内规制原则和程序为基础,以追求规制主权和贸易自由平衡为目标,以“良好规制实践”规则为引导,重视国内透明度和公众参与,排除了硬性争端解决机制的约束,构建了规制合作的新机制,代表了国际经贸协定规制合作的新范式。在中美经贸摩擦的背景下,CPTPP扩容之际,中国加入CPTPP具有重大的政治经济意义,需要积极研讨加入CPTPP之后纳入规制合作约束的范围,更需要在灵活的CPTPP规制合作框架制度的要求下,积极对接规制合作的高水平要求,对国内规制进行“良好规制实践”的改革和优化升级。

行业惯例、关系规范与合作行为:基于建设项目组织的研究

文章通过选取信任、承诺、沟通作为建设项目组织中的关系规范核心要素,建立了关系规范对合作行为影响的关系模型,并引入行业惯例作为调节变量。利用问卷调查和回归分析等方法与工具,验证了不同核心要素对合作行为的影响以及行业惯例的调节作用。研究结果表明,信任、承诺、沟通等要素对项目组织参与各方合作行为有正向作用,在表现为互利互惠价值观的行业惯例中,关系规范对合作的影响作用进一步加强,对信任与合作行为关系的调节作用最大,而对其余要素的调节作用较弱。上述研究结果将为完善建设项目的关系治理提供依据。